mitigation strategies through iwrm by n. toae –hydrobiologist, dwa
TRANSCRIPT
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Mitigation Strategies
through IWRM
By N. Toae –Hydrobiologist, DWA
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Introduction
Water is vital for drinking, sanitation, agriculture, industry, generation of hydropower, navigation, recreation, fish farming and countless other purposes.
It is termed “White Gold” in Lesotho because of its economic value.
We need to conserve water and manage it for the benefit of present and the future generations.
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• Lesotho’s main Lesotho’s main naturalnatural resource resource export is …export is …
WATERWATER
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Introduction cont…Floods cause the destruction of property and
loss of life. Impaired water quality brings disease and
death to humans and aquatic life.Droughts can also be a cause of starvation
and famine.
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PRECIPITATIONAnnual rainfall 500mm – 1200mm.
The annual average of 720mm.
85% rainfall in summer (0ct-Apr).
Snowfalls experienced in winter.
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RIVER SOURCES IN LESOTHO The wetland (sponge) systems are sources of
rivers in Lesotho, most of which are located in the highlands of the country.
Wetlands are capable of storing water and slowly release this water into small streams that ultimately drain in to river systems.
Over grazing and other development activities threaten the lives and capacities of these wetland systems.
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Mohokare6,890 sq.kms
Makhaleng2,911 sq.kms
Senqu28,847 sq.kms
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Surface Water Resources Of LesothoSurface Water Resources Of Lesotho
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RIVER SOURCES IN LESOTHORIVER SOURCES IN LESOTHO
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WETLAND AT MOTETE AREA
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GroundwaterMost of groundwater is of good quality
because of its natural purification processes.People in the rural areas of Lesotho depend
on it for their daily life.Available data shows that water level in
boreholes responds accordingly to rainy periods and droughts.
Spring yield is also lower during droughts, down to drying up in some springs and it is high in rainy periods.
This simply means Lesotho’s groundwater is dependent on seepage of rainwater.
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YIELDS OF NATURAL SPRINGS IN LESOTHOBY DISTRICT
DISTRICTDISTRICT YIELD (l/s)YIELD (l/s)
MokhotlongMokhotlong 0.01 – 8.470.01 – 8.47
Botha-BotheBotha-Bothe 0.01 – 2.90.01 – 2.9
LeribeLeribe 0.01 - 2.570.01 - 2.57
BereaBerea 0.03 – 0.630.03 – 0.63
MaseruMaseru 0.01 – 1.980.01 – 1.98
MafetengMafeteng 0.01 – 1.530.01 – 1.53
Mohale’s Mohale’s HoekHoek
0.04 – 1.570.04 – 1.57
QuthingQuthing 0.01 – 2.70.01 – 2.7
Qacha’s NekQacha’s Nek 0.02 – 1.140.02 – 1.14
Thaba TsekaThaba Tseka 0.03 – 5.410.03 – 5.41
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Waiting for Groundwater
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Pumping for Groundwater
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WATER QUALITY FOR THREE MAJOR RIVERS OF LESOTHO
PARAMETER SENQU MOHOKARE MAKHALENG WHO
Conductivity (µs/ cm) 50 - 250 70 – 450 0 – 250 1000
Nitrates (mg/ l) 0 – 2.0 0 – 0.08 0 – 1.8 5
Phosphates (mg/ l) 0 – 0.77 0 – 0.12 0 – 1.8 0.02
PARAMETER SENQU MOHOKARE MAKHALENG WHO
Conductivity (µs/ cm) 50 - 250 70 – 450 0 – 250 1000
Nitrates (mg/ l) 0 – 2.0 0 – 0.08 0 – 1.8 5
Phosphates (mg/ l) 0 – 0.77 0 – 0.12 0 – 1.8 0.02
Parameter
Senqu Mohokare
Makhaleng
WHO guidelines
Conductivity (µS/cm)
50-250 70-450 55-250 1000
Nitrates (mg/l)
0-0.08 0-12.6 0-1.8 5
Phosphates (mg/l)
0-0.12 0-0.77 0-1.8 0.02
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Cause for concernBecause of the fact that global water
resources are more or less fixed while world population is very rapidly increasing, the competition on water between development and environment may cause local and regional disasters.
