mod 10 chapter 2 master
TRANSCRIPT
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C#a$te% " Contents
Contents 1O&'e(tives "Manu)a(tu%ing !%o(ess *Ce%ti)i(ate o) +esign ,!%otot-$e. /Catego%ies o) Ai%(%a)t 10Ce%ti)i(ate o) Ai%o%t#iness 2alidit- 11Regist%ation o) Ai%(%a)t 1"Ai%(%a)t Ma%kings 13
4eig#t and 5alan(e 1Ce%ti)i(ate o) Clea%an(e 178A9 and 859 Conditions "0859 Conditions "1Ai%(%a)t Ma%kings ""Manuals "3Ai%o%t#iness A((e$tan(e T%ials "Noise Ce%ti)i(ate "/Fo%: CA; "7!e%:it to Fl- ;0Radio Installation< Li(ense and A$$%oval ;;Ce%ti)i(ate o) Ai%o%t#iness ;6T-$e Ce%ti)i(ate ;/Ai%(%a)t ot#e% t#an !%otot-$es *18A9 Conditions *3Fo%eign +esigned Ai%(%a)t *Ce%ti)i(ate o) Ai%o%t#iness )o% E=$o%t *7Colla&o%ative !%o'e(ts 3"+eale%>s Ce%ti)i(ate 3;Invalidation o) Ce%ti)i(ate o) Ai%o%t#iness 3*
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O5JECTI2E?
At the end of this chapter, you will be able to:
1. Explain the certification rules related to JAR@";"3" and "7. This includesthe process an aircraft undergoes during initial design, construction,registration and test flying.
2. Explain T-$e Ce%ti)i(ation and ?u$$le:ental T-$e Ce%ti)i(ation
3. Explain +esign !%odu(tion O%ganisation A$$%ovalsunder JA!21
". Explain the applicability and use of:
#a$ Ce%ti)i(ateo) Ai%o%t#iness
#b$ Ce%ti)i(ateo) Regist%ation
#c$ NoiseCe%ti)i(ate
#d$ 4eig#t?(#edule
#e$ Radio?tation Li(en(e and A$$%oval
%. Explain Maintenan(e !%og%a::es< (#e(ks and ins$e(tions
&. Explain the ter's and use of Maste% Mini:u: EBui$:ent Lists ,MMEL.? NAME!LATE
All registered aircraft 'ust ha*e a 'etal na'eplate fixed near the 'ain entrance ofthe aircraft, upon which is sta'ped or engra*ed the nationality and registration'ar5s as well as the registered owners na'e and address. This 'etal plate 'ustbe fireproof, so that there will be a 'eans of identification in the e*ent of the aircraftbeing destroyed by fire. The /.A.A. reco''ends the use of a stainless steelplate.
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AIRCRAFT 4EIGT AN+ 5ALANCE ! eference /A A%!" or JA!2%.23 !2
After an aircraft has been constructed, painted and can be said to be ;representati*eof its true e'pty #or flying$ weight depending on circu'stances, it mustbe weighed.
7nce the aircraft has been weighed, the calculations of the Ta5e!off weight 'ay becarried out. The centre of gra*ity calculations can also be 'ade.
The aircraft will then be weighed at defined periods throughout its life, again inaccordance with /A A%!" or JA!7=-.
+e)initions
5A?IC 4EIGT! This is the weight of the aircraft and allof its basic euip'ent,plus that of the declared uantity of unusable fuel and unusable oil. (n the case ofturbine!engined aircraft and aircraft whose 6axi'u' Ta5e!7ff 6ass does notexceed %)5g, it 'ay also include the weight of the usable oil.
5A?IC EUI!MENT ! This consists of the unconsu'able fluids and the euip'entwhich is co''on to all roles for which the operator intends to use the aircraft.
2ARIA5LE LOA+ ! This is the weight of the crew, the crews baggage, re'o*ableunits and other euip'ent. #The carriage of which depends on the role for which theoperator intends to use the aircraft for the particular flight.
