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Hegemonic Multilingualism Hegemonic Multilingualism Hegemonic Multilingualism Hegemonic Multilingualism in/of the EU Institutions: in/of the EU Institutions: in/of the EU Institutions: in/of the EU Institutions: An InsideOutside Perspective Michał Krzyż anowski IFA Friday Lectures 27/03/2009 IFA Friday Lectures, 27/03/2009 1

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Page 1: MK - IFA Friday - March 2009 III - wa.amu.edu.plwa.amu.edu.pl/wa/files/Krzyżanowski_1.pdf · Hegemonic Multilingualism in/of the EU Institutions: An Inside‐Outside Perspective

Hegemonic MultilingualismHegemonic MultilingualismHegemonic Multilingualism Hegemonic Multilingualism in/of the EU Institutions:in/of the EU Institutions:in/of the EU Institutions: in/of the EU Institutions: An Inside‐Outside Perspective 

Michał Krzyżanowski

IFA Friday Lectures 27/03/2009IFA Friday Lectures, 27/03/2009

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COPYRIGHT NOTICEThi b i l t d i h d id d it i

COPYRIGHT NOTICEThis paper may be circulated in hard copy provided it is not modified in any way and the rights of the author not

infringed. Electronic copies of this paper may not be ged ect o c cop es o t s pape ay ot beposted on any other website

without express permission of the author.

© 2009 by Michał Krzyżanowski© 2009 by Michał Krzyż[email protected]

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General NoteGeneral Note

• Interdisciplinary research located at the cross section of critical perspectives on:p p

–Discourse Studies (Discourse‐Historical Approach in CDA)Approach in CDA)

–Discourses in/of the EU Institutions

– Language Policy and Language Planning

L Id l i– Language Ideologies

• Research in ProgressResearch in Progress...3

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The Projectj

• DYLAN: Language Dynamics and the Management of Diversity

• EU FP6 Integrated Project 2006 2011• EU‐FP6 Integrated Project, 2006 – 2011 

• 21 Partner Institutions

• Multilingualism in Europe in three domains: Business/Enterprise (WP 1)– Business/Enterprise (WP 1)

– EU Institutions (WP 2)

– Education (WP 3)

• Further Info: www.dylan‐project.orgFurther Info: www.dylan project.org

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Focus: EU InstitutionsFocus: EU Institutions

• Ideologies and conceptions ofIdeologies and conceptions of multilingualism in policies and everyday practices of EU institutionspractices of EU institutions

• Relations between ‘inside’ (EU institutions) ( )and ‘outside’ (broader EU, member states)

Di i diff t ti f– Discovering different perceptions of multilingualism and its different role in different contexts

–Main interplay: Communication between the p ysupranational and the national (and vice versa) 

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EU Institutions The Outside‐Inside Perspective 

h d• The Outside Perspective: • Multilingualism in EU institutions as perceived in the European Public Sphere (Pilot Study: Analysis of the Coverage of EU‐Enlargement 2004 in the European M di )Media)  

• The Inside Perspective: • Multilingualism in EU policies (internal and external policies)

• Forthcoming: Multilingualism in Everyday Practices of EU Institutions (Fieldwork and Ethnography at ‘core’ and other EU Institutions)

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Key Concepts

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Hegemonic Multilingualism (HM)

• An interpretative concept which aims to grasp the role played by multilingualism in EU institutions and politics in recent yearsinstitutions and politics in recent years

• Salient difference between hegemony and g ypower:

‘Hegemony' which is exercised (by a dominant– Hegemony  which is exercised (by a dominant group) throughout society and different social fields s ‘direct domination' or ‘command’ [MKfields vs. ‘direct domination' or ‘command’ [MK: power] ‘exercised through the state and 'j idi l' (G i 1971 12)'juridical' government (Gramsci, 1971: 12)

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HM (II)

• Features of Hegemony:– A strategic project which embraces all/different fields of social actionfields of social action

– A combination of: domination (power), and intellectual and moral leadership (NB: reproductionintellectual and moral leadership (NB: reproduction of hegemony must entail reference to values and axiology/‐ies)axiology/‐ies)

