model answer key - kautilya academy

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Kautilya Academy Phone No. 0731- 4266821, 98939 9541 Mob.: 94250 68121

Model Answer KeyDate : 08/09/2019

A - {kkjdksa ds rhu mnkgj.k

{kkj dlsys vkSj yky fyVel dks uhyk djrs gS budkPh 7 ls vf/kd gksrk gSA buds mnkgj.k fuEu gSA

1- lksfM;e gkbMªkWDlkbM& lkcqu fuekZ.k] isVªksfy;e“kqf)dj.k vkfnA

2- esfXuf”k;e gkbMªkWDlkbM& isV dh veyh;rk nwjdjukA

3- dsfYl;e gkbMªkWDlkbM& fCyfpax ikoMj cukusa esaA

B - pkYlZ MkfoZu

pkYlZ MkfoZu ¼1809 ls 1882½

iqLrdsa& ^vksfjftu vkQ Lislht*] fMlsUV vkWQ esubUgksaus xsykiksxl f}i ij vius tgkt ,p-,e-,lohxy ls Hkze.k fd;kA MkfoZu okn dk fl)kar fn;kA

MkfoZu dk fl)kar & bl izdkj gS&& vfLrRo ds fy, la?k’kZ& ;ksX;re dh mÙkjthfork& izk—frd p;u

C - mikip;

esVkiksfyte ,d xzhd Hkk’kk dk “kCn gSA ;sthou&;kiu ds fy, gksus okyh jlk;fud izfØ;k,agSA blesa inkFkksZa dk fo?kVu vkSj inkFkksZa dk fuekZ.kgksrk gSA ftlls gekjs “kjhj thfor :i esa cuk jgrk gSA

D - John Dalton tkWu MkYVu

TkkWu MkYVu dks ijek.kq okn dk tud dgk tkrkgSA ¼1766 ls 1844½ fczfV”k ukxfjd 1803 us esaijek.kq okn dk fl)kar fn;kA

iqLrdsa& U;w flLVe vkWWQ dsfedy fQyksflQh

bUgksaus fczfV”k ,slksf;,”ku Qksj n ,MokalesUV vkWQlkbal dh LFkkiuk dhA

A. Three example of bases

- Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) or caustic soda.

- Calcium hydroxide ( Ca(OH)2 ) or limewater.

- Ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH) or ammoniawater.

B. Charles Darwin

Charles Darwin, in full Charles Robert Darwin,(born February 12, 1809, Shrewsbury,Shropshire, England—died April 19, 1882,Downe, Kent), English naturalist whosescientific theory of evolution by natural selectionbecame the foundation of modern evolutionarystudies.

C. MetabolismMetabolism is a term that is used to describe allchemical reactions involved in maintaining theliving state of the cells and the organism.Metabolism can be conveniently divided into twocategories:

- Catabolism - the breakdown of molecules toobtain energy

- Anabolism - the synthesis of all compoundsneeded by the cells

D. John Dalton

John Dalton, (born September 5 or 6, 1766,Eaglesfield, Cumberland, England—died July27, 1844, Manchester), English meteorologistand chemist, a pioneer in the development ofmodern atomic theory.

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E - /kkrq ,oa v/kkrq esa varj

/kkrq Bksl gksrs gSA tcfd v/kkrq Bksl] nzo vkSj xSlrhuksa voLFkk esa feyrs gSaA

/kkrq v?kkro/;Zrk vkSj rU;rk ds xq.k j[krs gSa tcfdv/kkrq Hkaxqj gksrs gSaA

/kkrq Å’ek fo|qr ds lqpkyd gksrs gS tcfd v/kkrqdqpkyd gksrs gSA viokn& xzsQkbM vkfn

F - ek/;

ek/; og la[;k gS tks nh xbZ l[;kvksa dk fcYdqychp esa vkrh gSA ;g ,d ,slh la[;k gS tks fn;s x;slewg ds cM+s Hkkx dks NskVs Hkkx ls vyx djrh gSA

ekf/;dk fudkyus ds fy, la[;kvksa dk ?kVrs o cMrsØe esa fy[kuk gksrk gSA vkSj tks chp ds la[;k gksrhgS mls ekf/;dk dgrs gSaA

G - pUnz;ku

pUnzek ij v/;;u ds fy, bljksa }kjk pUnz;ku& 1o PkUnz;ku& 2 fe”ku Hksts x;sA

pUnz;ku&1 2008 esa pUnz;ku dh lQyrk ds ckn2019 esas pUnz;ku& 2 iz{ksfir fd;k x;kA ftlesavkfcZVj] ysaMj vkSj jkscjA

H - lrr~ fodkl

'kCn ^lrr fodkl* dk lcls igyh ckj ç;ksx ^oMZdUlosZ'ku LVªsVth* }kjk fd;k x;k ftls ç—fr vkSjçk—frd lk/kuksa ds laj{k.k ds fy, vUrjkZ"Vªh; la?k*us 1980 esa çLrqr fd;k A

cz.MVyS.M fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj lrr fodkl dk vFkZgS orZeku ih<+h dh vko';drkvksa dks Hkfo"; dhihf<+;ksa dh vko';drkvksa ls le>kSrk fd;s fcuk iwjkdjuk A

I - ekWfUVª;y izksVksdkWYk

ekWfUVª;y izksVksdkWy vkstksu ijr ds laj{k.k ds fy,16 flrEcj 1987 dks ikfjr dh xbZ vkSj 1 tuojh1989 dks ykxw gqbZ Hkkjr esa blds izko/kku 17 flrEcj1992 esa izHkko esa vk;saA

E. Difference in Metal & Non-Metals

- Metals tend to lose their valence electrons, butnon-metals share or gain valence electrons.

- Metals are good conductors of electricity andheat, non-metals are poor conductors.

- Metals are ductile where as non-metals are non-ductile.

F. Median

The median is the middle number in a sorted,ascending or descending, list of numbers and canbe more descriptive of that data set than theaverage.

G. Chandrayan

Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee announcedthe Chandrayaan project on course in hisIndependence Day speech on 15 August 2003.The mission was a major boost to India’s spaceprogram

The Chandrayaan programme also known as theIndian Lunar Exploration Programme is anongoing series of outer space missions by theIndian Space Research Organisation (ISRO).

H. Sustainable Development

“Sustainable development is development thatmeets the needs of the present, withoutcompromising the ability of future generationsto meet their own needs.”

I. Montreal Protocol

The Montreal Protocol is an internationalenvironmental agreement with universalratification to protect the earth’s ozone layer byeliminating use of ozone depleting substances(ODS), which would otherwise allow increasedUV radiation to reach the earth, resulting inhigher incidence of skin cancers and eyecataracts, more-compromised immune systems,and negative effects on watersheds, agriculturallands and forests.

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J - fgekpy dk efudj.k fdl fy, izfl) gSA

efudj.ke fgekpy eas dqYYkq?kkVh esa ikoZrh unh dsfdukjs fLFkr gSA tks flD[kksa ds xq:}kjs vkSj Hkw&xfHkZ;ÅtkZ ds fy, tkuk tkrk gSA

;g ij xeZ ty ds lksrs gSA

K - v{k; ÅtkZ nqdku

v{k; ÅtkZ nqdku uohu vkSj iquZuoh—r ÅtkZ foHkkx}kjk Hkkjr ds izeq[k “kgjksa esa 1995 LFkkfir dh xbZgS ftlds ek/;e ls lkSj ÅtkZ ds mRiknksa dh fcØhejEer vkSj lsok,a iznku dh tkrh gSA

L - Lis'ky 301 fjiksVZ

vesfjdk }kjk Lis”ky 301 fjiksVZ tkjh dh tkrh gSftlesa vius O;kikfjd Hkkfxnkj ds cksf)d laink dhj{kk vkSj muds izorZu dk vkdyu fd;k tkrk gSAgky gh esa 36 ns”kksa dh lwph tkjh dh xbZ gSA ftlesaHkkjr dks ckSf)d laink vf/kdkjksa ds dfFkr mYya?kuksads fy;s la;qä jkT; vesfjdk dh ^çk;ksfjVh okpfyLV* esa cjdjkj j[kk x;k gSA

^çk;ksfjVh okp fyLV' esa Hkkjr ds lkFk gh phu]baMksusf'k;k] :l] lÅnh vjc vkSj osustq,yk tSlsdqy 11 ns'kksa dks j[kk x;k gSA

rqdhZ vkSj ikfdLrku tSls dqy 25 ns'kksa dks vesfjdkus ^okp fyLV* esa 'kkfey fd;k gSA

M - pØo`f) C;kt dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft,

pØo`f) C;kt og C;kt gS ftleas ewy/kku dslkFk&lkFk C;kt ij Hkh C;kt dh x.kuk dh tkrhgSA bldk lw= fuEu gSA A = l

t

100

r1PA

N - iz/kku ea=h vkokl ;kstuk

iz/kkuea=hvkokl ;kstuk 2015 esa Hkkjr ljdkj }kjklHkh dks vkokl miyC/k djkus ds mn~ns”; ls tkjhdh xbZ ftlds rgr yksxksa dks dks lfClflMh iznkudh tkrh gSA blds mn~ns”;k 2022 rd lHkh dks ?kjmiyC/k djkuk gSA ;g vizSy 2019 ls 2022 rd ;gvius rhljs pj.k esa py jgh gSA

e/;izns”k ds 74 “kgjksa esa py jgh gSA

J. Manikaran (Himachal)

Manikaran is a pilgrimage centre for Hindus andSikhs. It is famous for its sulphur hot springs, itsnumerous temples, Gurudwara and its beautifulsurroundings.

K. Akshay Urja Shops

The objective of the programme is to supportthe establishment of one shop in each districtfor creation of a network of retail outlets in formof “Akshay Urja Shops” in all the districts forsale and service of solar energy and otherrenewable energy products.

L. Special 301 Report

The “Special 301” Report reflects the outcomeof a Congressionally-mandated annual review ofthe global state of intellectual property rights(IPR) protection and enforcement. The reviewreflects the Administration’s resolve toencourage and maintain enabling environmentsfor innovation, including effective IPR protectionand enforcement, in markets worldwide, whichbenefit not only U.S. exporters but the domesticIP-intensive industries in those markets as well.

M. Compound Interest

Compound interest is interest calculated on theinitial principal, which also includes all of theaccumulated interest of previous periods of adeposit or loan.

N. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojna

Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana was launched withthe aim to provide housing at an affordable priceto the weaker sections of the society, lowerincome group people, urban poor, and rural poor.The Yojana involves a construction of around20 million houses at an affordable price by March31, 2022. The scheme is getting financialassistance of USD 31 billion from the CentralGovernment. Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana hastwo components:

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- Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Urban (PMAY-U)

- Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana Gramin (PMAY-G)

O. Remote Sensing

Remote sensing is the science of obtaininginformation about objects or areas from adistance, typically from aircraft or satellites.

O - fjeksV lsaflx

fjeksV lsaflax nwj&nwj ¼nwjLFk½ LFkkuksa ij voyksdule> ¼laosnu½ oLrqvksa ;k ?kVukvksa dh xfrfof/k;ksadks lanfHkZr djrk gSA fjeksV lsaflax esa] lsalj oLrqvksa;k ?kVukvksa ds lkFk lh/ks laidZ esa ugha gksrk gSAtkudkj h dk s ,d gLr{k si d s ek/;e l soLrqvksa@?kVukvksa ls lsalj rd ;k=k djus ds fy,,d HkkSfrd okgd dh vko';drk gksrh gSA

fo|qr pqEcdh; fofdj.k vkerkSj ij fjeksV lsaflax esa,d lwpuk okgd ds :i esa ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

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A. Nuclear Fallout and its effects ?

Nuclear fallout is a destructive, long-termconsequence following large-scale releases ofradioactivity into the environment. Radioactivityis the transfer of energy through waves orparticles, and is common in the world.

Effects:-

- Blast-Nuclear explosions produce air-blasteffects similar to those produced by conventionalexplosives.

- Thermal radiation- Unlike conventionalexplosions, a single nuclear explosion cangenerate an intense pulse of thermal radiationthat can start fires and burn skin over large areas.

- Initial radiation- Nuclear detonations releaselarge amounts of neutron and gamma radiation.

- Fallout- When a nuclear detonation occurs closeto the ground surface, soil mixes with the highlyradioactive fission products from the weapon.

B. What is Cyber Security describe it’simportant features ?

Cyber security refers to the body of technologies,processes, and practices designed to protectnetworks, devices, programs, and data fromattack, damage, or unauthorized access. Cybersecurity may also be referred to as informationtechnology security.

Features of Cyber Security are:-

- Good analytics.

- Coverage of your biggest external threats.

- A defense against internal threats.

- Compliance.

- Manage risk across your entire ecosystem.

- Threat prevention, detection, and response.

- Continuous monitoring.

A - U;wfDy;j QkyvkmV ,oa bldk izHkko

ukfHkdh; voikr&

ukfHkdh; voikr ukfHkdh; foLQksV ds ckn jsfM;k/kehZZ inkFkksZ ds i`Foh dh lrg ij QSykus dh izfØ;kdks dgrs gSaA ukfHkdh; voikr rhu pj.kksa esa laiUugksrk gSa& LFkkuh;] {kksHkeaMyh; vkSj lerkieaMyh;A

LFkkuh; voikr esa foLQksV ds dqN gh ?kaVksa ds HkhrjyxHkx 100 ehy dh ifjf/k esa LVªfU'k;e tSls jsfM;ks/kehZ d.k foflrgks tkr gSaA

{kksHkeaMyh; voikr /kjrh ij fxjus ls iwoZ 8 ehydh Å¡pkbZ ij ,df=r gksrs gSa rFkk lerki eaMyh;voikr 8&20 ehy ds e/; ,d= gksrs gSaA ;s nksuksavoikr /khjs&/khjs i`Foh ij igqaprs gSa rFkk ;g laiw.kZizfØ;k dbZ fnuksa rd pyrh jgrh gSA blds izHkkols ouLifr;ka lw[kus yxrh gSa vkSj ekuo iztkfr jDrdSalj] vfLFk dSalj] peZ dSalj vkfn ls izHkkfor gksusyxrh gSA

B - lkbcj lqj{kk D;k gS\ og blds vko';d rRoksa ijizdk'k Mkfy, \

lkbcj lqj{kk çkS|ksfxfd;ksa] çfØ;kvksa] vkSj geyksa]{kfr ;k vuf/k—r igqap ls usVodZ] midj.kksa] dk;ZØeksavkSj MsVk dh lqj{kk ds fy, fMtkbu dh xbZ fudk;dks lanfHkZr djrh gSA lkbcj lqj{kk dks lwpukçkS|ksfxdh lqj{kk Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSA

lkbcj lqj{kk dh fo'ks"krk,a gaS &

& vPNk fo'ys"k.kA

& vkids lcls cM+s ckgjh [krjksa dk dojstA

& vkarfjd [krjksa ls cpkoA

& vuqikyuA

& vius iwjs ikfjfLFkfrdh ra= esa tksf[ke dk çca/ku djsaA

& /kedh dh jksdFkke] irk yxkus vkSj çfrfØ;kA

& fujarj fuxjkuhA

baVjusV vkSj dEI;wVj flLVe ds foLRkkj ds lkFklkbcj lqj{k dh ftEesnkjh tfVyre rFkk ijLijfuHkZj gksrh tk jgh gSA blfy, izfrfnu ubZ lqj{kkpqukSfr;ksa dks ns[krs gq, lkbcj lqj{kk xaHkhj eqn~nkcurk tk jgk gSA

PART- A 6 Marks

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C. Describe any one Source of Non-conventionalSource energy in detail?