+I?!O?A5LE LOA+ ! This is the weight of all persons and ite's of load, includingfuel and other consu'able fluids, carried in the aircraft, other than the asicEuip'ent and @ariable Foad.
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AIRCRAFT 4EIGING
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CERTIFICATE OF CLEARANCE
?hen the construction of the aircraft is co'pleted, the aircraft is prepared forpreli'inary flight testing by the 'anufacturing organisation.
Dor the purpose of such flight testing, a Ce%ti)i(ate o) Clea%an(e'ust first beissued and signed by an appro*ed person fro' the 4esign 4epart'ent of theorganisation. (t 'ust then be counter!signed by an appro*ed person fro' the uality4epart'ent.
The /ertificate of /learance is an i'portant docu'ent as it clears an aircraft to flyit#out a Ce%ti)i(ate o) Ai%o%t#iness
There are two classifications:
LAM /onditions
LM /onditions
LAM conditions will be co*ered in the chapter dealing with -eries9=roduction aircraft.
=rototypes of new designs are cleared for flight under LM conditions by the issuingof a /ertificate of /learance.
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8 A9 and 859 CON+ITION? ! eference A
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FLIGT UN+ER 859 CON+ITION?#/A /hapter A+!$
These apply to aircraft to aircraft, which are not registered, or do not hold a *alid/ of A. (n such cases they shall only fly for the purpose of enabling the' to ualifyfor the issue or *alidation of a / of A.
A$$%oval to Fl- Unde% 5> Conditions#/A /hapter A+!$
These appro*als 'ay fall into one or 'ore of the following groups:
F1 Appro*al granted to an organisation appro*ed for the full managementand control of flights under B conditions.
F" Appro*al granted to an organisation appro*ed for the provision of flighttest services only. This includes control of flight safety during the flights underLM conditions.
F; Appro*al granted to an organisation for the 'anage'ent and control offlights under LM conditions for the purpose of specific tests or developmentflights of defined scope and duration.
E=t%a(t )%o: 5CAR A/@7 @ Ce%ti)i(ate o) Clea%an(e
).1 All flights under ; conditions shall be co*ered by a /ertificate of /learance, thefor' of which shall be agreed by the /.A.A. =rocedures shall be in place to ensurethat changes e'bodied in the aircraft are identified by a'end'ent to the original/ertificate of /learance or by the issue of a replace'ent certificate.
).2 efore flight of an aircraft under ; conditions by an appro*ed organisation, the
/ertificate shall be signed by a person fro' the 4esign organisation and fro' the(nspection or uality /ontrol organisation, both pre*iously agreed by the /.A.A.?here 'ore than one organisation is in*ol*ed, each signatory shall sign under theappro*al authority of his parent organisation.
).3 The 4esign organisation shall be appro*ed for the issue of a /ertificate of /learance
and other organisations in*ol*ed in the arrange'ent shall be appropriately appro*edfor the nature of the wor5 being underta5en, including the pro*ision of suitable'aintenance arrange'ents.
)." The 4esign organisation shall sub'it suitable procedures, set out in theExposition#s$ and supporting docu'entation, describing the 'eans by which thecertificate is issued.
).% The persons signing the /ertificate of /learance shall ensure that the infor'ationpro*ided is adeuate to enable the pilot to carry out the proposed flights and, before
the pilot underta5es the flights he shall be satisfied with the adeuacy of theinfor'ation pro*ided.
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E=t%a(t )%o: 5CAR A/@7 Ce%ti)i(ate o) Clea%an(e
The for' of the /ertificate of /learance to be agreed with the /.A.A. should nor'allycontain at leastthe following infor'ation:
#a$ Test reference#s$ and the Type and serial nu'ber of the aircraft to which the/ertificate of /learance relates.
#b$ A reference to docu'ents defining the design standard of the aircraft and astate'ent of confor'ity to that standard.
#c$ A state'ent of co'pliance with 'aintenance reuire'ents specified by the
constructor and, if appropriate, as 'odified by the 4esign organisation in relation tothe wor5 being underta5en., including hours a*ailable to the next 'aintenancechec5.
