mj02/07041 session 02 network components adapted from network management: principles and practice ©...
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MJ02/0704 1
Session 02
Network Components
Adapted from Network Management: Principles and Practice © Mani Subramanian 2000 and solely used for Network Management course at Universitas Bina Nusantara
MJ02/0704 2
Technology and Management
• What are the technologies that need to
managed?
• Challenges of technological progress on
network management
MJ02/0704 3
Computer Network Technology
• Network comprises• Nodes• Links
• Topology: How they’re configured• LAN• WAN
MJ02/0704 4
LAN
•Type of LANs• Ethernet• Fast Ethernet• Gigabit Ethernet• Half-duplex vs Full-duplex• Switched Ethernet• VLAN• Token ring• FDDI• ATM / LANE
MJ02/0704 5
WAN
• Facilities / Media• Wired: Copper, Coaxial, Fiber• Wireless: Terrestrial, Satellite
• Mode: Digital, Analog• Services: POTS, ISDN, Broadband
MJ02/0704 7
Network Node Components
• Hub• Bridge, Remote bridge• Router, Gateway• Switch
Router
SwitchedHub
Bridge
RemoteBridge
ATMSwitch
GatewayExternalNetwork
Router HubWorkstation
Dial-upNetwork
ExternalNetwork
Hub
Hub
MJ02/0704 8
Basic Network Nodes
Routing
ATM Switch
ATMATM
Bridge
Local LANEthernetPackets
Filter
Router
Local NetworkIP Packets
Filter Routing
Gateway
X.25NetworkPackets
IPNetworkPackets
Formatchange
External LANEthernetPackets
External NetworkIP Packets
MJ02/0704 9
Basic LAN Topologies
• Bus topology• Used in Ethernet LAN family• Common shared medium• Randomized access (CSMA/CD)• Easy to implement• Lower utilization under heavy traffic 30%-40%• Single culprit could effect the entire LAN
Ethernet
DTE DTE DTE
DTE DTE
MJ02/0704 10
Basic LAN Topologies
DTE DTE
DTE
DTE
• Ring Topology• Used in token ring and FDDI• Shared medium• Deterministic access• Master DTE has control• High utilization >90%
MJ02/0704 11
Star & Hybrid LAN Topologies
• Star topology used with bus and ring topology • Hub is “LAN in a box”• What does the electronic LAN inside the box look like?• Why has hub become so popular?
DTE
DTE
DTE
DTE
DTE
DTE
DTE
DTE
Token Ring HubEthernet Hub
DTE
DTE
DTE
DTE
DTE DTE
MJ02/0704 12
WAN Topologies
• Mesh topology• Implemented in network layer level• Multiple paths between nodes• Flat topology, Redundancy, Load balancing, Shortest path
• Tree topology• Used with Ethernet bridges • Hierarchical• Efficient for small networks and, special purpose networks
N3
N4
N2
N5N1
Mesh Topology
N6
N1
N2 N3
N6N5N4
Tree Topology
MJ02/0704 13
Transmission Technology
Transmission Technology
Medium Mode
Wired Wireless
LAN WAN
Digital Analog
LAN
• Physical transport media• UTP• Coax• Fiber• Terrestrial wireless• Satellite transmission
Mobile Satellite
MJ02/0704 14
Transmission Modes
User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4User 30
Time
Ch
an
ne
lB
an
dw
idth
Time
TimeDivision
Multiplexing(TDM)
E1 Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) Transmission
channel 2
channel 1
channel 30
Cell Transmission (ATM)
User 1
Ba
nd
wid
th
Time
User 3
User 4
User 2
User 3
User 1
5
User 1
User 4
User 1
User 1
5Cell
Multiplexing
MJ02/0704 15
LAN Data Rate
Ethernet10Mbps
FDDI100 Mbps
Fast Ethernet100Mbps
ATM155.52 Mbps
Gigabit E’Net1 Gbps
ATMSTM-n
MJ02/0704 16
Hubs
• Hub is a platform• Function dependent on what is housed
• LAN (Bus/Ethernet)• Switched LAN (Ethernet)• Bridge
Hub
Patch Panel
DTE DTE DTE DTE
Wiring Closet
MJ02/0704 17
Stacked Hubs
• Hub ports can be scaled up using stacked hubs• Stacked hub
• extend back plane• connected as daisy chain
Hub 2
Hub 1
BackplaneInterconnection
To
DT
Es
MJ02/0704 18
Switched Ethernet
• Maximum throughput increased ~N/2 in N-port hub• Snooping capability lost for management
Switchedhub
DTE
DTE DTE
DTE
DTE DTE
DTE DTE
MJ02/0704 19
Client/Server Using Switched Hub
Server
Switched hub
Workstation Workstation Workstation
10 Mbps 10 Mbps10 Mbps
100 Mbps
MJ02/0704 20
Router
• Routes packets between nodes of similar network protocols• Routing table used to route packets• DLC and Physical layers could be different under the same
common network layer protocol
Protocol interface
Physical medium A
TP
NP
DP
Phy
TP
NP
DP'
Phy'
Network AProtocol P
Network BProtocol P
Router
NP
DP
Phy
NP
DP'
Phy'
Physical medium B
MJ02/0704 21
Gateway
• Gateway is router connecting two networks with dissimilar network protocols
• Gateway does the protocol conversion at the network layer• Protocol converter does the conversion at the application layer
Protocol interface
Physical medium
TP
NP
DP
Phy
TP
NP'
DP'
Phy'
Network AProtocol P
Network BProtocol QGateway
DP
Phy
NP'
DP'
Phy'
NP
MJ02/0704 22
Switched Networks
• Switches are embedded in bridges and routers• Switched network used in WAN• Two types of switched networks
• Circuit-switched• Packet-switched
• Datagram service• Virtual circuit
B
A D
C
DTE A DTE Z
Pkt3 Pkt2 Pkt1Pkt3 Pkt2 Pkt1
Pkt3
Pkt2
Pkt1
Virtual Circuit Configuration
MJ02/0704 23
Switched Networks
B
A D
C
DTE A DTE Z
Pkt3 Pkt2 Pkt1Pkt2 Pkt3 Pkt1
Pkt1Pkt3
Pkt2
Pkt2Pkt2
Datagram Configuration
MJ02/0704 24
Broadband Services
SDH WAN
CampusATM / LAN
Network
CampusATM / LAN
Network
ResidentialCustomerNetwork
ResidentialCustomerNetwork
STM-nSTM-n
ServiceProviders
Gateway
BroadbandAccess
BroadbandAccess
MJ02/0704 25
• Integrated services: Voice, video, and data• Narrow band ISDN (Integrated Services Digital
Network)• Basic rate:2B + D (B channel 64 kbps and D channel 16 kbps• Primary rate: 23B + D channels
• Broadband Services• ATM • SDH (Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)• Access technologies:
• HFC (Hybrid Fiber Coaxial) / Cable modem• ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line)
Broadband Services