Energy generated by using wind, tides, solargeothermal heat and biomass including farm andanimal waste as well as human excreta is knownas non-conventional energy.

Solar Energy

The sun is the most abundant and unlimitedsource of energy. The sun functions as a globalsource of energy and has tremendous potential.As a result, solar energy is one of the mostimportant non conventional sources of energythat are utilized in India. The solar cookers arequite economical and they have been aremarkable invention. These cookers assist infood preparation nearly without any expenditure.Additionally, many tiny and medium-scale solarpower plants have been intended for thecountryside areas in India. Until now, some ofthe effective usages of solar energy include waterheating, food preparation, area heating, removalof salt from water, and drying of harvest.Furthermore, it has been forecasted that solarenergy will become the future source of energywhile fossil fuels, specifically oil and coal, wouldbe completely used up. Solar photovoltaicsystems, solar thermal systems, and solar energycentre are some of the means of generating solarenergy.

D. Write a Short note on Reproduction inPlant’s?

Plant reproduction is the process by which plantsgenerate new individuals, or offspring.Reproduction is either sexual or asexual. Sexualreproduction is the formation of offspring by thefusion of gametes . Asexual reproduction is theformation of offspring without the fusion ofgametes. Sexual reproduction results in offspringgenetically different from the parents. Asexualoffspring are genetically identical except formutation. In higher plants, offspring arepackaged in a protective seed, which can be longlived and can disperse the offspring some

C - ÅtkZ ds fdlh ,d xSj& ijEijkxr L=ksr ij izdk'kMkfy, \

xSj&ijEijkxr ÅtkZ L=ksr&

xSj&ijEijkxr ÅtkZ L=ksr dk lkekU;r% uohdj.kh;ÅtkZ L=ksr ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA bu L=ksrksals ÅtkZ izkfIr dh izkS|ksfxdh vis{kkÑr egaxh iM+rhgSaA izeq[k xSj&ijEijkxr ÅtkZ L=ksrksa ds varxZrfuEu- dks lfEefyr fd;k tk ldrk gSa&

1- lkSj ÅtkZ 2- iou ÅtkZ 3- y?kq iufo|qr

4- ck;ks xSl 5- Hkwrkih; ÅtkZ

xSj&ijEijkxr ÅtkZ] blds varxZr Tokjh; ÅtkZ]rjax ÅtkZ vkSj leqnz rkih; ÅtkZ dks 'kkfey fd;ktkrk gSA

& thok'e bZa/kuksa ds HkaMkjksa dk lhfer gksuk rFkk Hkfo";esa budh miyC/krk cgqr de vFkok lekIr gksus dhlaHkkoukA

& thok'e bZa/kuksa ds fujarj c<+rs mi;ksx ds pyrs xzhugkÅl xSlksa dh ek=k dk c<+uk] ftlls tyok;qifjorZu dh leL;k mRiUu gksus dh laHkkoukA

& cM+s&cM+s cka/kks ds fuekZ.k esa vR;f/kd /ku dk O;;A

& unh ?kkVh ifj;kstukvksa ds {ks= esa HkwdEi vkus dhlaHkkokvksa dh izcyrk ds lkFk&lkFk foLFkkiu ,oavU; i;kZoj.kh; eqn~nsA

mijksDr leL;kvksa ds lkFk&lkFk uohdj.kh ÅtkZizkfIr dh vlhfer laHkkoukvksa ds pyrs fo'ks"kKksa ,oafofHkUu ns'kksa dh ljdkjksa dk /;ku bl vksj x;k gSavkSj mUgksaus bl vksj izHkkoh iz;kl djus 'kq: djfn, gSaA

D - ikS/kksa esa iqu:Riknu ij laf{kIr esa fVIi.kh fdft,A

ikS/kksa esa iqu:Riknu og çfØ;k gS ftlds }kjk ikS/ksu, larku mRiUu djrs gSaA çtuu ;k rks ;kSu ;kvySafxd gSA ;kSu çtuu] ;qXedksa ds lay;u }kjklarkuksa dk fuekZ.k gSA vySafxd çtuu] ;qXedksa dslay;u ds fcuk larkuksa dk fuekZ.k gSA ekrk&firk lsvkuqokaf'kd :i ls oa'k ds ifj.kkeLo:i ;kSu çtuugksrk gSA vySafxd larku mRifjorZu dks NksM+djvkuqoaf'kd :i ls leku gSaA mPp ikS/kksa esa] larkuksadks ,d lqj{kkRed cht esa iSd fd;k tkrk gS] tksyacs le; rd thfor jg ldrk gS vkSj ekrk&firkls dqN nwjh ij larkuksa dks frrj&fcrj dj ldrk

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distance from the parents. In flowering plants(angiosperms), the seed itself is contained insidea fruit, which may protect the developing seedsand aid in their dispersal.

E. What are the danger’s involved in the use of5G Technology ?

- More bandwidth – more dangers of 5G

- Serious health concerns

- The dangers of 5G extends to the planet

- RF Radiation Dangers

F. Explain Organic Light Emitting Diode(OLED) ?

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are solid-state light sources made of organicsemiconductor (OSC) materials. Variousfunctional materials help to facilitate theconversion of injected charges into emittedphotons at the maximum possible efficiency andfurther are assembled specifically to realize thedesired emitted color—be it monochrome orbroadband emissions for displays or solid-statelighting (SSL), respectively. The materials usedcan be both small molecules and polymers ,where any possible combination of the twomaterial classes best meets the requirements withrespect to desired applications and most suitableprocessability. With few exceptions, the organicmaterials can be made and upscaled at low cost,and their processing schemes suggest trulyeconomic mass production.

gSA Qwyksa ds ikS/kksa ¼,aft;ksLieZ½ esa] cht Lo;a ,dQy ds vanj lekfgr gksrk gS] tks muds QSyko esafodkl'khy chtksa vkSj lgk;rk dh j{kk dj ldrk gSA

E - 5G rduhd ds mi;ksx esa D;k [krjs gS \

& vf/kd cSaMfoM~Fk & 5G ds vf/kd [krjs

& xaHkhj LokLF; laca/kh fpark,¡

& 5G ds [krjs iwjh i`Foh rd QSy ldrs gSaA

& vkj,Q fofdj.k ds [krjs

F - tSfod izdk'k mRltZu Mk;ksM (OLED) dks le>kb, \OLED, LED dk ,d ,Mokal QkeZ gSa] ftls Organic

Light-Emitting Diode ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gSALED ds foijhr] tks fiDlsy dks ykbV iznku djusds fy, cSdykbV dk mi;ksx djrk gS] OELD

fctyh ds laidZ esa vkus ij ykbV mRlftZr djus dsfy, gkbMªksdkcZUk J`a[kykvksa ls cus ,d dkcZfudinkFkZ ij fuHkZj djrk gSAfo”ks’k :i ls izR;sd fiDlsy dh vius vki ykbVcukus dh {kerk gS] ,d vlhe :i ls high contract

ratio dk mRiknu djrk gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd CySdiwjh rjg ls dkys gks ldrs gSa] vkSj lQsn cgqr czkbVgksrs gSaA;g eq[; dkj.k gS fd vf/kd ls vf/kd fMokblOLED LØhu dk mi;ksx djrs gSa] ftlesa LekVZQksu]Vhoh] VScysV] MsLdVkWi ekWfuVj vkSj fMftVy dSejkHkh “kkfey gSa] blds lkFk iguus ;ksX; fMokbl gSatSls LekVZokWpAmu fMokblls esa vkSj vU; nks izdkj ds OLED

fMLIys Hkh gSa tks vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls daVªksy fd,tkrs gS] ftUgsa Active-matrix (AMOLED) vkSjPassive-matrix (PMOLED) dgk tkrk gSA,d izdkj fMLIYks rduhd gS tks cgqr gh iryhLØhu ij xgjs dkys ysor rd igqapuk laHko cukrhgS] tcfd ,d gh le; esa] Vhoh dks vf/kd dq”kyvkSj i;kZoj.k ds vuqdwy cukrh gSA,d dkcZfud] dkcZu vk/kkfjr fQYe dks nks daMDVjksads chp j[kk tkrk gS vkSj] tc ,d fon~;qr izokgxqtjrk gS] rks ;g ykbV dk mRltZu djrk gSAOLED esa lkekU; yky] gjs vkSj uhys jax dslc&fiDlsy ds lkFk ,d vfrfjDr lQsn fiDlsy Hkh

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G. What is La-Nina?

La Niña is a weather pattern that occurs in thePacific Ocean. In this pattern, strong winds blowwarm water at the ocean’s surface from SouthAmerica to Indonesia. As the warm water moveswest, cold water from the deep rises to the surfacenear the coast of South America.

La Niña weather patterns can cause drier thanaverage years in some regions of the UnitedStates. In those same regions, El Niño weatherpatterns can cause wetter than average years.

H. How has India responded to Climate Charge ?

India is at the top of the list of nations expectedto be worst hit by the adverse effects of climatechange. It is striving to overcome the problemby advancing strategies like investing massivelyin renewable energy

To diversify its energy mix and reduce its relianceon coal, the Indian government led by PrimeMinister Narendra Modi has been activelypromoting renewable power sources and aimsto pump tens of billions of dollars in newinvestments to expand generation capacity overthe coming decade.

Ambitious targets have been set: The goal is tosource 40 percent of India’s electricity fromrenewable and other low-carbon sources by2030. It also wants to reach 175 gigawatts (GW)of renewable energy capacity by 2022 - of which100 GW will be from solar energy. Furthermore,India joined hands with France to launch analliance of 121 countries to dramatically boostthe use of solar power

“kkfey gS] ftldk mn~ns”; vf/kd fofo/k vkSj lVhdjax iznku djuk gS ¼lkFk gh ,d fMLIys ds mezc<+kuk½Alcls igys] bldk fMtkbu gS& OLED lsV LCD

dh rqyuk esa gYds vkSj irys gksrs gSa] D;ksafd mUgsa ,dvxy cSdykbV dh vko”;drk ugha gksrhA

G - yk&Ukhuk (La-Nina) D;k gS \

yk uhuk ,d ekSle iSVuZ gS tks ç'kkar egklkxj esagksrk gSA bl iSVuZ esa] nf{k.k vesfjdk ls baMksusf'k;krd leqæ dh lrg ij rst gok,a xeZ ikuh mM+krhgSaA tSls gh xeZ ikuh if'pe dh vksj c<+rk gS] xgjsikuh dk BaMk ikuh nf{k.k vesfjdk ds rV ds ikllrg rd igqap tkrk gSAla;qä jkT; vesfjdk ds dqN {ks=ksa esa yk uhuk ekSledk iSVuZ vkSlr o"kksaZ ls vf/kd lw[kk iM+ ldrk gSAmUgha {ks=ksa esa] vy uhuks ekSle dk iSVuZ vkSlr o"kksaZdh rqyuk esa vknzZ gks ldrk gSA

H - Hkkjr us tyok;q ifjorZu ij dSls izfrfØ;k nh gS \tyok;q ifjorZu ij jk"Vªh; dk;Z ;kstuk dk vkjEHk30 twu] 2008 dks ubZ fnYyh esa iz/kkuea=h MkW- eueksguflag }kjk fd;k x;kA bl dk;Z ;kstuk ds varxZrvkB fe'kuksa dks 'kkfey fd;k x;k gSA ;s fe'kufuokZg ;ksX; fodkl dh uhfr ds fy, fd, tk jgsjk"Vªh; iz;kl gSa&

¼i½ jk"Vªh; lkSj ÅtkZ fe'ku& bl fe'ku ds varxZr lw;Zds izdk'k ls fo|qr mRiknu dks izksRlkfgr djus dkmn~ns'; j[kk x;k gSA blds varxZXr fuEu- izko/kku'kkfey gSa&

¼i½ lkSj ÅtkZ dk izfro"kZ mRiknu 1000 MW rdc<+kukA

¼ii½ lkSj ÅtkZ dk mi;ksx 'kjgh {ks=ksa] m|ksxksa rFkkvkoklksa esa c<+kukA

(ii) ÅtkZ {kerk c<+kus dk fe'ku & blds varxZr ÅtkZds miHkksxdks de djuk] ÅtkZ dks cpkuk] rFkk deÅtkZ mi;ksx okys midj.kksa ds iz;ksx dks c<+kok nsuk'kkfey gSA

(iii) lLVSuscy gSchVSV fe'kuA

(iv) jk"Vªh; ty fe'kuA

(v) fgeky; dh ikfjfLFkfrdh dks fVdkÅ cukukA

(vi) gfjr Hkkjr fe'kuA

(vii) /kkj.kh; Ñf"k fe'kuA

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I. Write Short Note on Probability Theory ?

Probability theory, a branch of mathematicsconcerned with the analysis of randomphenomena. The outcome of a random eventcannot be determined before it occurs, but it maybe any one of several possible outcomes. Theactual outcome is considered to be determinedby chance.

The word probability has several meanings inordinary conversation. Two of these areparticularly important for the development andapplications of the mathematical theory ofprobability. One is the interpretat ion ofprobabilities as relative frequencies, for whichsimple games involving coins, cards, dice, androulette wheels provide examples. Thedistinctive feature of games of chance is that theoutcome of a given trial cannot be predicted withcertainty, although the collective results of a largenumber of trials display some regularity. Forexample, the statement that the probability of“heads” in tossing a coin equals one-half,according to the relative frequency interpretation,implies that in a large number of tosses therelative frequency with which “heads” actuallyoccurs will be approximately one-half, althoughit contains no implication concerning theoutcome of any given toss.