#d$ A state'ent that all the rele*ant procedures ha*e been carried out satisfactorily to'a5e the aircraft fit for flight.
#e$ The 'axi'u' clearance weight and centre of gra*ity range.
#f$ The essential airspeed li'itations and essential powerplant li'itations
#g$ The 'ini'u' crew
#h$ Any other restrictions considered necessary by the appro*ed organisation.
Ai%(%a)t Ma%kings
Aircraft not registered in the 0nited ingdo', nor under the law of any countryreferred to in Article 3 of the A
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Maintenan(e o) Ai%(%a)t unde% 859 (onditions
The 'aintenance of aircraft flying under LM conditions 'ust be adeuate in relationto the nu'ber and duration of the flights. (f a prolonged seuence of flights isexpected, a progra''e of 'aintenance 'ust be prepared. =rocedures shall be inplace to ensure that pro*ision is 'ade for any additional 'aintenance which 'ayarise fro' de*elop'ent or 'odification of the aircraft whilst under LM conditions.
The aircraft shall be certified as ;fit for flight after 'aintenance in accordance withthe preceding paragraph.
7n co'pletion of all flights under LM conditions, a Flig#t Test Ce%ti)i(ate'ust beco'pleted by the pilot9captain and all annotated defects rectified or re!tested.
7nce the first flight has been satisfactory co'pleted, a series of subseuent flightsestablish the airworthiness of the aircraft with regards to speed and heighten*elopes, noise, specific fuel consu'ption, handling ualities and 'any othercharacteristics needing to be uantified.
Each flight 'ust be in accordance with a )lig#t test s(#edule which has beendrawn up by the 'anufacturer and appro*ed by the /.A.A. #-ee extract fro' /AA2!3 below$
The applicant shall sub'it for appro*al a flight test schedule, containing details ofthe proposed flight tests to be included in the Ai%o%t#iness A((e$tan(e T%ialsThis schedule shall include the flight tests necessary: !
#a$ To establish co'pliance with the appropriate airworthiness reuire'ents.
#b$ To pro*ide infor'ation for inclusion in the docu'ents associated with the/ertificate of Airworthiness #7r =er'it to Dly see later$.
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Figu%e "@ Flig#t Test Ce%ti)i(ate
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MANUAL?
4uring the process of 'anufacture and flight testing, the constructor of the aircraft'ust send a co'plete set of aircraft 'anuals to the /.A.A. for appro*al. Theseconsist initially of )ive d%a)t (o$iesof the Dlight 6anual followed by ; )inal (o$iesand onecopy of each of the other 'anuals.
?hen the /.A.A. has appro*ed the 'anuals, it will notify the aircraft constructor ofthis fact and also return a single mastercopy of the Dlight 6anual, suitablyannotated as appro*ed.
Figu%e "@/ Manual ReBui%e:ents
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Figu%e "@7 Flig#t Manual
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7nce the de*elop'ent and preli'inary flight testing has been co'pleted, a period of
flight trials called the Airworthiness Acceptance Trials 'ust be carried out, both inaccordance with an appro*ed schedule and with /.A.A. participation.
5CARs
/CA=TE A2!3DF(CT TE-T(ust'ents to
powerplant, control surfaces and general rigging$, shall be notified to the/.A.A. and the state'ent shall be a'ended, as necessary, to reflect thede*elop'ent state of the aircraft. oth the original state'ent and eacha'end'ent thereto shall be dated and signed by the applicant.
#b$ ?here any design change renders a pre*ious flight test in*alid, the flight testconcerned shall be repeated.
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NOI?E CERTIFICATE
Another certificate that 'ust be applied for during the process of wor5ing towardsthe granting of both a /ertificate of Airworthiness and Type /ertificate, is the
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FORM CA;
This for' can be used to apply for a /ertificate of Airworthiness, a Type /ertificate,a
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!ERMIT TO FL
A =er'it to Dly 'ay be issued to an aircraft that does not, for a *ariety of reasons,fully co'ply for a /ertificate of Airworthiness.