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Effects of climate change on water resources
Increased temperatureDrying up of water bodiesIntensified pollution of water resourcesIntensity and frequency of storm increasesMore floods and droughts
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Prevailing situation – PollutionA water body has capability of cleansing itself
called assimilation capacity.When pollution is beyond the assimilation
capacity of a water body, it causes eutrophication.
Results show that some of Lesotho’s water bodies are polluted already.
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MOHOKARE DOWNSTREAM OF THETSANE INDUSTRIAL SITE
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Prevailing Situation - GroundwaterMost of groundwater is of good quality
because of its natural purification processes.People in the rural areas of Lesotho depend
on it for their daily life.
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Greatest ChallengesAvailability of fresh water is one of the greatest
challenges facing humanity at present.Lesotho’s need for water continue to grow
wider in space and bigger in population.Growing developments use water massively
thereby generating considerable wastewater that pollutes water resources.
In the near future Basotho will be affected by shortage of water or pollution of water bodies or both.
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Plan If the competition for water is transformed into
partnership, the goal of sustainable development will be attained, as recommended in the world water forum of 2000.
Integrated Water Resources management that includes planning and management of water resources should be employed.
To achieve IWRM, there is a need for coherent national and where appropriate, regional and international policies to overcome fragmentation, and for transparent and accountable institutions at all levels.
Develop new sources of waterIncrease water use efficiency and reduce water
lossesOperational hydrological monitoring and forecast
systems
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Integrated Water Resources ManagementThe ways and means of evaluating and
balancing supply and demand for water in a specific region.
The assessment of measures which enable the reduction of demand and increase of available supply should be considered.
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Supply could be:Precipitation or flash floodsPermanent or seasonal flowing rivers and
streamsDams, Lakes and reservoirsGroundwaterSoil moisture storage in the unsaturated zone
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Other SourcesRecycled treated sewageRecycled treated industrial effluentWater transported from other locations
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Parameters to mitigateDrought impactsImpacts on Water qualityFlood impacts
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Drought impacts mitigation measuresStorage reservoirs for surface &
groundwater should be constructed to store water to avail it when most needed for the benefit of all water users.
i. Control gates should be regulated to supply according to demand.
ii.Surface water reservoirs should be big enough to cater for siltation over an operational period of 500 years.
iii.Each of the three catchments of Lesotho should have one or two reservoirs depending on their population.
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Drought impacts mitigation measures cont…Conservation farming will conserve moisture
& minimize evaporation so that crops don’t need frequent irrigation and also minimize erosion.
Conserved drip irrigation – this method irrigates crop by crop not wasting water on bare land thereby minimizing water loss.
Controlled Allocation of water – consideration of soil type and crop type should guide quantity of water allocated for irrigation
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Conservation farming
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Conserved drip irrigation
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Drought impacts mitigation measures cont…Telemetry system – strict monitoring of
compliance to quantity allocated should be followed, e.g. use of data loggers measuring level upstream & downstream
Water recycling – massive water users should be legally bound to have effective treatment plants and reuse their wastewater in their productions.
Roof water harvesting – use of RWH tanks to store rain water will provide water to many people during times of drought
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Water Pollution mitigation measuresPollution sources are mostly sewage related
and in the lowlands.Time bound removal of septic tanks, manholes,
etc. by relevant institution.Transparent and accountable institutional
operationsWet Industries should be placed away from
settlements to have enough land for their wastewater treatment plants
Consolidate all environmental laws of Lesotho and introduce environmental courts dealing with environmental issues solely.
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Manhole oozing into Kelekeqe Stream
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Pollution mitigation measures cont.Proper disposal of waste according to type
and recycle that which is recyclable.Management of pollution should not be all
penalties, include incentives for compliance.
While implementing the polluter pays principle, charge should be on loads not quantity of effluent based on impact of pollutant, e.g. heavy metals should be more expensive as they are not biodegradable.
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Flood impact Mitigation MeasuresUse of remote sensing to estimate rainfall
from satellite images in three different spectral bands; infrared, visible and water vapor.
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Flood impact Mitigation Measures cont…Produce and distribute to users a regular
forecast bulletin containing relevant data, information, deterministic and Extended Stream flow predictions forecasts of river flow regime.
Use of other media as early warning on the likelihood of a flood and advise accordingly.
Set different alternatives and scenarios for managing the whole basin in a way that benefits all countries in the basin.
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Kea LebohaContacts:Department of WaterAffiarsP.O Box 772 MaseruEmail: [email protected] Tel: 22314569, 22317516