J. Advantages of Satellites in Agriculture ?

- Precise prescriptions for growing crops can beobtained quickly, and less expensively, bymeasuring electromagnetic radiation reflectedfrom farmland. The data are collected by orbitingsatellites.

- Equipped with the capability to easily monitorlarge areas, satellite-based Earth Observation(EO) has long been a tool at the service of theagricultural sector.

(viii) tyok;q ifjorZ ds ckjs esa j.kuhfrd Kku fe'kuA

bu lHkh vkB fe'kuksa dk dk;kZUo;u buls lacaf/krea=ky;ksa }kjk fd;k tk,xkA budk fu;a=.k

iz/kkuea=h dh v/;{krk esa ,d 'kh"kZ laLFkk ^tyok;qifjorZu ij iz/kkuea=h dh ifj"kn~* }kjk fd;k tk,xkA

I - lEHkkfork okn ij fVIi.kh fYkf[k, \

laHkkO;rk fl)kar] ;k–fPNd ?kVukvksa ds fo'ys"k.k lslacaf/kr xf.kr dh ,d 'kk[kkA ;k–fPNd ?kVukvksa¼jSaMe bZosaV½ dk ifj.kke gksus ls igys fu/kkZfjr ughafd;k tk ldrk gS] ysfdu ;g dbZ laHkkfor ifj.kkeksaesa ls ,d gks ldrk gSA okLrfod ifj.kke la;ksx lsfu/kkZfjr ekuk tkrk gSA

lk/kkj.k okrkZyki esa çkf;drk 'kCn ds dbZ vFkZ gSaAbuesa ls nks fo'ks"k :i ls laHkkO;rk ds xf.krh; fl)kards fodkl vkSj vuqç;ksxksa ds fy, egRoiw.kZ gSaA ,dlkis{k vko`fÙk;ksa ds :i esa laHkkoukvksa dh O;k[;k gS]ftlds fy, flDds] dkMZ] iklk ls tqM+s ljy [ksymnkgj.k çnku djrs gSaA la;ksx ds [ksyksa dh fof'k"Vfo'ks"krk ;g gS fd fn, x, ijh{k.k ds ifj.kke dhfuf'prrk ds lkFk Hkfo";ok.kh ugha dh tk ldrh gS]gkykafd cM+h la[;k esa ijh{k.kksa ds lkewfgd ifj.kkedqN fu;ferrk çnf'kZr djrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy,],d flDds dks mNkyus esa fpÙk vkus dh laHkkouk ,dvko`fÙk ds cjkcj gksrh gS] tks fd lkis{k vko`fÙkO;k[;k ds vuqlkj gksrh gS] ftldk vFkZ gS fd cM+hla[;k esa lkis{k vkofÙk ftlds lkFk fpÙk okLro esagksrk gS yxHkx ,d gksxk &QkYV] gkykafd blesafdlh Hkh V‚l ds ifj.kke ls lacaf/kr dksbZ fufgrkFkZugha gSA

J - —f"k esa mixzgksa ds ykHk ij izdk'k Mkfy, \

& [ksrksa ls ijkofrZr fo|qr pqEcdh; fofdj.k dks ekidj]c<+rh Qlyksa ds fy, lVhd uqL[ks tYnh vkSj deegaxs :i ls çkIr fd, tk ldrs gSaA MsVk dks mixzgksadh ifjØek djds ,d= fd;k tkrk gSA

& cM+s {ks=ksa dh vklkuh ls fuxjkuh djus dh {kerk lsySl] mixzg vk/kkfjr i`Foh voyksdu ¼bZvks½ yacs le;ls —f"k {ks= dh lsok esa ,d midj.k gSA

& c<+rh Qly dh of)] LokLF; vkSj feêh dh xq.koÙkkdks VªSd djds Qly çca/ku esa lq/kkj] vkSj ifj.kkeLo:i

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- Growing: improving crop management bytracking crop growth, health and soil quality, andconsequently varying the application of inputssuch as water, fertilisers, and pesticides.

K. Wirte about different blood Groups ?

There are four main blood groups defined by theABO system:

- blood group A – has A antigens on the red bloodcells with anti-B antibodies in the plasma

- blood group B – has B antigens with anti-Aantibodies in the plasma

- blood group O – has no antigens, but both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma

- blood group AB – has both A and B antigens,but no antibodies

ikuh] moZjd] vkSj dhVuk'kdksa tSls vknkuksa ds vuqç;ksxdks vyx&vyx djukA

lqnwj laosnh; mixzgksa ds ek/;e ls Qly mRiknu dkvuqeku ,oa Qly {ks= vkSj mlds izfr:i dh tkudkjhizkIr dh tk ldrh gSA

ekSle laca/kh mixzg —"kdkas ds fy, ykHknk;d lkfcrgq, gSA

K - fofHkUu jDr lewgksa ij fVIi.kh djsaA

:f/k oxZ ¼Blood Group½&

:f/kj oxZ ds fo"k; esa tkudkjh nsus okys igysoSKkfud dkyZ yS.MLVhuj Fks ftUgksaus 1902 esa bldh[kkst dh FkhA bUgksaus :f/kj dks bldh ^,.Vhtu,.VhckWMh izfrfØ;k* ds vk/kkj ij pkj lewgksa esafoHkDr fd;k&

¼i½ xzqi A ¼ii½ xzqi B

¼iii½ xzqi AB ¼iv½ xzqi O

¼i½ CyM xqzi A ¼Blood Group-A½& CyM xzqi Adh [kkst ^dkyZ ySfMLVhuj* us dh FkhA blesa,UVhckWMh&b rFkk ,fUVt A gksrk gSaA

¼ii½ CyM xzqi AB (Blood Group-AB)- blesa,UVhckWMh vuqifLFkr gksrh gSa rFkk ,UVhtu AB CyMxzqi dk O;fDr fdlh Hkh xzqi dk :f/kj ys ldrk gSAblhfy, bls ^loZxzkgh CyM xzqi* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

¼iii½CyM xzqi O (Blood Group-O)- C y Mxzqi O dh [kkst ^Mh dkLVsyksa rFkk LVyhZ* us fd;kAblesa ,UVhckWMh&ab mifLFkr jgrsa gSa ijUrq ,UVhtuvuqifLFkr gksrk gSaA vr% blls fdlh izfrj{kh dhmRifRr ugha gksrhA ;gh dkj.k gS fd O- CyM xzqidk O;fDr fdlh Hkh xzqi ds O;fDRk dks :f/kj nsldrk gSA blhfy, bls ^loZnkrk xzqi* Hkh dgk tkrk gSA

vkj-,p-dkjd& :f/kj oxksZa dh igpku ds cknySaMLVhuj rFkk osfuj us jhll canj ds :f/kj esa ,dfo'ks"k izdkj ds ,axqfyfVukstsu izksVhu dh [kst dhftldk uke Rh QSDVj j[kk x;kA euq";ksa dh dqytula[;k esa yxHkx 85izfr'kr esa ;g mifLFkr jgrkgSA ftu yksxksa ds :f/kj esa vkj-,p- dkjd mifLFkrgksrk gSa mls Rh+ ¼vkj-,p-iksftfVo½ dgk tkrk gSAftuesa ;g vuqifLFkr gksrk gSa mUgsa Rh- ¼vkj-,p-fuxsfVo½ dgk tkrk gSA

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L. Define ‘Biomagnification’?

Biomagnification refers to the condition wherethe chemical concentration in an organismexceeds the concentration of its food when themajor exposure route occurs from the organism’sdiet. The term food web biomagnification is usedto describe trophic enrichment of contaminantswithin food webs and refers to the progressiveincrease in chemical concentrations withincreasing animal t rophic status. Forhydrophobic organic contaminants, the termsbiomagnification and food web biomagnificationare more narrowly defined to reflect thethermodynamic condition where the chemicalpotential in an animal exceeds its diet andenvironment and increases through successivetrophic levels.

L - tSo& vko/kZu dks ifjHkkf"kr dhft, \

tSo vko/kZu& tSo vko/kZu ,d ,slh izfØ;k gSa ftldsvarxZr dqN dhVuk'kd rFkk 'kkduk'kh jklk;fudinkFkZ vkSj Hkkjh /kkrq,a [kk| J`a[kyk esa LFkkfir gkstkrh gS rFkk Åijh iks"k.k Lrjksa ij Øe'k% viuhlkUnzrk c<+krh jgrh gSA ;s gkfudkjd inkFkZ igysisM+&ikS/kksa esa izos'k djrs gSa mlds ckn tUrqvksa lfgrekuo esa Hkh igqap tkrs gSaA budh lkUnzrk izR;sd Lrjij c<+rh jgrh gSA bl izfØ;k dks tSo vko/kZuvFkok tSolap;u dgk tkrk gSA olk easa ?kqyu'khygksus ds dkj.k ;s gkfudkjd jklk;fud inkFkZ tUrqvksarFkk euq";ksa ds olksÙkd esa ,df=r gks tkrs gSAQyLo:i dSalj rFkk vU; jksxksa dks tUe nsrs gSABHC, DDT vkfn ds bUgha gkfudkjd nq"izHkkoksa dksns[krs

gq, bu ij izfrcU/k yxk fn;k tkrk gSA d q NHkkjh /kkrq,a tSls ijk] dSMfe;e] vklsZfud] flysfu;evkfn Hkh [kk| J`a[kyk esa izos'k djds viuh lkUnzrkdks izR;sd mPprj iks"k.k Lrj ij c<+krs jgrs gSA ;s/kkrq,a thoksa ds ikpu vFkok vU; fof/k;ksa }kjk fo[kafMrugha gks ikrh rFkk vusd jksxksa dks tUe nsrh gSA Hkkjh/kkrq,a euq";ksa esa eq[; :i ls iztuu ra= dks gkfuigqapkrh gSA

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A Highlight the Causes For climate charge andalso Suggest remedial measures ?

Causes of Climate Change

- Emission of Greenhouse Gases

- Deforestation

- Over exploitation of Natural Resources

- Variation in Sun’s energy received by earth

- Changes in Earth’s orbit

- Pollution

Remedial Measures

- Use less plastic

- Use public transport and ditch the car

- Use less air conditioning

- Less use of diesel vehicles

- Major initiatives of the Government towardscombating climate change:

National Action Plan on Climate Change(NAPCC): The Action plan covers eight majormissions on Solar, Enhanced Energy Efficiency,Sustainable Habitat, Water, Sustaining theHimalayan Ecosystem, Green India, SustainableAgriculture and Strategic Knowledge on ClimateChange.

International Solar Alliance (ISA): ISA wasjointly launched by the Prime Minister NarendraModi, and the then President of France, FrancoisHollande in Paris on the side-lines of CoP 21 in2015. The vision and mission of the alliance isto provide a dedicated platform for cooperationamong solar resource rich countries that liecompletely or partial between the Tropics ofCapricorn & Cancer.

State Action Plan on Climate Change (SAPCC): Stategovernments have drafted climate strategiesaligned with the eight National Missions underthe NAPCC. The strategies focus on issuesranging from climate mitigation, energyefficiency, and resource conservation to climateadaptation.

FAME Scheme for E-mobility: UnionGovernment in April 2015 launched FasterAdoption and Manufacturing of Hybrid andElectric vehicles (FAME) – India Scheme withan aim to boost sales of eco-friendly vehicles in

A - tyok;q ifjorZu ds dkj.kksa ij çdk'k Mkysa vkSjmipkjkRed mik; lq>k,sa \

tyok;q ifjorZu& lHkh oSKkfud bl ckr ls lgergSa fd] i`Foh ds yxHkx 4-6 vjc iqjkus bfrgkl esavusd ckj tyok;q ifjorZu gqvk gSA okLro esa le;rFkk LFkku esa tyok;q ifjorZu ds cgqr ls oSKkfudizek.k gSaA tyok;q ifjorZu ds dqN izeq[k dkj.kla{ksi esa fuEu gSa&

¼i½ [kxksfy; ,oa d{kh; fl)kar& i`Foh ij Å"ek ,oaizdk'k dk ,dek= L=ksr lw;Z gSaA oSKkfudksa us ;gfl) dj fn;k gSa fd i`Foh dh viuh d{kk dsmRdsUnzrk esa ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSaA nh?kZ o`Ùkh;d{kk ds nkSjku milkSj dh ifjfLFkfr esa lw;Z ls i`Fohij 20 ls 30 izfr'kr Å"ek vf/kd vkrh gSA i`Foh dhlw;Z ls nwjh cnyrh jgrh gS] ftldk izHkko lkSjÅtkZ ij iM+rk gS ftlls i`Foh dk rkieku cnyrkgS vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSA

¼ii½ lw;Z dyad dk fl)kar& Hkw&HkkSfrdh ds vuqlkji`Foh ij tyok;q ifjorZu esa lw;Z dydksa dh cM+hHkwfedk gksrh gSA lw;Z dyad] lw;Z dh cká ijr ijmRiUu gksus okys o`Ùkkdkj dkys {ks=ksa ds :i esa gksrsgSAlw;Z dyadks ds {ks=ks esa lw;Z dk rkieku vkl&iklds {ks=ksa ls yxHkx 14000C de fjdkWMZ fd;k tkrkgSA

¼iii½ ok;qeaMy dh xSlksa la;kstu esa ifjorZu dkfl}kar& ok;qeaMy esa dkcZu Mkb vkWDlkbM] ukbfVªdvkWDlkbM] feFksu] tyok"i vkfn dh ek=k esa fujarjifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSaA vkS|ksfxd Økafr ds i'pkr]tc ls dks;ys] isVªksfy;e rFkk izkÑfrd xSl dkbLrseky c<+k gSa rc ls ok;qeaMy dh xSlkas dh lajpukesa rhoz xfr ls ifjorZu gks jgk gSAtyok;q ifjorZu esa dkcZu Mkb vkWDlkbM xSl dhegRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk gSaA ;g xSl lw;Z Å"ek ds fy;sikjn'khZ gSaA bl xSl dks ikj djds lw;Z ls Å"eki`Foh rd igqaprh gSa ijUrq fodj.k ds }kjk i`Foh/kjkry ds vUrfj{k dks tkus okyh Å"ek dks ;g xSljksd ysrh gSa] ftlds dkj.k rkieku esa o`f) ,oatyok;q ifjorZu gksrk gSaA ok;qeaMy esa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dh ek=k bl izdkj ok;qeaMy rFkk i`Fohds rkieku esa o`f) djrh gSa vkSj tyok;q ifjorZu

PART- A 15 Marks

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the country. It is a part of the National Missionfor Electric Mobility.