These reasons 'ight be because the aircraft is a si'ple, 5it!built designH a Lone!offMi'ported aircraftH an ex!'ilitary 'achine being used in a li'ited 'anner forexhibitions9displays or e*en a 'icrolight aircraft.
=ro*ided the design 'eets the appro*al of the /.A.A. and, in the case of an aircraftthat has been flown pre*iously, that it has been 'aintained in a satisfactory 'anner,a =er'it to Dly will be issued.
(n addition to the =er'it to Dly itself, a Flig#t Release Ce%ti)i(ate'ust be issued toguarantee that the aircraft and its engine are ;fit for flight. This certificate will besigned by an FA6E, a ;person authorised by the /.A.A. or a fir' specificallyappro*ed by the /.A.A. to carry out the wor5. The per'it will nor'ally be *alidatedfor 12 'onths.
(n 'ost cases, the =er'it will limitthe operation of the aircraft. This can ta5e thefor' of a flying!hours!per!year li'it, a restriction on crew nu'bers, a ;day only G@isual Dlight ules li'itation or so'e other restriction i'posed by the /.A.A.
Maintenan(e A%%ange:ents
=er'it to Dly applications 'ade directly to the /.A.A. or, in certain cases, to the=opular Dlying Association #=DA$, will be in*estigated on an indi*idual basis. A'aintenance schedule and, in certain cases any 'aintenance reuire'ents will beestablished by the /.A.A. and stated on the Permit.
-pecial arrange'ents with the =DA ha*e been 'ade to act, for its 'e'bers, as aninter'ediary with the /.A.A. with regard to:!
#a$ The statutory collection of fees
#b$ 6a5ing reco''endations to the /.A.A. with respect to =er'its to Dly onaircraft #nor'ally ho'ebuilt$ with:!
1. A 'axi'u' of four occupants #see 2. below for li'itations$2. A 'axi'u' ta5e!off weight of 15g #2 seats$97pen #" seats$3. Engine power not exceeding 2& hp". A 'axi'u' speed of 2% 'ph%. A 'ini'u' #i.e. controllable$ speed not less than & 'ph
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Figu%e "@1" !e%:it to Fl-
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Figu%e "@1; Flig#t Release Ce%ti)i(ate
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AIRCRAFT RA+IO IN?TALLATION ,?TATION. LICENCE AN+ A!!RO2AL
1. A radio installation licence is issued by the +e$a%t:ent o) T%ade andIndust%-Radio Co::uni(ations Agen(-, following application to thatoffice. The licence only beco'es *alid when the /.A.A. #-$ ha*e issued aLCe%ti)i(ate o) A$$%oval o) Radio InstallationM. The licence authorises theapplicant to carry out the necessary ground and flight tests before a certificateis issued.
2. Application for a /ertificate of Appro*al is as follows:#a$ Aircraft without a / of A. Application a routine 'atter after for'al
application for a / of A is 'ade.
#b$ Aircraft with a / of A. (f, after the issue of a / of A, a /ertificate ofAppro*al is desired, application 'ust be in accordance with theMa'o% Modi)i(ation procedure of /A A2!%.
#c$ ?here a 'odification pre*iously appro*ed by the /.A.A. introducesa radio installation and a certificate is desired, all details relating tothe 'odification and showing the wor5 has been certified #i.e. /-has been issued$, 'ust be sub'itted to the - in accordancewith /A A&!).
3. rant of Appro*al This is based on a sur*ey by the - followed by groundand flight tests to pro*e satisfactory functioning.
#a$ Dlight Test: (n accordance with the reuire'ents prescribed in the;/o''unications section of the 0 LAir =ilotM and such other teststhe /.A.A. 'ay reuire. The pilots flight test report and certificateto be sub'itted to the -.