– Emphasises the role of ideologies in shaping social d liti l dand political order 

• Related Conceptions: Laclau and Mouffe (1985) and: Glynos and Howarth (2007); Norval (2007)

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Language IdeologiesLanguage Ideologies

“th i lt ll ti t d id• “the socio‐culturally motivated ideas, perceptions and expectations of language, manifested in all sorts of language use”(Blommaert, 1999: 1)( , )

“ l d b l f d h• “values, practices and beliefs associated with language use” (Blackledge, 2005: 32). 

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Language Ideological Debates• Language Ideologies are:

“produced in discourses” (Blackledge 2005: 44)– produced in discourses  (Blackledge, 2005: 44)

– embedded in debates “in which language is central as a topic a motif a target and in which language ideologiestopic, a motif, a target, and in which language ideologies are being articulated” (Blommaert, 1999: 1)

• EU‐related Language Ideological Debates:– Cf Ammon (2006); Blommaert (1999); de Cillia KrummCf. Ammon (2006); Blommaert (1999); de Cillia, Krumm and Wodak (2003); Gal (1998, 2005); Krzyżanowski (2009a); Mar‐Molinero and Stevenson (2006); Phillipson ( ); ( ); p(2003); Silverstein (1998); van Els (2001 and 2005); Wright (2000 and 2004); Wodak (2005); Wodak and Krzyżanowski (2009); Wodak and Wright (2006) 

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Hegemonic Multilingualism:Hegemonic Multilingualism:The Outside PerspectiveThe Outside Perspective

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HM Outside ‐ The DataHM Outside ‐ The Data • Discourse on the 2004 EU Enlargement inDiscourse on the 2004 EU Enlargement in Liberal and Conservative Quality Press – 10‐day period (26/04‐05/05/2004)– 10‐day period (26/04‐05/05/2004)

• 495 articles on EU‐Enlargement (4 countries):( l )– Germany (186 articles)

– France (91 articles)– UK (46 articles)– Poland (172 articles)

• 98 Language‐ and Multilingualism‐Related ArticlesArticles

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HM – The Outside Perspective ‐ Results

• HM as a hybrid language ideology different from (or y g g gy (located between) ‘nationalistic monolingualism’ and ‘de‐facto multilingualism’facto multilingualism

– official vs. ‘traditional’ working languages of the EU

i f h i i ‘ b l ’– representation of the EU‐Institutions as ‘Babel Tower’ which does not resemble the broader EU‐rope (EU –Europe Discursive Discrepancy) 

– representation of ‘language war’ between the p g gpowerful languages, i.e. English, French and German

– many languages missing incl Enlargement onesmany languages missing incl. Enlargement ones, despite the size (e.g. Polish) 14

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HM Outside Examples (I)HM Outside – Examples (I)

( / / ) ‘ d b l’ d b d• LM (29/04/2004) – ‘Une tour de Babel’ described: “Pour la plupart des autres réunions, l’anglais, l’ ll d l f l l dl’allemand et le français resteront les langues de travail habituelles”.

• GW (05/05/2004) – “The Union’s Babel Tower speaking with eleven languages has now been enlarged by nine further tongues, though the Enlargement strengthened the position of English. The war for linguistic primate is not very likely, although the French‐German resistance against the domination of English is taking ever‐better organised forms”

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HM Outside Examples (II)HM Outside ‐ Examples (II)

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HM O id E l (III)HM Outside – Examples (III)

• DT (01/05/2004):• ‘The change of atmosphere in Brussels is g f pplain for anyone to see ‐ or hear ‐ as English supplants French as the new lingua franca’.supplants French as the new lingua franca .

• ‘At one European summit with applicant states M Chirac was visibly irritated by thestates, M Chirac was visibly irritated by the number of leaders speaking in English. When the EU Commission President also replied inthe EU Commission President also replied in English, Mr Chirac told him: "Langue maternelle!"maternelle!