Atal Mission for Rejuvenation & UrbanTransformation (AMRUT) for Smart Cities.

Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana: The schemeprovides LPG connections to five crore below-poverty-line beneficiaries. The connections aregiven in the name of women beneficiaries toreduce their dependence on fossil fuels andconventional fuel like cow dung for cookingfood, thus reducing air pollution.

UJALA scheme: The scheme was launched bythe Prime Minister Narendra Modi in January2015 with a target of replacing 77 croreincandescent lamps with LED bulbs. The usageof LED bulbs will not only result in reducingelectricity bills but also help in environmentprotection.

Swachh Bharat Mission: Swachh BharatAbhiyan (Clean India Movement) is a campaignthat was launched by Prime Minister NarendraModi on October 2, 2014. The campaign seeksto clean the streets, roads and infrastructure ofthe country’s 4041 statutory cities and towns

dk dkj.k curh gSaA¼iv½ Tokykeq[kh xnZ ¼/kwy½ dk fl}kar& Tokykeq[kh mn~xj

dks Hkh tyok;q ifjorZu dk ,d eq[; dkj.k ekuktkrk gSA Tokykeqkh mn~xj ls Hkkjh ek=k esa /kqavkvkfn ok;qeaMy esa izos'k dj tkrk gSA Tokykeq[kh lsmRlftZr lYQj&Mkb&vkWDlkbM xSl tc ok"i lsfefJr gks tkrh gSa ftlls ,d ?kuh /kqa/k o dksgjkmRiUu gks tkrk gSA bl /kqa/k rFkk dksgjs ls lw;Z lsvkus okyh fdj.kksa rFkk Å"ek ds jkLrs esa :dkoVmRiUu gksrh gS] blds foijhr i`Foh ls vUrfj{k dkstkus okyh fodj.k dh ygjsa bl /kqa/k vkSj dksgjs dksikj dj tkrh gSa] ftlds QyLo:i i`Foh ds rkiekuesa deh gksrh tkrh gSA

¼v½ egk}hih; foLFkkiu dk fl)kar& osxuj dk egk}hih;fl)kar] gsfty gSl dh lkxj ry foLrkj.k rFkkekxuZ egksn; dk IysV foorZfud fl)kar ds fl)kardks Hkh tyok;q ifjorZu dk eq[; dkj.k gSaA Hkw&HkkSfrdhds fo}kuksa ds vuqlkj yxHkx 30 djksM+ o"kZ iwoZegk}hiksa esa foLFkkiu vkjEHk gqvk Fkk] tks fujUrjtkjh gSaA bl foLFkkiu ds dkj.k fo"kqor js[kk dsLFkku esa Hkh ifjorZu gksrk jgrk gSaA egk}hiksa dsfoLFkkiu ds dkj.k tyok;q esa ifjorZu gksrk jgrkgSA

¼vi½ i`Foh /kjkry ij ekuo ds }kjk mRiUu fd;s tkusokys ifjorZu&

okLro esa taxyksa ds dkVus gh ls Qlyksa dk mxkuklaHko gks ldk FkkA rhoz xfr ls tula[;k esa o`f)rFkk izkS|ksfxdh esa fodkl ds dkj.k taxyksa dk âklvkSj Hkh rhoz gksrk x;kA fczVsu esa vkS|ksfxd Økafr dsi'pkr~ dPps eky dh ekax c<+h] ftldh vkiwfrZ dsfy, taxyksa dks dkVdj Ñf"k ds {ks=Qy dk foLrkjgqvk] vkS|ksfxdj.k] uxjhdj.k esa rhozrk vkbZ vkSji;kZoj.k esa ifjorZu gksrk x;kA le; ds chrus ijthok';e bZa/ku ds bLrseky esa o`f) gqbZ ftllsok;qeaMy esa xzhugkml c<+rh pyh xbZA xzhu gkmlxSl ls i;kZoj.k esa rhozrk vkrh xbZA

tyok;q izHkko dks de djus ds mik;&

tyok;q ijforZu ds izfrdwy izHkko dks de djus ds

fy;s fuEu- mik;] mi;ksxh fl) gks ldrs gSa&

1- oujksi.k& ljdkj rFkk xSj&ljdkjh ,tsafl;ksa ds}kjk o`{kkjksi.k ls ikfjfLFkfrdh dks vf/kd mi;ksxh

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rFkk fLFkj cuk;k tk ldrk gSA o`{kkjksi.k ls ouksadk {ks=Qy c<+sxk] ftldk tyok;q ij izR;{k ,oavizR;{k :i ls vuqdwy izHkko iM+rk gSA

2- ÅtkZ ds viijEijkxr lalk/kuksa dk fodkl&ok;qeaMy esa ijkEijkxr ÅtkZ ds lk/kuksa ds iz;ksx lscgqr /kqavk vFkkZr dkcZu Mkb vkWDlkbM dk Hkkjhek=k esa mRltZu gksrk gSA ok;qeaMy esa dkcZu MkbvkWDlkbM dh deh djus ds fy;s o`{kkjksi.k dhHkwfedk cgqr egRoiw.kZ gSaA blfy, ijEijkxr ÅtkZds fodYi <w<+us gksaxsaA budk mi;ksx c<+k;k tkukpkfg;sA

3- i;kZoj.k ds izfr fo'o Lrj ij tkx:drk mRiUudjuk& tyok;q ifjorZu dh leL;k ds ckjs esavUrjkZ"Vªh;] jk"Vªh;] izknsf'kd ,oa LFkkuh; Lrj ijtkx:drk QSykus dh vko'd;rk gSA blfy, bleqn~ns ij cgqLrjh; ;kstuk;sa rS;kj djus dh vko'drkgSA lkFk gh lkFk ck<+] lw[kk] iznw"k.k] ouksa esa yxusokyh vkx rFkk egkekfj;ksa dk Hkh lek/kku <wa<+ukgksxkA

4- i;kZoj.k f'k{kk& i;kZoj.k ,d vfuok;Z fo"k; ds:i esa lHkh d{kkvksa esa i<+k;k tkuk pkfg;sA i;kZoj.kfo"k; ulZjh d{kk ls ysdj] Ldwy] dkWyst rFkk fofoLrj ij i<+k;k tkuk pkfg;sA fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks i;kZoj.k,oa iznw"k.k ds laca/k esa Vªsfuax nh tkuh pkfg,A blckjs esa laxks"Bh] lEesyu rFkk lsfeukj vkfn vk;ksftrfd;s tkus pkfg;sA

5- gkbMªkstu ÅtkZ& fo'ks"kKksa ds vuqlkj gkbMªkstu bZa/ku tyok;q ifjorZ dk ,d ek= lek/kku gks ldrkgSa D;ksafd gekjs czã.M esa bl rRo dh ek=k lclsvf/kd gSA gkbMªkstu rRoksa dks vkWDlhtu ds lkFkizfrfØ;k djds gkbMªkstu ÅtkZ dk mRiknu fd;ktkrk gSA mi;ksfxrk ds ckotwn gkbMªkstu ÅtkZ dsmRiknu esa cgqr lh rduhdh :dkoVsa gSaA

6- tSo ek=k ÅtkZ& tSo ek=k Hkh ÅtkZ dk ,d egRoiw.kZL=ksr gSA bl ls okguksa ds fy, ÅtkZ miyC/k djkbZtk ldrh gSA tSo ek=k ydM+h] dwM+k djdV] dpjsrFkk tSo bZa/ku ls izkIr dh tkrh gSA

7- fodklkhy ns'kksa esa tula[;k o`f) ij fu;a=.k&dqN fo'ks"kKksa ds vuqlkj] fodkl'khy ns'kksa esa rhozxfr ls c<+rh gqbZ tula[;k izR;{k ,oa vizR;{k :ils tyok;q ifjorZu dk ,d izeq[k dkj.k gSaA vf/kdtula[;k o`f) ls fodkl dh xfr ean gks tkrh gSa

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B. Write a short note on various Environmentlaws in India- Also highlight their shortComings.

Environmental Laws

Some of the important legislations forenvironment protection are as follows:

The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1981

The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution)Act, 1974

The Environment Protection Act, 1986

The Hazardous Waste Management Regulations,etc.

Shortcomings

- Difficult to balance growth and climate change

- Lack of Proper Implementation

- Red-Tapism

- Corruption

- Inadequate Punishment for offenders

Give examples

rFkk fodkl dk;ksZ ls lekt dks vf/kd YkkHk ughaigaqap ikrkA ^^NksVk ifjokj lq[kh ifjokj* dk ukjk?kj&?kj rd igqapuk pkfg;sA

8- fodflr ns'kksa esa miHkksDrokokn ij vdqa'k&fo'o ds vf/kdrj lalk/kuksa dk bLrseky fodflrns'k djrs gSaA la;qDr jkT; vesfjdk] dukMk tSlsns'kksa esa miHkksDrkokn pje lhek dks igqap pqdk gSAfodflr ns'kksa ds yksxksa dk thou Lrj cgqr Å¡pk gSamiHkksDrkokn esa lalk/kuksa dk nq:i;ksx gksrk gSaA buns'kksa esa yksxksa dks Qtwy [kphZ ds izfr tkx:d djusdh vko'drk gSA

B - Hkkjr ds fofHkUu i;kZoj.k dkuwuksa ij ,d laf{kIrfVIi.kh fy[ksa& lkFk gh muds dfe;ksa ij Hkh çdk'kMkysaA

Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dk bfrgkl cgqr iqjkuk gSAgMIik laL—fr i;kZoj.k ls vksr&çksr Fkh] rks oSfndlaL—fr i;kZoj.k&laj{k.k gsrq i;kZ; cuh jghA Hkkjrh;euhf"k;ksa us lewph ç—fr gh D;k] lHkh çk—frd'kfä;ksa dks nsork Lo:i ekukA ÅtkZ ds L=ksr lw;Zdks nsork ekuk rFkk mldks ^lw;Z nsoks Hko* dgdjiqdkjkA Hkkjrh; laL—fr esa ty dks Hkh nsork ekukx;k gSA lfjrkvksa dks thou nkf;uh dgk x;k gS]blhfy;s çkphu laL—fr;ka lfjrkvksa ds fdukjs mithavkSj iuihA Hkkjrh; laL—fr esa dsyk] ihiy] rqylh]cjxn] vke vkfn isM ikS/kksa dh iwtk dh tkrh jghgSA e/;dkyhu ,oa eqxydkyhu Hkkjr esa Hkh i;kZoj.kçse cuk jgkAHkkjrh; lafo/kku ftls 1950 esa ykxwfd;k x;k Fkk ijUrq lh/ks rkSj ij i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dsçko/kkuksa ls ugha tqM+k FkkA lu~ 1972 ds LV‚dgkselEesyu us Hkkjr ljdkj dk /;ku i;kZoj.k laj{k.kdh vksj f[kapkA ljdkj us 1976 esa lafo/kku esa la'kks/ku dj nks egÙoiw.kZ vuqPNsn 48 , rFkk 51 , ¼th½tksM+saA vuqPNsn 48 , jkT; ljdkj dks funsZ'k nsrk gSfd og i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk vkSj mlesa lq/kkj lqfuf'prdjs] rFkk ns'k ds ouksa rFkk oU;thou dh j{kk djs*AvuqPNsn 51 , ¼th½ ukxfjdksa dks drZO; çnku djrkgS fd os ^çk—frd i;kZoj.k dh j{kk djs rFkk mldklao/kZu djs vkSj lHkh tho/kkfj;ksa ds çfr n;kyq jgs*ALora=rk ds i'pkr c<rs vkS|ksfxdj.k] 'kgjhdj.krFkk tula[;k o`f) ls i;kZoj.k dh xq.koÙkk esafujarj deh vkrh xbZA i;kZoj.k dh xq.koÙkk dh bldeh esa çHkkoh fu;a=.k o çnw"k.k ds ifjçs{; esa

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ljdkj us le;≤ ij vusd dkuwu o fu;ecuk,A buesa ls vf/kdka'k dk eq[; vk/kkj çnw"k.kfu;a=.k o fuokj.k FkkA

i;kZoj.kh; dkuwu o fu;e fuEufyf[kr gSa:& tyq çnw"k.k laca/kh&dkuwu& jhoj cksMlZ ,DV] 1956& ty ¼çnw"k.k fuokj.k ,oa fu;a=.k ½ vf/kfu;e] 1974& ty midj ¼çnw"k.k fuokj.k ,oa fu;a=.k ½ vf/

kfu;e] 1977& i;kZoj.k ¼laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1986& ok;q çnw"k.k laca/kh dkuwu& QSDVªht ,DV] 1948& bu¶ysescYl lcLVk& ok;q ¼çnw"k.k fuokj.k ,oa fu;a=.k

vf/kfu;e] 1981& i;kZoj.k ¼laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1986& Hkwfe çnw"k.k laca/kh dkuwu& QSDVªht ,DV] 1948& b.MLVªht ¼MsoyiesaV ,aM jsxqys'ku½ vf/kfu;e] 1951& bulsDVhlkbMl ,DV] 1968& vcZu yS.M ¼lhfyax ,.M jsx;qys'ku½ ,DV] 1976& ou rFkk oU;tho laca/kh dkuwu& QksjsLVl datjos'ku ,DV] 1960& okbYM ykbZQ çksVsD'ku ,DV] 1972& QksjsLV ¼dutjos'ku½ ,DV] 1980& okbYM ykbZQ ¼çksVsD'ku½ ,DV] 1995& tSo&fofo/krk vf/kfu;e] 2002

