modals week 12

Norsarihan/lang description_2011 1

What are modals?

Auxiliary verbs

Had better

May

Must

Might

Ought to

Will

Shall

Should

Would

Can

Could


Why do we use modals?

obligationssuggestions

advise expectations


Modal or modal auxiliaries change the meaning of the base verb. The meaning changes according to the context of the sentence.• We should allow him to stay• I want to be a good person• She can be a good person


Two types of modals:

1. Simple modals : for the present and future

2.Perfect modals: to show necessity in the past tense.


Simple modals: Present and future

Modal + base form• Examples:– We should invite your friend to my party.– We could buy some soda if you have money.– You might want to call your mom and tell her you

are at a friend’s house.


Perfect modals: past

Modal + have + past participle• Examples:– You should have called me last night.– Mary should have done her homework this week.– We should not have made a big mess here.


Showing strong necessity:

Must I must go to sleep!Have to I have to go to sleep!Have got to I have got to go to sleep!


You use Had better for a WARNING! RECOMMENDATIONS, or DESPERATION.

You had better bring your portfolio with you today. recommendation

That bus had better get here soon! desperate hope

You had better watch the way you talk to me in the future!

warning


Use Should to offer advise

Should means…it would be a good idea.

You should eat something you are hungry.You should read a book and turn off the television.They should stop being so loud.We should have a party at the beach.


Use Positive Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

Negative Forms1. = Present 2. = Past 3. = Future

You can also use:

had better recommendation

1. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" OR "OUGHT TO" People should unplug toasters before they clean them.

2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD HAVE" OR "OUGHT TO HAVE" You should have unplugged the toaster before you tried to clean it.

3. You had better unplug the toaster before you try to clean it.

1. SHIFT TO "SHOULD" OR "OUGHT TO" People shouldn't clean toasters without unplugging them first.

2. SHIFT TO "SHOULD HAVE" OR "OUGHT TO HAVE" You shouldn't have cleaned the toaster without unplugging it first.

3. You had better not clean the toaster until you unplug it.

should, ought to

had better desperate hope,warning

The movie had better end soon. They had better be here before we start dinner. Desperate hopes and warnings usually refer to the near future.

They had better not be late. They had better not forget Tom's birthday gift. Desperate hopes and warnings usually refer to the near future.

Irregular modal verbs in the past and future


Could or might are more gentle than should….

You could read a book.You should read a book.

They might like the movie.They should like the movie.

We could buy some candy.We should buy some candy.

I might play basketball.I should play basketball.

He could win your blue marble.He should win your blue marble.


Meanings of modals 1Modals Definition Examplescan to express ability or opportunity,

to request or offer permission, and to show possibility or impossibility.

I can play football. ability We can stay with my brother when we are in Paris. opportunity She cannot stay out after 10 PM. permissionCan you hand me the stapler? request Any child can grow up to be Prime Minister. possibility

could to express possibility or past ability as well as to make suggestions and requests.

Extreme rain could cause the river to flood the city. possibilityAwang could ski like a pro by the age of 11. past abilityYou could see a movie or go out to dinner. suggestionCould I use your computer to email my lecturer? requestWe could go on the trip if I didn't have to work this weekend. conditional


Meanings of modals 2Modals Definition Exampleshave to to express certainty, necessity,

and obligation.This answer has to be correct. certaintyThe soup has to be stirred continuously to prevent burning. necessity They have to leave early. obligation

have got to

to express necessity and obligation.

Drivers have got to get a license to drive a car in the US. necessityI have got to be at work by 8:30 AM. obligation

may to express possibility or request permission

Cheryl may be at home, or perhaps at work. possibilityJohn, you may leave the room when you have finished your assignment. give permissionMay I use your bathroom? request permission


Meanings of modals 3Modals Definition Examplesmight to express possibility. Can also use

to make suggestions or requestsYour purse might be in the living room. possibilityIf I didn't have to work, I might go with you. conditionalYou might visit the botanical gardens during your visit. suggestionMight I borrow your pen? request

must to express certainty, to express necessity or strong recommendation,

This must be the right address! certaintyStudents must pass an entrance examination to study at this school. necessityYou must take some medicine for that cough. strong recommendationJenny, you must not play in the street! prohibition


Meanings of modals 4Modals Definition Examplesought to to advise or make

recommendations, also expresses assumption or expectation as well as strong probability, often with the idea that something is deserved.

You ought to stop smoking. recommendationJim ought to get the promotion. It is expected because he deserves it. This stock ought to increase in value. probabilityMark ought not drink so much. advice against something (notice there is no "to")

shall to indicate future action. commonly used in sentences with "I" or "we," and is often found in suggestions, also frequently used in promises or voluntary actions. In formal English, the use of "shall" to describe future events often expresses inevitability or predestination.

Shall I help you? suggestion I shall never forget where I came from. promise He shall become our next king. predestinationI'm afraid Mr. Smith shall become our new director. inevitability


Meanings of modals 5Modals Definition Examplesshould to make recommendations or give

advice. It can also be used to express obligation as well as expectation.

When you go to Miri, you should visit Mulu. recommendationYou should focus more on your family and less on work. adviceI really should be in the office by 7:00 AM. obligationBy now, they should already be in Dubai. expectation

will used with promises or voluntary actions that take place in the future. Can also be used to make predictions about the future

I promise that I will call you every single day. promiseI will make dinner tonight. voluntary actionHe thinks it will rain tomorrow. prediction


Meanings of modals 6Modals Definition Exampleswould used to create conditional verb

forms. It also serves as the past form of the modal verb "will." "would" can also indicate repetition in the past.

If he were an actor, he would be in adventure movies. conditionalI knew that she would be very successful in her career. past of "will" When they first met, they would always have picnics on the beach. repetition

used with promises or voluntary actions that take place in the future. Can also be used to make predictions about the future

I promise that I will call you every single day. promiseI will make dinner tonight. voluntary actionHe thinks it will rain tomorrow. prediction


Modals

Simple I could swim at the beach.

Continuous I could be swimming at the beach right now.

Perfect I could have swum at the beach yesterday.

Perfect Continuous I could have been swimming at the beach instead of working in the office.

Passive Modal Simple The room should be cleaned once a day.

Passive Modal Continuous The room should be being cleaned now.

Passive Modal Perfect The room should have been cleaned yesterday.

Modal verbs used in variety of forms


Sentence pairs:He must be here because I see his

jacket on his chair.I should buy a present

because it is Julie’s birthday.

You could call me tonight

since you will be at home.

They should come to my house

to play Nintendo.

He could win a prize if he turns in his raffle ticket.


Conversation cards: Small group discussions

Why should the school day be shorter?

Name three things you should not do in class.

What could you do to be a good friend?

What would you do if you won a million dollars?

If you could meet one famous person, who would it be?

What might happen if pigs could fly?


modals week 12

Documents

better end

better recommendation

perfect modals

simple modals

types of modals

past participleexamples

desperate hopes

people shouldnt clean