Mixing Energy as hidden

Energy Resource

Bert Hamelers

Hidden as we cannot feel it

WETSUS

IJsselmeer

Fresh water

Wadden Sea

Salt water

200m

Important marine source

1

(Source) G.L. Wick and W.R. Schmitt, “Prospects for

Renewable Energy from the Sea,” Marine Technology

Society Journal, 1977, vol. 11, pp. 16-21

CO2 Gradient Energy

2000m

AIR

FLUE GAS

1

Potential of Stationary Sources

Power Plant CO2 = 12Gt/yr = 850 TWh/yr

Heating & Industry CO2 = 11 Gt/yr = 720 TWh/yr

Globally: 1570 TWh/yr ≈ 400 Hoover dams

ORIGIN ENERGY

pCO2= 0.3 bar

pN2 = 0.7 bar

pN2 = 1 bar

Ppiston = 0 bar

SELECTIVE MIXING KEY

pCO2= 0.3 bar

pN2 = 0.7 bar

pN2 = 1 bar

Ideal N2 permeable membrane

Ppiston = 0.3 bar

Diffusion Driven

Ionic Current & Potential

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

E1 E2

Stacking Increases

Potential

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

E1 E2 E3 E4 E6

Ionic to Electronic Flow

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

E1 E1000

+

-

-

-

-

+

+

+

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

Fe

2+

Fe

3+

Fe

3+

Fe

2+

11

Potential amount of energy

1m3 Dead Sea +

1m3 Med. Sea

1m3 Brine +

1m3 River

1m3 Sea +

1m3 River

concentrated NaCl (mol/l)

diluted

NaCl (mol/l)

Do not lose the Power

Vermaas et al, 2011, Environ. Sci. Technol., DOI 10.1021/es2012758

Internal Resistance is Key

Vermaas et al, 2011, Environ. Sci. Technol., DOI 10.1021/es2012758

Profiled membranes

Vermaas et al, 2011, J. Membr.Sci., DOI 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.09.043

1

Mixing Energy Harvesting Technologies

Salinity

gradient

technologies

Selectivity Electricity

generation

Pressure

Retarded

Osmosis (PRO)

Water Turbine

Reverse

Electro-

Dialyses

Ions Electrochemical

reactions

Capacitive

technology

Ions Capacitor

Capacitive Blue Energy Electrodes

1

Salt adsorbing electrodes

1

Raw carbon material (x 5000) Carbon + binder (x 5000)

Activated Carbon + polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)

binder

classical GCS EDL-theory

St

d

(x)

carbon

matrixdiffuse layer

electronic charge + ionic

charge=0

19

Donnan driven process: Charging

1 Capmix project: a way to success for capacitive blue energy

(Sales et al., 2010)

20

Donnan driven process: Discharging

1 Capmix project: a way to success for capacitive blue energy

(Sales et al., 2010)

CDP with constant load

Sales et al., 2010, ES&T

+ - Rint

load

+ - Rint

Galvanostat

Constant Current = Constant Loss

Charging

Discharging

1

Energy cycle expanded

50 mA charge/discharge

1

Energy extraction and power density

0.21 W/m2

CO2 ENERGY

CO2 + H2O H2CO3 H+ + HCO3-

(Na+ + Cl-)

H+

HCO3- H+

HCO3-

CO2

(100%)

Air

(0.03% CO2)

Mixing

WATER is KEY

27

Experimental set-up

1

1

OCV versus pCO2

1

Energy Extraction Possible

Mono-Ethanolamine absorbs CO2

1

NH2

HO

NH3+

HO

NH(CO2-)

HO

+

CO2 - Better CO2 absorption

- Higher conductivity

1

MEA improves performance

So far, so good

32 1

New Principle

Zhu, Xiuping; Yang, Wulin; Hatzell, Marta; Logan, Bruce E; ,

Environmental science & technology, 2014,

Thermal Gradients

Robert L. McGinnis and Menachem Elimelech

Environ. Sci. Technol., 2008, 42 (23), pp 8625–8629

Brine-Brakish

http://www.reapower.eu/news.html

Direct Thermal

Sales et al; ES&T letters 2014

Hybrid systems

Joo-Youn Nam , Roland D. Cusick , Younggy Kim , and Bruce E. Logan *

Environ. Sci. Technol., 2012, 46 (9), pp 5240–5246

Battery

Flowable electrodes

CO2

H2CO3

H+

carbon suspension reservoir

Air HCO-

HCO-

HCO-

H+

H+H+

H2CO3

HCO-

H2CO3

AEM

CEM

e-

AEM

CEM

H2CO3

H+

H+

H+

HCO-

HCO-

HCO-

e-

inflow

inflow

outflow

inflow inflow

outflowsoutflows

electrons flowelectrons flow

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

Porada, S.; et al. Journal of Materials Chemistry A 2014, 2, 9313

Mixing Energy

• Everywhere concentrations differences are

• Selective mixing crucial

• Huge potential

• Technologies under development

• Inspiring new directions