Hkkjr esa i;kZoj.k lacaf/kr mijksä dkuwuksa dk fuekZ.kml le; fd;k ]x;k Fkk tc i;kZoj.k çnw"k.k ns'k esabruk O;kid ugha FkkA vr: buesa ls vf/kdka'kdkuwu viuh mi;ksfxrk [kks pqds gSaA ijUrq vHkh HkhdqN dkuuw o fu;e i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa viuk egÙoiw.kZ;ksxnku ns jgs gSaHkkjr lalkj ds mu FkksMs ls ns'kksa esa ls ,d gS ftudslafo/kkuksa esa i;kZoj.k dk fo'ks"k mYys[k gSA Hkkjr usi;kZoj.kh; dkuwuksa dk O;kid fuekZ.k fd;k gS rFkkgekjh uhfr;k¡ i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa Hkkjr dh igyn'kkZrh gSaA i;kZoj.k laca/kh lHkh fo/ks;d gksus ij HkhHkkjr esa i;kZoj.k dh fLFkfr dkQh xaHkhj cuh gqbZ gSAukys] ufn;ka rFkk >hysa vkS|ksfxd dpjs ls Hkjh gqbgSaA fnYyh esa ;equk unh ,d ukyk cudj jg xbZ gSAou {ks= esa dVko yxkrkj c<rk tk jgk gS ftldsifj.kke gesa gky gh esa fcgkj esa vkbZ Hkh"k.k ck<+ ds:i esa Li"V ns[kus dks feyrk gSA Hkkjr esa ftl

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C. Write about the contributions of the followingScientists in the field of Science andTechnology

1. Hargovind Khurana 2. C. V. Raman

3. Vikram Sarabhai

Contribution of Scientists-

Hargobind Khurana- Har Gobind Khorana wasan Indian-born American biochemist who sharedthe 1968 Nobel Prize for Physiology. n the 1960sKhorana confirmed Nirenberg’s findings that theway the four different types of nucleotides arearranged on the spiral “staircase” of the DNAmolecule determines the chemical compositionand function of a new cell. The 64 possiblecombinations of the nucleotides are read offalong a strand of DNA as required to producethe desired amino acids, which are the buildingblocks of proteins

C.V Raman- C.V. Raman, in full SirChandrasekhara Venkata Raman. He was therecipient of the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930

çdkj ls i;kZoj.k dkuwuksa dsk ykxw fd;k tk jgk gSmls ns[krs gq, yxrk gS fd bu dkuwuks ds egÙo dskle>k gh ugha x;k gSA bl fn'kk esa i;kZoj.k uhfr¼2004½ dks xaHkhjrk ls ykxw djus dh vko';drk gSAi;kZoj.k dks lqjf{kr djus ds ç;klksa esa vke turkdh Hkkxhnkjh Hkh lqfuf'pr djus dh t:jr gSA

i;kZoj.k laj{k.k esa U;k;ikfydk us Hkh ,d egÙoiw.kZHkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSA blds ç;klksa ls LoPN i;kZoj.kekSfyd vf/kdkj dk ,d egÙoiw.kZ vax cu x;k gSAfnYyh esa çnwf"kr bdkb;ksa dh canh rFkk LFkkaukrj.k]lh-,u-th dk ç;ksx] rktegy dks çnw"k.k ls cpkuk]i;kZoj.k dks 'kS"kf.kd ikBîØe dk vfuok;Z vaxcukuk rFkk lapkj ek/;eksa ds }kjk i;kZoj.k ds egÙodk çpkj&çlkj vkfn U;k;ikfydk ds ljkguh;ç;klksa dh ,d >yd gSA tufgr ;kfpdkvksa usi;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh fn'kk esa xSj&ljdkjh laxBuksa]ukxfjd lekt rFkk vke vkneh dh Hkkxhnkjksa dskçksRlkfgr fd;k gSA ;g blds ç;klksa dk gh Qy gSfd vkt ljdkj rFkk uhfr fuekZrkvksa dh lwph esai;kZoj.k çFke eqík gS rFkk os i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dsçfr xaHkhj gks x;s gSaA

C - foKku vkSj çkS|ksfxdh ds {ks= esa fuEufyf[kr oSKkfudksads ;ksxnku ds ckjs esa fy[ksa

1- gjxksfoan [kqjkuk 2- lhoh- jeu

3- foØe lkjkHkkbZ

gjxksfoan [kqjkuk

lu~ 1968 esa Hkkjrh; ewy ds ,d ck;ksdsfeLV dksek”kZy MCY;w fujsucxZ vkSj jkWcVZ MCY;w gksus lkFktsusfVd dksM ij muds dke ds fy, ukscy iqjLdkjls lEekfur fd;k x;kA ekWfyD;wyj ck;ksykWth ds{ks= esa ;g cgqqr cM+h miyfC/k FkhA bl oSKkfud dkuke Fkk gjxksfoan [kqjkukA

gjxksfoan [kqjkuk dk tUe fczfV”k Hkkjr esa 9 tuojh]1922 dks iatkc ds NksVs ls xk¡o jk;iqj ¼vc iwohZikfdLrku½ esa gqvk FkkA muds firk x.kir jk;[kqjkuk iVokjh dk dke djrs Fks vkSj mudh ek¡ —’.kk nsoh [kqjkuk ,d xg.kh FkhaA vkfFkZd fLFkfr cgqrvPNh u gksus ds ckotwn muds ekrk&firk us mUgsaikfdLRkku ds eqYrku esa Mh,oh gkbZ Ldwy esa i<+us ds

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for the discovery that when light traverses atransparent material, some of the light that isdeflected changes in wavelength. Thisphenomenon is now called Raman scattering andis the result of the Raman effect.

Vikram Sarabhai- Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai ispopularly known as Vikram Sarabhai. is arenowned Indian physicist and industrialist. Dr.Sarabhai’s contributions in space research gavehim recognition as the Father of the Indian spaceprogram. He was the innovator and creator of anumber of institutions in the varied fieldsincluding but not limited to space, nuclear energy,arts, education, and management. His importantcontribution includes initiation of space researchand development of nuclear power in India. Heplayed an important role in convincingGovernment to initiate space research programs.He convinced the Government of India to formthe Indian National Committee for SpaceResearch (INCOSPAR) in 1962 and was the firstchairperson of the committee. INCOSPAR waslater renamed as Indian Space ResearchOrganisation (ISRO) in 1969. He played anadvisory role in the new setup.

-

fy, HkstkA

1945 esa iatkc fo”ofo|ky; ykgkSj ls jlk;u foKkuesa Lukrd vkSj ekLVj fMxzh gkfly dhA blds cknfoKku esa mudh vlk/kkj.k izfrHkk dks ns[krq gq,]LFkkuh; fczfV”k iz”kklu us mUgsa ;wukbVsM fdaxMe esa;wfuoflZVh vkWQ fyojiwy ls ih,pMh Qsyksf”ki iznkudhA

lky 1948 esa viuh ih,pMh ds ckn [qkjkuk us ,dlky rd fLoV~tjySaM ds bZVh,p T;wfj[k esa ,diksLV MkWDVjy in ij dke djrs gq, {kkjh; jlk;u{ks= esa viuk ;ksxnku fn;kA blds ckn os viusoru ykSVsA

vuqokaf”kdh foKku ds {ks= esa dke djus dk ,ddsanzfcUnq ns fn;kA muds }kjk fd;s x;s bl vuqokaf”kdh“kks/k dh ppkZ iwjs fo”o esa gksus yxh vkSj mUgsa dbZiqjLdkj o lEEkkuksa ls Hkh uoktk x;kA

lky 1960 esa MkW- [kqjkuk dks dSusfM;u ifCyd lfoZlus muds dke ds fy, xksYM esMy fn;kA

lhoh- jeu

lhoh- jeu vk/kqfud Hkkjr ds ,d egku oSKkfudFks] ftUgksaus foKku ds {ks= esa viuk egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnkufn;k vkSj viuh vuwBh [kkstksa ls Hkkjr dks foKkudh nqfu;k esa viuh ,d vyx igpku fnyokbZAjeu izHkko lhoh- jeu dh vn~Hkqr vkSj egRoiw.kZ[kkstksa esa ls ,d Fkh] ftlds fy, mUgsa lky 1930 esaukscsy iqjLdkj ls Hkh uoktk x;k FkkA

ogha vxy lhoh jeu us ;g [kkst ugha dh gksrh rks“kk;n gesa dHkh ;g irk ugha py ikrk fd ^leqnz dsikuh dk jax uhyk D;ksa gksrk gS] vkSj bl [kkst dsek/;e ls gh ykbV ds uspj vkSj fcgsfo;u ds ckjs esaHkh ;g irk pyrk gS fd tc dksbZ ykbV fdlh Hkhikjn”khZ ek/;e tSls fd lkWfyM] fyDoM ;k xSl lsgksdj xqtjrh gS rks mlds uspj vkSj fcgsfo;j esacnyko vkrk gSA

nf{k.k Hkkjr ds rfeyukMq ds fr:fpjkiYyh “kgj esa7 uoEcj 1888 dks] Hkkjr ds egku oSKkfud lhohjeu ,d lk/kkj.k ls czkã.k ifjokj esa tUesa FksA ogpUnz”ks[kj v¸;j vkSj ikoZrh vEey dh nwljh larkuFksA

& Kkfud lhoh jeu dks lky 1924 esa yUnu dh^jk;y lkslkbVh* dk lnL;k cuk;k x;kA

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& lhoh- jeu us 28 Qjojh 1928 djs jeu izHkko* dh[kkst dh Fkh] blfy, bl fnu dks Hkkjr ljdkj usgj lky ^jk’Vªh; foKku fnol* ds :i esa cukus dh?kks’k.kk dh FkhA

& lh-oh- jeu us Hkkjrh; foKku dkaxzsl dh 16 osa l=dh v/;{krk lky 1929 esa dhA

& lhoh- jeu dks lky 1929 esa muds vyx&vyxiz;ksxksa vkSj [kkstksa ds dbZ ;wfuoflZVh ls ekun mikf/k] ukbVgqM ds lkFk cgqr lkjs ind Hkh fn, x,A

& lky 1930 esas izd”k ds izdh.kZu vkSj jeu izHkkotSlh egRoiw.kZ [kkst ds fy, mUgsa Hkkjr ds mR—’VvkSj izfrf’Br lEeku ukscsy iqjLdkj ls uoktk x;kAvkidks crk nsa fd os bl iqjLdkj dks ikus okys igys,sf”k;kbZ Hkh FksA

& lky 1957 esa lhoh- jeu dks ysfuu “kkafr iqjLdkjls iqjL—r fd;k x;kA

foØe lkjkHkkbZ

foØe vEckyky lkjkHkkbZ ,d Hkkjrh; oSKkfud vkSj[kkstdrkZ Fks tks T;knkrj ^^Hkkjrh; varfj{k izksxzke**ds tud ds uke ls tkus tkrs gSA Scientist Vikram

Sarabhai dks 1962 eas “kakfr Lo:i HkVukxj eSMyHkh fn;k x;kA ns”k us mUgsa 1966 esa in~e Hkq’k.k vkSj1972 esa in~e foHkw’k.k ls lEekfur fd;k FkkA foØelkjkHkkbZ dk tUe 12 vxLr 1919 dks xqtjkr] Hkkjrds vgenkckn “kgj esa gqvk FkkA lkjkHkkbZ ds ifjokjdk muds thou esa cgksr egRo Fkk vkSj foØelkjkHkkbZ ,d vehj O;kikjh ijhokj ls laca/k j[krsFksA muds firk vEckyky lkjkHkkbZ ,d le`)mn~;ksxifr Fks ftUgksaus xqtjkr esa dbZ feYl viusuke dj j[kh FkhA

lkjkHkkbZ dk ijhokj Hkkjrh; Lora=rk vfHk;ku esa“kkfey gksus ds dkj.k cgksr ls Lora=rk lsukuh tSlsegkRek xka/kh] johUnzukFk VSxksj] eksrhyky usg: vkSjtokgjyky usg: vDlj lkjkHkkbZ ds ?kj vkrs&tkrsjgrs FksA bu lHkh lsukfu;ksa dk ml le; ;qokfoØe lkjkHkkbZ ds thou ij dkQh izHkko iM+k vkSjmUgksaus lkjkHkkbZ ds O;fDrxr thou ds fodkl esadkQh lgk;rk Hkh dhA

foØe lkjkHkkbZ us vgenkckn ds xqtjkr egkfo|ky;ls viuk esfVªd iwjk fd;kA blds ckn os baXySaM pysx;s vkSj ogk dSafczt ;wfuoflZVh ds lsUV tkWu

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egkfo|ky;] dSafczt ls f”k{kk xzg.k dhA

lkjkHkkbZ dks 1940 esa izk—frd foKku ¼dSafczt esa½ esamuds ;ksxnku ds fy, fVªiksl Hkh fn;k x;kA ckn esanlwjs fo”o ;q) dh o`f) ds dkj.k] lkjkHkkbZ Hkkjrokil vk x, vkSj Hkkjrh; foKku laLFkk] cSaxyksj esa“kkfey gks x, vkSj lj lhoh- jeu ¼ukscsy f[krkcfotsrk½ ds ekxZn”kZu esa varfj{k fdj.kksa ij [kkstdjuk “kq: fd;kA

;q) lekIr gksus ds mijkar os dsafczt ;wfuoflZVh ykSVvk;s varfj{k fdj.kksa ij muds Fkhfll m’.kdfVca/kh;v{kka”k vkSj [kkst ds dkj.k mUgsa 1947 esa ih,pMh dhmikf/k nh x;ha

Hkkjr esa mudk lcls cM+k vkSj egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku1969 esa Hkkjrh; varjf{k vuqla/kku laLFkk dh LFkkiukesa jgk gSA bl laLFkk dk eq[; mn~ns”; ns”k eara=Kku ds mi;ksx dks c<+kok vkSj ns”k dh lsokdjuk gh FkkA

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A. Pi ( )

Pi ( ) is the ratio of a circle’s circumference toits diameter. Pi is a constant number, meaningthat for all circles of any size, Pi will be the same.

B. Torque

Torque is a measure of the force that can causean object to rotate about an axis. Just as force iswhat causes an object to accelerate in linearkinematics, torque is what causes an object toacquire angular acceleration.

C. Kirchhoff’s Law

Kirchhoff’s Laws, or circuit laws, are twomathematical equality equations that deal withelectricity, current and voltage (potentialdifference) in the lumped element model ofelectrical circuits

D. Middle age

Period of human adulthood that immediatelyprecedes the onset of old age. Though the ageperiod that defines middle age is somewhatarbitrary, differing greatly from person to person,it is generally defined as being between the agesof 40 and 60. The physiological andpsychological changes experienced by a middle-aged person centre on the gradual decline ofphysical abilities and the awareness of mortality.

E. First five Prime numbers

2,3,5,7,11

F. Gun Powder

Gunpowder is a low-explosive substance that isused as a propellant in firearms. It burns rapidlyand produces a large amount of gas, whichproduces a pressure wave inside the gun barrel,sufficient to propel a shot charge, bullet orprojectile from a shotgun, rifle, or artillery piece.