3. 7peration of (nstallation. -hall not be operated, whether or not the aircraft isin flight, except in accordance with conditions of the licence issued under the
law of the country in which the aircraft is registered and by a person dulylicenced or otherwise per'itted to operate the station under that law. A
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Figu%e "@1* Ai%(%a)t Radio Li(en(e
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Figu%e "@13 Radio A$$%oval Ce%ti)i(ate
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Figu%e "@16 Ce%ti)i(ate o) Ai%o%t#iness
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7n co'pletion of the Airworthiness Acceptance Trials, in accordance with the testschedule, there is in so'e cases, need for furthertest flying. This is to pro*e that theparticular design of aircraft is suitable for operation on the %outesand in the a%easo) t#e o%ldwhere it will be operating.
?here*er possible, this phase of operational flying is carried out by an operatorsflying and 'aintenance tea's to an agreed progra''e and with the /.A.A.participating in a portion of the trials. This seg'ent of the de*elop'ent flying isso'eti'es called Route !%oving
Dinally, when the necessary for's ha*e been co'pleted and sub'itted, when the/.A.A. is satisfied with the condition of the aircraft and that all of the appropriatereuire'ents ha*e been co'plied with, it will issue a T-$e Ce%ti)i(ateand theCe%ti)i(ate o) Ai%o%t#inessin the appropriate category. The Type /ertificate is aprereuisite to the / of A in that it lists all of the reuire'ents that ha*e beensatisfied by the 'anufacturer in order for the /AA to issue a / of A.
The categories in which a Type /ertificate are issued are:!
1. T%ans$o%t ,5ot# (atego%ies.2. Ae%ial 4o%k3. !%ivate
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Figu%e "@1 T-$e Ce%ti)i(ate
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Figu%e "@1/ T-$e Ce%ti)i(ate +ata ?#eet
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Figu%e "@17 Ce%ti)i(ate o) +esign ,2a%iant.
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CERTIFICATION OF AIRCRAFT OTER TAN !ROTOT!E?
The types of aircraft now being considered are @ariant, -eries and -eries 6odified.
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%. 4eclare that he has shown co'pliance with applicable reuire'ents and
'ust pro*ide to the Authority the basis on which such a declaration is 'adeHand
&. /o'ply with JA 21.b$ Appro*al of a 'a>or change in a Type 4esign is li'ited to that #those$ specific
configuration#s$ in the Type 4esign upon which the change is 'ade.
?ERIE? AIRCRAFT
After type certification of a =rototype or a @ariant aircraft, and after issue of theappropriate category / of A, all futureaircraft which e*entually go into production aresi'ilar in e*ery essential respect to those initial designs.
These aircraft are designated as L-eriesM and, as such, 'ust co'ply with thereuire'ents that are set out in /A /hapter A3!2.
?ERIE? MO+IFIE+
?hen a foreign aircraft is i'ported into this country, which has the sa'e typedesignation as that of an aircraft which is already certificated in the 0nited ingdo'but which is
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Figu%e "@"0 Ce%ti)i(ate o) Fitness )o% Flig#t
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8 A9 Conditions eference: A
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#b$ (n the case of an aircraft falling within paragraph 1#b$, it shall fly only
for the purpose of enabling it to:
#i$ =roceed to a place at which any inspection or 'aintenancereuired by *irtue of Article #)$#b$#ii$ is to ta5e place
#ii$ =roceed to a place at which any inspection, 'aintenance or'odification reuired by *irtue of Article #)$#b$#i$ or #c$ of thisorder is to ta5e place and in respect of which flight the Authorityhas gi*en per'ission in writingH or
#iii$ /arry out a functional chec5 , test or in!flight ad>ust'ent in
connection with the carrying out in a 'anner appro*ed by theAuthority of any o*erhaul, repair, pre*iously appro*ed'odification, inspection or 'aintenance reuired by *irtue ofArticle #)$.
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AIRCRAFT OF FOREIGN +E?IGN
The reuire'ents for the issue of a /ertificate of Airworthiness for aircraft of foreigndesign are set out in 5CAR C#a$te% 5;@".