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Hegemonic Multilingualism:Hegemonic Multilingualism:The Inside PerspectiveThe Inside Perspective

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HM – The Inside Perspective The Context EU in late 1990s and 2000sThe Context – EU in late 1990s and 2000s

• Tensions between two macro‐political discourses (Krzyżanowski 2008):(Krzyżanowski, 2008):

– Discourse about Democracy in the EU (cf. also K ż ki 2005 K ż ki d Ob h b 2007)Krzyżanowski 2005, Krzyżanowski and Oberhuber, 2007)

‘Democratic Deficit’, EU Finality and the Future of Europe Debate Constitutional Process CommunicationEurope Debate, Constitutional Process, Communication Policy, Reform Treaty, etc.

– Discourse about European Knowledge‐Based Economy– Discourse about European Knowledge‐Based Economy – KBE (cf. also Fairclough and Wodak, 2008)

Metaphor of New Triple Helix, Rhetoric of GlobalMetaphor of New Triple Helix, Rhetoric of Global Competitiveness  (competition with the US?), Search for specific European KBE artefacts (skills and competences, 

M ltili li )e.g. Multilingualism)19

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HM – The Inside PerspectiveMultilingualism Policy in the EU in 1990s and 2000sMultilingualism Policy in the EU in 1990s and 2000s

• 1997: Council Resolution on Early Teaching and Learning of EU Lang agesLanguages

• 2000: EC ‘Lisbon Strategy’• 2001: European Year of Languages2001: European Year of Languages• 2002‐03: CEC Consultation + Adoption of the Action Plan on 

“Promoting Language Learning and Linguistic Diversity (2004‐2006)”2006)”

• 2004‐06: Multilingualism tied with Education and Culture Portfolio of the CEC (J. Figel)Portfolio of the CEC (J. Figel) – ‘New Framework Strategy on Multilingualism’ – ‘High Level Group on Multilingualism (HLGM)’ initiated

• Since 2007: Separate Portfolio on Multilingualism (L. Orban)– 2008 – (General) Action Plan “Multilingualism: An Asset for Europe and a Shared Commitment” results outstandingEurope and a Shared Commitment  – results outstanding...  

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HM – The Inside PerspectiveInstitutions Involved in Multilingualism Policy

• All major institutions involved in shapingAll major institutions involved in shaping multilingualism policy

• CEC as the main force driving the implementation EP• CEC as the main force driving the implementation, EP and EC also involved 21

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HM – The Inside PerspectiveScope of the Policies

• The vast majority of documents are external in scope– referring to actions (to be) undertaken by actors other thanreferring to actions (to be) undertaken by actors other than EU institutions

– Stipulating only ‘supervisory’ activity of the EU‐institutional p g y p y y factors

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HM – The Inside PerspectiveKey Topics of the PoliciesKey Topics of the Policies

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HM – The Inside Perspective I d h A l i F i d C i (I)In‐depth Analysis: Foci and Categories (I)  

• Definitions of Multilingualism and Related Notions• Definitions of Multilingualism and Related Notions

– Strategies of Reference and Nomination (Reisigl and W d k 2001 d 2009 W d k 2001)Wodak, 2001 and 2009; Wodak, 2001)

– Conceptual analysis of Semantic Fields – according to Reinhart Koselleck’s Begriffsgeschichte – focussing on:• key social and political basic concepts (Grundbegriffe) • their neighbouring or sister‐concepts (Nebenbegriffe) g g p ( g ff )

• their adversary anti‐concepts (Gegenbegriffe)

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HM – The Inside Perspective I d h A l i F i d C i (II)In‐depth Analysis: Foci and Categories (II)  

i f / i l ili li d• Arguments in favour/against Multilingualism and Related Notions

(– Topoi and Metaphors in European Discourses (cf. inter alia Fairclough and Wodak, 2008; Krzyżanowski and Ob h b 2007 W d k d W i 2004 W i 2002)Oberhuber 2007; Wodak and Weiss 2004; Weiss 2002)

• Social Actors in Policy‐Making and Implementation Process

– Representation of Social Actors (van Leeuwen 1996)