G. Carnivorous Plants

- Sarracenia.

A - D;k gS \

fdlh Hkh o`Ùk ds ifjf/k o O;kl dk vuqikr gksrkgSA ftldk eku 3-14 gksrk gSA

B - cy vk?kw.kZ

cy vk?kw.kZ tc fdlh fi.M ij yxk cká cy mlsfdlh v{k ds ifjr% ?kqekus dk iz;kl djrk gS rks cydh bl izo`fÙk dks cy vk?kw.kZ dgrs gSA fdlh cydk ?kw.kZu v{k ds ifjr% cy vk?kw.kZ ds ifjek.k rFkk?kw.kZu v{k ls cy dh fØ;k js[kk dh yEcor nwjh dsxq.kuQy ds cjkcj gksrk gSA

C - fdjpkWQ dk fu;e

fdjpkSQ ds fu;e ds vqulkj ^vPNs mRltZd vPNsvo”kks’kd* gksrs gSA vFkkZr~ tks fi.M fdlh rki ijvf/kd Å’ek dk mRltZu djrs gSa] ogh de rki ijÅ’ek dk vPNk “kks’k.k Hkh djrs gS rFkk vPNs vo”kks’kdvPNs mRltZd Hkh gksrs gSaA blds foifjr cqjs vo”kks’kdcqjs mRltZd gksrs gSaA

D - v)Z vk;q

ftrus le;kUrjky esa dksbZ jsfM;ks ,fDVo inkFkZvius izkjafHkd eku dk vk/kk gks tkrk gS mls mlinkFkZ dh v)Z vk;q dgrs gSaA jsMu& 222 uke dhxSl dh v)Z vk;q 3-8 fnu gS vFkkZr~ ;g 3-8 fnu esavius izkjafHkd vk;ru dh vk/kh gks tk,xhA

E - izFke ik¡p vHkkT; la[;k,¡ fy[ks \

2] 3] 5] 7] 11

F - xu ikmMj

bldh [kkst jkstj cSadu us 1242 esa fd;k FkkAbldk izFke vfHkysf[kr iz;ksx 1346 esa vaxzstksa }kjk;wuku ds ;q) esa fd;k x;kA rsth ls tyus okyk ;gjklk;fud inkFkZ gYdk foLQksVd gksrk gSA ;gikSVsf”k;e ;k lksfM;e ukbVªkbV] pkjdksy vkSj lYQjdk 15%3%2 vuqikr esa feJ.k gksrk gSA

G - dhV Hk{kh ikS/kksa ds pkj mnkgj.k

dhV Hk{kh ikS/ks

PART- B

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- Nepenthes.

- Genlisea.

- Darlingtonia Californica.

H. Klinefelter Syndrome

Klinefelter syndrome (KS) is a condition thatoccurs in males when they have an extra Xchromosome. Some males with KS have noobvious signs or symptoms while others mayhave varying degrees of cognitive, social,behavioral, and learning difficulties.

I. Vasopressin Hormone

Vasopressin or antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is anonapeptide that is synthesized in thehypothalamus. It has long been known to playimportant roles in the control of the body’sosmotic balance, blood pressure regulation, andproper kidney function.

J. World T.B Day

- On 24th March each year

K. Gallium arsenide chip

Gallium arsenide (GaAs) is a compound of theelements gallium and arsenic. Gallium arsenideis used in the manufacture of devices such asmicrowave frequency integrated circuits,monolithic microwave integrated circuits,infrared light-emitting diodes, laser diodes, solarcells and optical windows.

L. Sagarika Missile

- The Sagarika (K-15, B05) missile is a 700 kmranged Submarine Launched Ballistic Missile(SLBM).

& esisUFkhl

& lkjkdsfl;k

& Mªkslsjk-

& ohul ¶ykbZ Vªsi

& vYMªkokUMk

& ;wVªhdqysfj;k

& cVjoVZ

H - Dykbu QsYVj flaMªkse

xqtlwrh; fo—fr euq’; esa nks X Y ,oa 1 Y xq.klw=gksrs] vFkkZr~ dqy 47 xq.klw= gksrs gSA ,sls O;fDruiqlad uj gksrs gSa ,oa detksj efLr’d ds gksrs gSaA

I - oslksizkslhu gkeku

oslksizslhu gkeksZu bls ,aVhMk;;wjsfVd gkeksZu Hkh dgrsgSA ew= fuekZ.k dks jksdrk gSA

J - fo'o risfnd fnol

fo”o risfnd fnol 24 ekpZ dks euk;k tkrk gSA

mís”;& 1- T.B. ds izfr tkx:drk

2- T. B. ds lkekftd vkfFkZd ifj.kki ckr;kA

3- oSf”od :i ls T.B. lekIr djukA

2019 dk Fkkse& it’s time

blh fnu jkcVZ dksp us TB dk thok.kq [kkstk FkkA

K - xSfy;e vklsZukbM fpi

xSfy;e vklsZukbM ¼GaAs½ xSfy;e vkSj vklsZfudrRoksa dk ,d ;kSfxd gSA xSfy;e vklsZukbM dkmi;ksx ekbØksoso ÝhDosalh baVhxz sVsM lfdZV]eksuksfyfFkd ekbØksoso baVhxzsVsM lfdZV] bUÝkjsMykbV&,fefVax Mk;ksM] ystj Mk;ksM] lksyj lsyvkSj v‚fIVdy foaMks tSls midj.kksa ds fuekZ.k esafd;k tkrk gSA

L - lkxfjdk felkby

5 lkxfjdk ¼K&15] B05½ felkby 700 fdeh dhnwjh ij ekj djus okyh lcejhu y‚UpsM cSfyfLVdfelkby ¼SLBM½ gSA

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- The program allegedly started in 1992 and wasoriginally part of a program that would adapt aramjet engine to Indian missiles.

- The missile was developed by the DefenseResearch and Development Organizationcomplex in Hyderabad.

M. Malleability

Malleability is the quality of something that canbe shaped into something else without breaking,like the malleability of clay.

N. Genetic Drift

- Genetic drift is a mechanism of evolution inwhich allele frequencies of a population changeover generations due to chance (sampling error).

- Genetic drift occurs in all populations of non-infinite size, but its effects are strongest in smallpopulations.

- Genetic drift may result in the loss of some alleles(including beneficial ones) and the fixation, orrise to 100\%100%100, percent frequency, ofother alleles.

O. Venturi Meter

Venturi meters are flow measurementinstruments which use a converging section ofpipe to give an increase in the flow velocity anda corresponding pressure drop from which theflowrate can be deduced. They have been incommon use for many years, especially in thewater supply industry.

6 Marker

A.

;g dk;ZØe dfFkr :i ls 1992 esa 'kq: gqvk Fkk vkSjewy :i ls ,d dk;ZØe dk fgLlk Fkk tks Hkkjrh;felkbyksa ds fy, jSetsV batu dks vuqdwfyr djsxkA

felkby dk fodkl gSnjkckn esa j{kk vuqla/kku ,oafodkl laxBu ifjlj }kjk fd;k x;k FkkA

M - vk?kkr o/kZuh;rk

/kkrqvksa dh ,slh xq.koÙkk gS ftls fcuk VwVs gq, fdlh

vkSj fdlh vkdkj esa cnyk tk ldrk gSA blds

rgr /kkrqvksa dks ihV&ihVdj pknu cuk;h tkrh gSA

N - vuqokaf'kdh viogu

vkuqokaf”kd viogu & fdlh fo”ks’k tkfr dhtula[;k fdlh izk—frd izdksi ls de gks tkrh gSrks ml tkfr dh thu jkf”k ?kV tkrh gSA blls mltkfr ds thoksa esa cgqr ls thu u’V gks tkrs gSaAblls thu cny tkrk gS vkSj ubZ tkfr dk fodklgksrk gSA dHkh&dHkh izk—frd p;u fjdfEcus”ku]mRifjorZu rFkk ladj.k ls Hkh thu jkf”k cny tkrhgSA bls vkuqokaf”kd viogu dgrs gSaA

O - osUpqjh ehVj

osaVqjh ehVj çokg eki ;a= gSa tks çokg osx esa of)vkSj ,d laxr ncko Mª‚i nsus ds fy, ikbi ds ,dvfHklj.k [kaM dk mi;ksx djrs gSa ;g cuksZyh dsfl)kar ij dke djrk gSA blds rgr ?kjsyww tyvkiwfrZ dks ekik tkrk gSA

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A. Write a short note on ISRO and its variousunits.

Indian Space Research Organisation, formed in1969, superseded the erstwhile INCOSPAR.Vikram Sarabhai, having identified the role andimportance of space technology in a Nation’sdevelopment, provided ISRO the necessarydirection to function as an agent of development.ISRO then embarked on its mission to providethe Nation space based services and to developthe technologies to achieve the sameindependently.

ISRO Centres:-

- Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre (VSSC)

- Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre (LPSC)

- Satish Dhawan Space Centre (SDSC) SHAR

- U R Rao Satellite Centre (URSC)

- ISRO Propulsion Complex (IPRC)

- Space Applications Centre (SAC)

- National Remote Sensing Centre (NRSC)

- ISRO Telemetry, Tracking and CommandNetwork (ISTRAC)

A - bljks ,oa mldh fofHkUu bdkb;ksa dk mYys[k djsaA

bljks o mldh fofHkUu bdkb;k¡

1969 esa LFkkfir ,oa 1975 ls iw.kZ :i ls ,d ljdkjlaLFkk ds :i esa dk;Z dj jgk ^bljks* (ISRO-

Indian Space Reasearch organisation) viuh fofHkUubdkb;ksa ds ek/;e ls varfj{k foKku] izkS|ksfxdh rFkkmuds O;ogkfjd vuqiz;ksx ds lHkh {ks=ksa esa fofHkUu;kstukvksa rFkk dk;ZØeksa dks lapkfyr djrk gSA bllslacaf/kr izeq[k varfj{k dsUnz rFkk bdkb;k¡ fuEufyf[krgSa&

& foØe lkjkHkkbZ varfj{k dsUnz (VSSC- Vikram

Sarabhai Space Centre) fr:variqje& FkqEck esavofLFkr ;g bldksa dk lcls cM+k dsUnz gS] tksiz{ksi.k ;ku dk fodkl djrk gSA

& bljksa mixzg dsUnz (ISAC- ISRO Satellite Cen-

tre), caxyq: & Hkkjr ds varfj{k dk;ZØe ds fofHkUuizkS|ksfxdh; o O;ogkfjd mi;ksx ls lacaf/kr fe’kuksads fy, Lons”kh mixzgksa ds fuekZ.k] ijh{k.k o izca/kuds lkFk&lkFk ifj;kstukvksa dks ykxw djus dkmÙkjnkf;Ro blh laLFkku ij gSA

& varfj{k iz;ksx dsUn (SAC- Space Application

Centre), vgenkckn& mixzgksa dh isyksM iz.kkyh dhdYiuk rFkk fodkl ,oa varfj{k izkS|ksfxdh ds O;ogkfjdvuqiz;ksx dks iznf”kZr djus ds mn~ns”; ls bl dsUnzdh LFkkiuk dh xbZ gSA

& “kkj dsUnz (SHAR- Sri Harikota High Altitute

Range), JhgfjdksVk& vkU/kzizns”k ds iwohZ rV ijvofLFkr bljksa dk ;g izeq[k iz{ksi.k dsUnz gSA

& n zo iz.kk sn; iz.kkyh dsUn z (LPSC- Liquid

Propulation System Centre), & bljksa ds mixzgiz{kis.k ;kuksa vkSj mixzgksa ds fy, nzo bZa/ku ls pyusokyh pkyd fu;a=.k iz.kkfy;ksa] Øk;kstsfud lapkyuiz.kkyh] vkWfDtyjh uksnu iz.kkyh vkSj batuksa ds fMtkbu]fodkl o vkiwfrZ gsrq ;g laLFkk dk;Z djrh gSA

& eq[; fu;a=.k lqfo/kk dsUnz nzo iz.kksn; iz.kkyh dsUnz(MCF- Master Control Facility), gklu& dukZVdds gklu esa fLFkr bl dsUnz ls bulsV varfj{k ;kuksadk iz{ksi.k] d{kk esa LFkkfir djus rFkk d{kk esa LFkkfirgksus ds ckn buds lapkyu laca/kh dk;Z fd;s tkrs gSaA

PART- B 6 Marks

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B. Highlight the possible dangers of NanoTechnology.

Nanotechnology is the generic name given to theproduction or use of very small, or ‘nano’particles. These are particles that are less thanone hundred nanometres or about one thousandththe width of a human hair. A nanometre is onebillionth of a metre.

Nanoparticles are likely to be dangerous forthree main reasons:

- Nanoparticles may damage the lungs. We knowthat ‘ultra fine’ particles from diesel machines,power plants and incinerators can causeconsiderable damage to human lungs. This isboth because of their size (as they can get deepinto the lungs) and also because they carry otherchemicals including metals and hydrocarbons inwith them.

- Nanoparticles can get into the body through theskin, lungs and digestive system. This may helpcreate ‘free radicals’ which can cause cell damageand damage to the DNA. There is also concernthat once nanoparticles are in the bloodstreamthey will be able to cross the blood-brain barrier.

- The human body has developed a tolerance tomost naturally occurring elements and moleculesthat it has contact with. It has no naturalimmunity to new substances and is more likelyto find them toxic.