The issue is dependent on the aircraft being registered in the 0 and sub>ect toco'pliance with 0 Type /ertificate procedures. Dor aircraft of foreign design andconstruction, the issue of a Type /ertificate applies to Transport /ategory aircraft of'ore than 2)35g 6axi'u' Ta5e!7ff 6ass #6T76$.
The / of A issued by the airworthiness authority of the country of origin of theaircraft, and any Type /ertificate te(#ni(al data s#eets'ust be sub'itted to the
/.A.A., together with 3 (o$iesof the Flig#t Manual, which 'ust confor' to 0reuire'ents.
All 'aintenance 'anuals, log boo5s and copies of docu'ents concerned with theweight and balance of the aircraft 'ust also be sub'itted to the /.A.A.
4uring their in*estigation of the aircraft, the /.A.A 'ay decide that additionalreuire'ents 'ust be 'et. These are listed as ;-pecial /onditions and areco''unicated to the applicant for the 0nited ingdo' / of A.
?hen reuired by the /.A.A., a /ertificate of Ditness for Dlight has to be issued andthe aircraft flight tested in accordance with appro*ed schedules.
To facilitate deli*ery of an aircraft to the 0, #and pro*ided the nu'ber and date ofissue of the foreign / of A are 'ade 5nown$, it is possible, under appropriatecircu'stances, for the /.A.A. to issue a temporary 0 / of A before the aircraft andall its other docu'ents are a*ailable for inspection.
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A(/ADT A(@E- (< 0.. 7< D7E(< / 7D A D7 EN=7T
(
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Figu%e "@"" Fo%: CA 1"*1
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Figu%e "@"; Ce%ti)i(ate o) Ai%o%t#iness )o% E=$o%t
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COLLA5ORATI2E !ROJECT?
The ter' ;/ollaborati*e =ro>ects co*ers the sharing of design and construction ofaircraft #and powerplants$, between 'ore than one co'pany, either within or outsidethe 0nited ingdo'.
4etails of certification of these pro>ects can be found in /A -ection ;A #where the/.A.A. has pri'ary responsibility$ and -ection ; #where the /.A.A. has noresponsibility.
/ollaborati*e pro>ects which ha*e either partial or total 0nited ingdo'responsibility, 'ust ha*e 7
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+EALER>? CERTIFICATE eference: A
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IN2ALI+ATION OF CERTIFICATE OF AIR4ORTINE??
Fisted below are the four 'a>or reasons why a /ertificate of Airworthiness couldbeco'e in*alid. There 'ay be other specific reasons,but the 'a>ority will co'eunder one or other of these categories.
1. (f the aircraft or such of its euip'ent necessary for airworthiness iso*erhauled, repaired or 'odified in a 'anner not appro*ed by the /.A.A.
2. (f any part of the aircraft or euip'ent is re'o*ed or replaced in a 'anner orwith 'aterial not appro*ed.
3. 0ntil co'pletion of any inspection classified by the /.A.A. as 'andatory.3
". 0ntil co'pletion of an inspection reuired by an appro*ed 'aintenanceschedule.
The inspections and 'odifications referred to abo*e are those reuired for thepurpose of ascertaining and ensuring that an aircraft re'ains airworthy.
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?ELF A!!RAI?AL UE?TION?
1. To which categories of aircraft is Type /ertification applicableO
2. ?hich aircraft 'ust be weighedO
3. ?hat is the purpose of weighing aircraftO
". Cow are the following defined:
a. asic weight
b. asic euip'entc. @ariable loadd. 4isposable load
%. ?hen are aircraft exceeding %) 5g 6.T.7.6. re!weighed #/AT and non !/AT$O
&. (n the 0, who issues a /ertificate of egistrationO
). ?here are details gi*en of the reuire'ents for displaying nationally andregistration 'ar5s on aircraftO
+. ?hat details are gi*en on the fireproof 'etal plate affixed near the 'ainentrance to an aircraftO
. Apart fro' the words EN(T and E6EE
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TI? !AGE INTENTIONALL LEFT 5LAN