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HM – The Inside Perspective In‐depth Analysis: Multilingualism (I)

• Earlier documents (1997‐2004):– Definitions of Multilingualism replaced by g p yconceptualisation and arguments related to Nebenbegriffe 

• Language learning and teaching

• Linguistic Diversity

• Language Skills

– Multilingualism is not debated or argued for/againstg g / g

– Multilingualism used as element of ‘profiling’ of Europe’s linguistic diversity on the basis of statistics p g y

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HM – The Inside Perspective In‐depth Analysis: Multilingualism (II)In‐depth Analysis: Multilingualism (II)

27Semantic Field of ‘Multilingualism’ in DOC 5 (2000) 

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HM – The Inside Perspective In‐depth Analysis: Multilingualism (III)

• 2005: A New Framework Strategy for Multilingualism:g– “complements the Commission’s current initiative to improve communication between Europeanto improve communication between European citizens and the institutions that serve them” (p. 1)

“reaffirms the Commission’s commitment to– reaffirms the Commission s commitment to multilingualism in the European Union” (ibid.)

“ t t th C i i ’ t t f ti– “sets out the Commission’s strategy for promoting multilingualism in European society, in the 

d i th C i i it lf” (ibid )economy and in the Commission itself” (ibid.)28

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HM – The Inside Perspective In‐depth Analysis: Multilingualism (IV)

• Definition of Multilingualism (European Commission 2005, p. 3):p )– “Multilingualism refers to both a person’s ability to use several languages and the co‐existence ofuse several languages and the co existence of different language communities in one geographical area”. [NB: individual and social MLTG]area . [NB: individual and social MLTG]

– “In this document, the term is used to describe the new field of Commission policy that promotes anew field of Commission policy that promotes a climate that is conducive to the full expression of all languages in which the teaching and learning of alanguages, in which the teaching and learning of a variety of languages can flourish”. 29

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HM – The Inside Perspective In‐depth Analysis: Multilingualism (V)

• Multilingualism Policy of the EU (European Commission 2005, p. 8‐9) – areas of action:p )– Multilingual Society (language skills, R&D in MLTG)

Multilingual Economy (lg skills and competitiveness– Multilingual Economy (lg. skills and competitiveness and economy, MLTG and consumers, MLTG in information society translation and interpretinginformation society, translation and interpreting services, lg. industries, lg. teaching/testing, etc.)

M ltili li i CEC R l ti ith Citi– Multilingualism in CEC Relations with Citizens (accessibility and transparency, translation and i t ti i t ff ti i ti t )interpreting in cost‐effective communication, etc.)

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HM – The Inside Perspective In‐depth Analysis: Multilingualism (VI)In‐depth Analysis: Multilingualism (VI)

31Semantic Field of ‘Multilingualism’ in DOC 15 (2005) 

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HM – The Inside Perspectiveh l ( )In‐Depth Analysis: Arguments (I) 

Hybrid Discourses on KBE and Social Europey p

• “Not only is multilingualism good for the economy, it is also essential to Europe's social dimension. Knowledge of other languages contributes to economic and social integration in the labour market and social cohesion. It also helps to make workers more mobile between countries, thereby enhancing their employment prospects”. (European Commission  2006: 5‐6)

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HM – The Inside PerspectiveIn Depth Analysis: Arguments (III)In‐Depth Analysis: Arguments (III) 

Discourse of Values (and Competition?) 

• “The European Union is founded on ‘unity in diversity’: diversity of cultures, customs and beliefs ‐ and of languages.diversity of cultures, customs and beliefs  and of languages. Besides the 201 official languages of the Union, there are 60 or so other indigenous languages and scores of non‐indigenous languages spoken by migrant communities” (European Commission 2005: 2).

• “It is this diversity that makes the European Union what it is: not a ‘melting pot’ in which differences are rendered down, b t h i hi h di it i l b t d dbut a common home in which diversity is celebrated, and where our many mother tongues are a source of wealth and a bridge to greater solidarity and mutual understanding ”bridge to greater solidarity and mutual understanding.