& bljks tM+Ro iz.kkyh bdkbZ (ISRO Inertial Sys-

tems Unit), fr:vuariqje& bldk izeq[k dk;Z iz{ksi.k;kuksa vkSj mixzgksa ds fy, tM+Ro iz.kkyh dk fodkldjrk gSA

& HkkSfrd “kks/k iz;ksx”kkyk (Physical Research Labo-

ratory), vgenkckn& ;g laLFkku varfj{k vkSj laca)foKku esa vuqla/kku ,oa fodkl djus oyk izeq[kjk’Vªh; dsUnz gS] tks varfj{k foHkkx ds varxZr dk;ZjrgSA

& jk’Vªh; nwj&laonh ,tsalh (NRSA- National Re-

mote Sensing Agency), gSnjkckn& mixzgksa ls izkIrvk¡dM+ksa dk mi;ksx djds i`Foh ds lalk/kuksa dhigpku] oxhZdj.k o fuxjkuh djus dh ftEesnkjh bl,tsalh dh gSA

B - uSuks izkS|ksfxfd ds laHkkfor [krjksa dk o.kZu djsaAuSuks VSDuksykWth dh laHkkfor [krjs (Possible Risks

of Nano Technology)

uSuks d.kksa ds fofHkUu fo’ks”krkvksa ds dkj.k bZ [krjksadh laHkkouk O;Dr dh tk ldrh gS] ftudk LokLF;vkSj i;kZoj.k ij udkjkRed izHkko iM+ ldrk gSAuSuks izkS|ksfxdh dh vf/kdka”k fpark,¡ —f=e :i lsfofufeZr uSuksa d.kksa vkSj uSuksa V~;wcksa ds laHkkfor izHkkoksals tqM+h gS] D;ksafd ;s d.k fdlh inkFkZ ds Hkhrj ;kmlls tqM+s gksus ds ctk; Lora= gksrs gSaA ;g Hkh ns[kkx;k gS fd uSuks d.k cM+s d.kksa dh vis{kk dksf”kdkvksaesa vf/kd rsth ls izos”k djrs gSaA QyLo:i dksf”kdk{kfrxzLr gks ldrh gSAuSuksa rduhd ds lkFk fuEufyf[kr laHkkfor [krjksa dhvk”kadk trkbZ tkrh gS&

& vius vR;ar lw{e vkdkj ds dkj.k uSuks d.k ekuo;k vU; thoksa ds “kjhj esa ?kql ldrs gSaA ,slk “olu]Hkkstu ;k Roph; laidZ ds dkj.k Hkh gks ldrk gSA“kjhj esa ;s uSuksa d.k ,slh txgksa ij igq¡p ldrs gSatgk¡ ;s xaHkhj LokLF; leL;k,¡ mRiUu dj ldrs gSaA

& uSuksa d.k vtSofUkEuhdj.kh; (Non- Biodegradable)

gksrs gSaA vr% ;s ,d u;s izdkj ds vtSofuEuhdj.kh;iznw’kd ds :i esa lkeus vk jgs gSa vkSj i;kZoj.k ¼ok;q]ty ,oa Hkwfe½ ds fy, ,d u;k [krjk cu jgs gSaA

& uSuksa inkFkksZa ds mRIkknu] iSdsftax ,oa ifjogu esadk;Zjr Jfedksa esa fofHkUu izdkj ds O;kolkf;d jksxmRiUu gks jgs gSaA tSls&tSls nu inkFkksZa dk mi;ksxc<+ jgk gS] LokLF; leL;kvksa ds c<+us dh vk”kadk gSA

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C. Highlight the uses of Robot.

Currently, robots perform a number of differentjobs in numerous fields and the amount of tasksdelegated to robots is rising progressively. Thebest way to split robots into types is a partitionby their application.

- Industrial Robots:-These robots bring into playin an industrialized manufacturing atmosphere.Typically these are articulated arms particularlycreated for applications like- material handling,painting, welding and others.

- Domestic or household robots :- Robots whichare used at home. This sort of robots consists ofnumerous different gears for example- roboticpool cleaners, robotic sweepers, robotic vacuumcleaners.

- Medical robots :– Robots employed in medicineand medicinal institutes. First & foremostsurgical treatment robots.

- Service robots :– Robots that cannot be classedinto any other types by practice.

- Military robots: – Robots brought into play inmilitary & armed forces. This sort of robotsconsist of bomb discarding robots, variousshipping robots, exploration drones.

D. Highlight the various types of Cyber Crimes.

Cybercrime is defined as a crime where acomputer is the object of the crime or is used asa tool to commit an offense.

Types of Cyber Crimes:-

- online service unavailable and take the networkdown by overwhelming the site with traffic froma variety of sources.

- Botnets :-Botnets are networks fromcompromised computers that are controlledexternally by remote hackers.

- Identity Theft :-This cybercrime occurs whena criminal gains access to a user’s personalinformation to steal funds, access confidential

C - jkscksV ds vuqiz;ksxksa dk o.kZu dhft, \

jkscksV ds vuqiz;ksx (Applications of Robot)

jkscksV m|ksx rFkk vU; {ks=ksa esa rhu eq[; xq.kksa dsdkj.k vf/kd yksdfiz; gqvk gSA jkscksV Fkdrk ugha gS]rFkk fcuk fdlh :dkoV ds lgtrk ls dke djldrk gSA

m|ksxksa esa dke dks eq[; :i ls pkj Jsf.k;ksa esas ck¡Vktk ldrk gSA jkscksV bu lHkh dk;kZsa esa ykHknk;d gksldrk gSA jkscksV dk oxhZdj.k muds dk;ksZa ds vuq:ifd;k tk ldrk gSA

& mRIkknu ykxr esa deh

& mRikndrk easa o`f)

& csgrj mRiknu xq.koÙkk

& izfrdwy ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa dk;Z

& mPPkLrjh; izca/ku esas mi;ksxh

& O;kolkf;d lqj{kk ,oa LokLF; laj{k.k

xSj&vkS|ksfxd {ks= esa jkscksV ds vuqiz;kx

& —f’k dk;ksZa esa

& jsfM;ks/kehZ inkFkksZa laca/kh dk;Z

& vfXu”keu

& [knkuksa esa dk;Z

& leqnz ry esa dk;Z

& varfj{k [kkst esa

& fpfdRldh; dk;kZsa esa

D - lkbcj Økbe ds fofHkUu izdkjksa dk mYys[k dhft, \

lkbcj vijk/k (Cyber Crimes)

baVjusV ds c<+rs izpyu ds lkFk gh yksx viuk vf/kdkf/kd le; baVjusV ij] lks”ky ehfM;k ,oa opqZvynqfu;k esa gh xqtkj jgs gSa vkSj okLrfod nqfu;k ,oalekt ls dVrs tk jgs gSaA blls mudk futh thou,oa fj”rs rks izHkkfor gks gh jgs gSa os vdsykiu]volkn ,oa vU;k; ekufld chekfj;ksa ls xzflr gksjgs gSaA

lkbcj vijk/k O;kogkfjd rkSj ,d O;kid vo/kkj.kkgS] ftlds varxZr dbZ rjg ds vokafNr ,oa vukf/k—r —R;ksa dks “kkfey fd;k tkrk gS] muesa ls dqNla{ksi esa bl izdkj gSa&

LiSfeax (Spamming) %& bldk vFkZ gS] fdlh O;fDrds E-Mail Account esa fcuk mldh lgefr ds vokafNr

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E-Mail HkstukA

ØSfdax (Cracking) %& bldk nwljk uke gS ikloMZØSfdax@ØkWflaxA bldk vFkZ gS ckj&ckj iz;kl djds;k pqjkdj fdlh O;fDr ds bZ&esy ;k baVjusV ,dkm.Vds ikloMZ dks vius fu;a=.k esa ys ysukA

fQf”kax (Phishing) %& ,d ,slh vokafNr xfrfof/kftlds ek/;e ls vijk/kh iz—fr ds O;fDr }kjkbaVjusV mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks vR;f/kd la[;k esa bZ&esyHkstdj mUgsa vius tky esa Q¡lkus dk iz;kl fd;ktkrk gS] vkSj baVjusV mi;ksxdrkZvksa dks cgdkoknsdj muls muds cSad ,dkmaV] fiu uacj rFkk ikloMZvkfn izkIr djus ds iz;kl fd;s tkrs gSaA

lkbcj LVkWfdax (Cyber Stalking) %& ;g ,d ,slhxfrfof/k gS] ftlds }kjk lkbcj vijk/kh baVjusVmi;ksxdrkZvksa ls pSfVax ds nkSjku rFkk fdlh vU;baVjusV ek/;e }kjk muds uke] irk] Qksu uacj rFkkvU; tkudkfj;k¡ gkfly dj ysrs gSaA

lkbcj iksuksZxzkQh (Cyber Pornography) %& bldsvarxZr baVjusV iksukZsxzkQh rFkk v”yhy osclkbVksa dks“kkfey fd;k tkrk gSAgSfdax (Hacking) %& fdlh dEI;wVj iz.kkyh esatkucw>dj vuf/k—r izos”k djuk gSfadax dgykrkgSA blds varxZr gSdj }kjk dEI;wVj lqj{kk ls lacaf/kr dfe;ksa dk irk yxkus] lwpukvksa esa gsjkQsjh djusvFkok mUgsa u’V djus ds mn~ns”; ls dEI;wVj usVodZrFkk dEI;wVj flLVe esa vuf/k—r izos”k djuk “kkfey gSAlykeh geyk (Salami Attack) %& blds ek/;e lslkbcj vijk/kh }kjk cSadksa ds [kkrk /kkjdksa (Account

Holders) ds [kkrs ls /ku fudklh ¼izk;% cgqr ghekewyh jde½ ds mn~ns”; ls cSad dh dEI;wVj iz.kkyhesa ,d ,slh vkokafNr izksxzke dks Mky fn;k tkrk gSftlls [kkrk /kkjdksa ds [kkrs ls dqN jde mDrvijk/kh ds [kkrs esas gLrkarfjr gks tkrh gSAMkVk fMMfyax (Data Diddline) %& ;g ,d ,slhxfrfof/k gS ftlds ek/;e ls igys rks MkVk dksdEI;wVj ij izkslsl gksus ls iwoZ gh ifjofrZr dj fn;ktkrk gSAbZ&esy LiwfQax (E-Mail Spoofing) %& bls pdeknsuk Hkh dgk tk ldrk gSAblds vfrfjDr vkWuykbu xsEcfyax ¼tqvk½] tkylkth]ØsfMV dkMZ lwpukvksa dh pksjh vkSj lsok,¡ ckf/krdjuk vkfn dks lkbcj vijk/kksa dh Js.kh esa gh “kkfeyfd;k tkrk gSA

information, or participate in tax or healthinsurance fraud.

- Cyberstalking:- This kind of cybercrimeinvolves online harassment where the user issubjected to a plethora of online messages andemails.

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E - vokDl ,oa LVhYFk rduhd dks le>kb, \

fuxjkuh rFkk fuxjkuh ls cpko ls lacaf/kr izkS|ksfxdh

& vokDl %& vokDl ,d ,slh jMkj iz.kkyh gS ftlesavU; ns”kksa dh gokbZ lhek dk vfrØe.k fd;s cxSj ghgokbZ fuxjkuh dh tk ldrh gSA lHkh ekSle esa dk;Zdjus okyh bl iz.kkyh dh enn ls “k=qvksa dh lHkhizdkj dh xfrfof/k;ksa dh rLohjsa izkIr gksus ds dkj.kbls ^vkleku esa vkW[k* (Eye in the sky) dh laKk nhx;h gSAHkkjr dh vokDl iz.kkyh Hkkjr] btjkby o :l dse/; gq, ,d f=i{kh; le>kSrs dk izfrQy gS] ftldsvarxZr btjkby ls izkIr ^QkYdu* jMkj dks :l dsfy, x, foek ‘IL-76’ ij yxk;k x;k gSA QkYdujMkj iz{ksikL=ksa dh izR;sd gypy ij fuxjkuh j[kusesa l{ke gS rFkk ;g mM+ku Hkjus dh rS;kjh dks HkhidM+ ysrk gSA QkYdu jMkj vR;f/kd laosnu”khylsalj iz.kkfy;ksa ij vk/kkfjr gS rFkk ;g y{; dhcukoV] mldh xfr o vofLFkfr dh tkudkjh flQZrhu ;k pkj lsdsaM esa ns nsrk gSA QkYdu jMkuiz.kkyh “kwU; ls 3600 rd ?kwedj pkjksa vksj fuxjkuhdjus esa l{ke gS rFkk 10 ?kaVs rd yxkrkj mM+kuHkjus ds lkFk gh gok esa bZa/ku Hkh Hkj ldrk gSAQkYdu jMkj iz.kkyh dks lrg ls fu;af=r o funsZf”krfd;k tk ldrk gSA

2 LVhYFk VsDukWykth & LVhYFk rduhd ls vk”k; ,slslsU; foeku ds fodkl ls gS tks jMkj ls fudyusokyh ekbØksoso rjaxksa dks vo”kksf’kr dj jMkj dks /kks[kk nsus esa l{ke gksA bl rduhd esa ,slh daiksftVeVhfj;y dks rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS] ftls iasV esafeykdj ;fn foeku ij dksfVax dj nh tk, rks ogjMkj ls fudyus okyh ekbØksa rjaxksa dks vo”kksf’krdj ysxka nwljs “kCnksa esa ,sls foeku ls Vdjkdj ykSVusokyh rjaxs bruh detksj gksaxh fd jMkj mls idM+ugha ldsxkA Lej.kh; gS fd 1991 ds [kkM+h ;q) esavejhdk us LVhYFk rduhd ls ;qDo foekuksa dk mi;ksxfd;k FkkAHkkjr esa LVhYFk rduhd dk fodkl vkbZ-vkj-Vh :M+dh}kjk fd;k x;k gSA ;gk¡ ds eSVyftZdy ,aM eVhfj;Ylbathfu;fjax foHkkx ds }kjk LVªkafU”k;e gsDlkQsjkbV]dkcZu uSuk V~;wCl ,oa flfydkWu dkckZbM dks feykdj,slk daiksftV eVhfj;y cuk;k tkrk gS] ftls ,d[kkl rjg ds isaV esa feykdj ;fn foeku ij dksfVaxdh tk, rks ;g jMkj dh fuxjkuh ls vNwrk jgsxkA

E. Explain stealth and AWACS technology.

Stealth technology:- Also termed “low-observable” technology, is a set of techniquesthat render military vehicles, mostly aircraft, hardto observe. Because RADAR is the Primarydetection technology for aircraft, most stealthtechnologies are directed at suppressing RADARreturns from aircraft, but stealth technologyminimizes other “observables” as well, includingenergy emissions that of any kind that might beobserved by an opponent. Stealth technology isdeployed today on several types of aircraft and afew surface ships.

AWACS:- abbreviation of Airborne WarningAnd Control System, a mobile, long-range radarsurveillance and control centre for air defense.The system, as developed by the U.S. Air Force,is mounted in a specially modified Boeing 707aircraft. The radar system can detect, track, andidentify low-flying aircraft at a distance of 370km (200 nautical miles) and high-level targetsat much greater distances. It also can trackmaritime traffic, and it operates in any weatherover any terrain.