(ibid.) 33

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HM – The Inside PerspectiveIn Depth Analysis: Arguments (I)In‐Depth Analysis: Arguments (I) Discourses on Lisbon and KBE

• “Multilingualism makes a real contribution to the competitiveness of the European economy, for reaching p p y, gthe targets of the Lisbon strategy” (European Commission 2007a: 1).

• “Improving language skills in Europe is also an important objective within the drive to improve the skills and competences of the population as part of the Lisbon growth and jobs strategy. In March 2002 in Barcelona, The European Council called for further action “...to improve the mastery of basic skills, in particular by teaching at least t f i l f l ” (Etwo foreign languages from a very early age.” (European Commission 2007b: 2) 34

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HM – The Inside Perspective In‐depth Analysis: Actors (I)In depth Analysis: Actors (I)

• No individual actors (typical feature of all EU policy documents), just different institutional actors

• Usual chain of actions:C i l d l (‘i i ’ )– EC stipulates and regulates (‘invites’ to X)

– CEC oversees/supervises implementation (‘supports MS’, ‘draws up proposals’)

– MS – do the job (‘take measures’, ‘facilitate’, j ( , ,‘promote’, ‘encourage’)

– EP rather marginalised, sometimes acts jointly withEP rather marginalised, sometimes acts jointly with EC (e.g. In resolutions)

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Conclusions

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Conclusions (I)

• Holistically HM describes the (mainly)• Holistically, HM describes the (mainly) ideological role played by multilingualism in the EU policy in recent yearsrecent years

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Conclusions (II)• The Outside Perspective – HM describes inequality between different languages in EUinequality between different languages in EU institutional settings ( as perceived from h id b h b )the outside, by the member states)

• The Inside Perspective – HM points to how p pmultilingualism becomes a salient part of ‘hegemonic’ project of EU Lisbon Strategyhegemonic  project of EU Lisbon Strategy (2000) on Knowledge‐Based Economy ( as 

d d i id th EU b th i tit ti )produced inside the EU, by the institutions)

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Conclusions (III)Conclusions (III)

• Features of the HM:Features of the HM:– Ideological Foundation – HM is either an overt language ideology or a part of larger highlylanguage ideology or a part of larger highly‐ideological project; 

– Duality – HM is ideologically and discursively based on constructing dichotomies and binary 

( ‘ ’oppositions (e.g. ‘EU vs. Europe discrepancy’ prevalent in both ‘inside’ and ‘outside’ perspective)

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Conclusions (IV)Conclusions (IV)

• Features of the HM (continued):Features of the HM (continued):– Hybridity – HM is constructed as a hybrid language ideology (neither mono nor multilingualism) or isideology (neither mono‐ nor multilingualism) or is based on hybridity of discourses (on KBE, democracy values etc )democracy, values, etc.); 

– Flexibility – HM is present in in different discourses ( l l/ land contexts (media vs. political/institutional 

discourses, inside vs. outside of EU institutions, )etc.).

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Conclusions (IV)

• HM points to the mismatch which exists between visions/conceptions of multilingualism–within EU institutions (inside) – the will to ( )make wider EU‐rope multilingual while retaining narrowed multilingualism within EU institutions

–within EU member states (outside) –perception of unequal multilingualism in the EU institutions and its divergence from the 

i li i i d l l di i fgrowing linguistic and cultural diversity of a broader EU‐ropean space

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HM and Policy‐Relevancey

• HM points to the need for creating coherent multilingualism policy in the EU

• Establishing policy links between ‘inside’ and• Establishing policy links between  inside  and ‘outside’ is necessary 

• Only then can multilingualism become the key element of:– Inclusive construction of social EU‐rope (and not only of EU‐based KBE directed at EU‐internal or –only of EU‐based KBE directed at EU‐internal or external competition)

Democratising Europe showing inherent links– Democratising Europe –showing inherent links between EU institutions and the wider EU‐rope 42

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Thank you.Thank you.Thank you.Thank you.

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