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F - dkcZu ds fofHkUu :iksa dk o.kZu dhft, \

dkcZu

(A) fØLVyh; vij:l (Crystalline Allotrope)

(B) valjpukRed vij:i (Amorphous Allotropes)

(A) fØLVyh; vij:i (Crystalline Allotrope):- ghjk(Diamond) rFkk xzQkbV (Graphite) dkcZu ds nks“kq) fØLVyh; vij:i gSA

(B) vlajPkukRed vij:i (Amorphous Allotropes):-

dks;yk (Coal), ydM+h rFkk tUrq pkjdksy (Wood

and Animal Charcoal), fpeuh dkfy[k (Lamp

Black), dksd (Coke) vkfnA1- ghjk (Diamond)

& ghjk Kkr dBksjre inkFkZ (Hardest Substance) gSA& ghjk fo|qr dk lqpkyd gksrk gSA2- xzQkbV (Graphite) :- bls ^^dkyk lhlk (Black /

Lead)’’ dgk tkrk gSA& xzQkbV ds fØLVy esa dkcZu ijek.kq ^^le’kVHkqtksa dh

ijrksa** (Layers of Regular Hexagons) ds :i esaik;s tkrs gSaA

& xzQkbV esa fo|qr pkydrk (Electricity Conductor)

dk xq.k gksus ds dkj.k xzQkbV dk mi;ksx fo|qrmi?kVu esa bySDVªksM cukus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA

1- dksd (Coke)

& ;g dkys Hkwjs jax dk Bksl gksrk gSA2- pkjdksy (CHarcoal) :- ;g eqyk;e] dkyk o vR;Ur

fNnz;qDr (Highly Porous) ueZ inkFkZ gksrk gSA bldheq[; rhu fdLesa ikbZ tkrh gSA(A) dk’B pkjdksy (B) tUrq pkjdksy(C) phuh pkjdksy

3- dkty (Lamp Black)

& ;g eghe] dkys jax dk pw.kZ gksrk gSA& dkty esa yxHkx 65 izfr”kr dkcZu ik;k tkrk gSA

QqyjhUl (Fullenrenes)

& ;g C32

, C50

, C60

, C70

, C84

v.kqHkkj okys dkcZu dsvij:i gksrs gSaAdks;yk (Coal)

& gtkjksa] yk[kksa o’kZ iwoZ ds tUrq o ouLifr;ksa dsvo”ks’kksa ls dks;yk curk gS vkSj bl izfØ;k dksdkcZuhdj.k dgk tkrk gSA

F. Describe the various forms of Carbon.

Forms of Carbon

- Diamond :- It is the purest form of carbon. It isfound very deep inside the earth. It is the hardestnatural substance. It is used in making jewellery.

- Graphite :- Also called as Black lead. Ascompared to diamond it is widely available innature.It is good conductor of heat and electricity.

- Coal:- It is formed out of carbonization oforganic and fossil matter buried deep into theearth, under high pressure and high temperaturewith very-very limited supply of air ,duringcenturies. It is used as a fuel.

- Coke :- It is a coal deprived of volatileconstituents such as coal gas, ammonia, benzene,phenol, tar etc. It is used for making graphiteand water gas.

- Sugar Charcoal :- It is the poorest form ofcarbon. It is obtained when sugar is heatedstrongly out of contact with air.

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G - Å"ek lapj.k dh fofHkUu fof/k;ksa dk o.kZu dhft, \

Å’ek dk lapj.kinkFkZ esa rkikUrj ds dkj.k Å’ek dk ,d LFkku lsnwljs LFkku rd LFkkukUrj.k gksrk gSA Å’ek ds blLFkkukUrj.k dks gh Å’ek dk lapj.k dgrs gSaA fuEurhu fof/k;ksa ls gksrk gSA 1- pkyu (Conduction)

2- laogu (Convention), vk Sj 3 - fofdj.k(Radiation)A

1- pkyu (Conduction)- pkyu ds }kjk Å’ek inkFkZds ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku rd] inkFkZ ds d.kksa dksvius LFkku dk ifjR;kx fd;s fcuk igqaprh gSAinkFkZ esa pkyu }kjk Å’ek dk lapj.k m’ek pkydrk*dgykrh gSA

2- laogu (Convection)- bl fof/k esa Å’ek dk pkyuinkFkZ ds d.kksa ds LFkkukUrj.k ds }kjk gksrk gSA blizdkj inkFkZ ds d.kksa ds LFkkukarj.k ls /kkjk;s cgrh gSftUgsa ^laogu /kkjk;sa* dgrs gSaA xSalksa dk nzoksa esa Å’ekdk lapj.k laogu }kjk gh gksrk gSA

3- fofdj.k (Rediation)- pkyu o laogu ds }kjk Å’eklapj.k ds fy, fdlh u fdlh ek/;e dh vko”;drkiM+rh gSA fofdj.k esa Å’ek ds lapj.k ds fy, fdlhek/;e dh vko”;drk ugha gksrh rFkk blds }kjkÅ’ek dk lapj.k fuokZr~ esa Hkh gksrk gSA lw;Z ls gerd Å’ek fofdj.k ds }kjk gh vkrh gSA

H - ijkx.k ,oa fu'kspu esa varj crkb;sa \

ijkx.k vkSj fu"kspu eas varj

ijkx.k1- ijkxd.kksa dk ijkxdks"k ls fudydj lqxzkgd ofrZdkxz

ij igqapus dh fØ;k ijkx.k dgykrh gSA2- blesa tk;xksV dk fuekZ.k ugha gksrk gSA3- ijkx.k Qy fuekZ.k ds fy, vko';d izfØ;k gSA4- ;g Hkzw.k ds fuekZ.k eas izR;{k Hkwfedk ugha j[krk gSA5- ijkx.k esa izk;% ikS/ks dh vkarfjd izfØ;k lfEefyr

ugha gksrh gSAfu"kspu1- uj ;qXed rFkk eknk ;qXed ds lay;u dh izfØ;k

fu"kspu dgykrh gSA2- bleas tk;xksV dk fuekZ.k gksrk gSA3- ;g Qy fuekZ.k ds fy, vko';d ugha ekuk tkrk gSA4- fu"kspu ds mRikn tk;xksV ls gh Hkzw.k fuekZ.k gksrk gSA5- fu"kspu iw.kZr% ikS/kksa dh vkarfjd izfØ;k ij fuHkZj

djrk gSA

G. Describe the various methods of Transmissionof heat.

Modes Of Heat Transfer-

- Conduction:- It is the mode of heat transferparticularly in solids and also for liquid at rest.In this mode of heat transfer, the heat transfersfrom one atom to its neighbouring atom throughmolecular vibrations.

- Convection:- This mode of heat transferparticularly occurs in fluids in motion. That is inboth liquids and gases that are in motion. Thismode of heat transfer occurs due to the transferof energy through the bulk mass.

- Radiation:- In this mode, heat can transfer eventhrough a vacuum. Heat transfer occurs asquantum packets of light energy. This is the modeby which we receive solar energy from the sun.

H. Differentiate between Pollination andFertilization.

POLLINATION FERTILIZATION

1. BASIS FOR COMPARISON- MeaningPOLLINATION- The process of transfer ofpollen from the male parts (anther) of a flowerto the female part (stigma) of the same ordifferent flower is called as pollination. FERTILIZATION- Whereas the fertilizationis the common process, involving the union ofthe male gamete (sperm) and female gamete(egg).

2. BASIS FOR COMPARISON- Pollen tube POLLINATION- - No formation of the pollentube.

FERTILIZATION- Formation of pollen tubewhich helps in transferring of male gametes upto an egg cell.

3. BASIS FOR COMPARISON- Kind ofmechanism

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I - ÅtkZ ds {ks= essa dslfj;k Økafr dk laf{kIr o.kZudhft,A

dslfj;k jax ÅtkZ dk izfrfuf/kRo djrk gS vkSjdslfj;k Økafr Hkkjr dh ÅtkZ dh ekax dks iwjk djusds fy,] lkSj ÅtkZ tSlh v{k; ÅtkZ ij dasfnzr gSAHkkjr dh lkSj {kerk cgqr cM+h gSA nqfu;k dh 20 'kh"kZvFkZO;oLFkkvksa eas ;gka lcls vf/kd lw;Z izdk'k gSArFkk dqN fo'kky jsfxLrku Hkh gSA

dslfj;k Økafr dk Yk{;1- NksVs cM+s vkSj vkWQ fxzM lksyj ds fy, y{;A2- dks;ys ij fuHkZjrk dks de djus ds fy, 400 fefy;u

Hkkjrh;ksa dks lkSj ÅtkZ iznku djukA3- d`f"k flapkbZ ugjkas ij lkSj iSuy tks orZeku eas ikuh

ds gks jgs ok"ihdj.k dks Hkh jksadsxsA4- jk"Vªh; lkSj fe'ku dk;ZØe ds rgr Hkkjr }kjk 2022

rd 20000 esxkokWV lkSj ÅtkZ izkfIr dk y{; j[kkx;k gSA

POLLINATION- It is an external mechanismand takes place on the outer part of a flower. FERTILIZATION- It is an internal mechanismand takes place inside the flowers.

4. BASIS FOR COMPARISON- Time of processPOLLINATION- Pollination takes place beforefertilization.

FERTILIZATION- Fertilization takes placeafter pollination.

5. BASIS FOR COMPARISON- Type

POLLINATION- Two types : Self-pollination.Cross-pollination.

FERTILIZATION- No Types

6. BASIS FOR COMPARISON- It occurs inPOLLINATION- Pollination occurs inflowering plants only.

FERTILIZATION- Fertilization is followed byalmost every plant and living being present onearth.

I. Saffron Revolution in the field of SolarEnergy

India’s Prime minister, Narendra Modi, saysevery home in the nation will be running at leastone light bulb by 2019. He announced his nation-wide solar promise. Several hundred millionpeople in India do not have access to electricity,and national demand for power is anticipated todouble by 2020. The nation has been hobbledfor years by its lack of infrastructure andconsequent inability to establish a reliable sourceof power, even for the big businesses.

Altogether, Modi’s initiative represents amassive potential boost to India’s economy,especially to its growing clean energy industry.Plus solar power can be delivered viaindependent small units without the need for agrid or other form of infrastructure.

Modi has a proven track record in renewableenergy. In his previous carnation as ChiefMinister of Gujarat, he initiated India’s firstlarge-scale solar power in 2009, as well as othervarious projects. However, he will need thesupport of the various state-level administrationsin order to achieve his goal.

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J - pUnz;ku 2 ij laf{kIr tkudkjh iznku djsaA

2 tqykbZ 2019 dks vka/kz çns'k ds JhgfjdksVk fLFkrlrh'k /kou varfj{k dsaæ ls paæ;ku&2 varfj{k;kudks HkwrqY;dkfyd mixzg ç{ksi.k ;ku ekdZ III lslQyrkiwoZd ç{ksfir fd;k x;kAmYys[kuh; gS fd bldk ç{ksi.k 15 tqykbZ] 2019 dksgh fd;k tkuk Fkk ysfdu dqN rduhdh leL;kvksa dsdkj.k ç{ksi.k ds dqN ?kaVs igys bls jksd fn;k x;kAGSLV ekdZ III bljks }kjk fodflr fd;k x;k mPpç.kksnu {kerk okyk ;ku gSA blds }kjk Hkkjr ds 4Vu Js.kh ds Hkw&rqY;dkfyd mixzgksa dks d{kk esaLFkkfir fd;k tk ldsxkA bl çdkj Hkkjr mixzgç{ksi.k ds ekeys esa iw.kZr% vkRefuHkZj gks tk,xkAGLSV ekdZ dh Å¡pkbZ 43-43 eh- vkSj fy¶V v‚Qekl 640 Vu gSA blesa rhu pj.k gSa ftuesa Lons'khØk;kstsfud batu ^CE&20* dk ç;ksx fd;k tk,xkAgky gh esa uoacj 2018 esa GSAT&29 lapkj mixzg dksd{kk esa LFkkfir djus ds fy;s GSLV ekdZ&III D2ç{ksi.k ;ku dk mi;ksx fd;k x;k FkkAbljks ds ikl orZeku esa dsoy 2-2 Vu otu rd dsisyksM dks y‚Up djus dh {kerk gS vkSj blls t~;knkotu ds ç{ksi.k gsrq mls fons'kksa ij fuHkZj jguk iM+rkgSA;g Hkkjr dk paæek ij nwljk fe'ku gSAblesa iwjh rjg ls Lons'kh v‚fcZVj] ySaMj ¼foØe½ vkSjjksoj ¼çKku½ dk bLrseky fd;k x;k gSA jksoj ¼çKku½ySaMj ¼foØe½ ds vanj fLFkpaæ;ku&2 fe'ku dk mís';egÙoiw.kZ çkS|ksfxdh dks fodflr djuk rFkk bldkçn'kZu djuk gSA blesa paæek fe'ku {kerk] paæek ijl‚¶V&ySafMax vkSj paæek dh lrg ij pyuk 'kkfey gSaAbl fe'ku }kjk çkIr tkudkjh ls paæek dh HkkSxksfydfLFkfr] [kfut] lrg dh jklk;fud lajpuk] rki]HkkSxksfyd xq.k rFkk ifje.My ds v/;;u ls paæekdh mRifÙk ,oa fodkl dh le> csgrj gksxhA

K - i;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds fy, cuh laLFkkvksa dk mYys[kdhft, \

& dsaæh; çnw"k.k fu;a=.k cksM:Z & bldh LFkkiuk 1974esa ty ¼çnw"k.k fuokj.k vkSj fu;a=.k½ vf/kfu;e]1974 ds rgr dh xbZ FkhA i;kZoj.k ¼ou laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e] 1986 ds çko/kkuksa ds rgr i;kZoj.k vkSj ouea=ky; dks rduhdh lsok,a çnku djus ds fy,A

& jk"Vªh; tSo fofo/krk çkf/kdj.k: & ;g i;kZoj.kvkSj ou ea=ky;] Hkkjr ljdkj ds rgr ,d oS/kkfud

J. Write a short note on Chandrayan – 2

Chandrayaan 2 is an Indian lunar mission thatwill boldly go where no country has ever gonebefore — the Moon’s south polar region. OnSeptember 7, India attempted to make a softlanding on to the lunar surface. Through thiseffort, the aim is to improve our understandingof the Moon — discoveries that will benefit Indiaand humanity as a whole. These insights andexperiences aim at a paradigm shift in how lunarexpeditions are approached for years to come —propelling further voyages into the farthestfrontiers.

K. Organisations established for theenvironmental protection:-

- Central Pollution Control Board :- It wasestablished in 1974 under the Water (Preventionand Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. To providetechnical services to the Ministry of Environmentand Forests under the provisions of theEnvironment (Protection) Act, 1986.

- National Biodiversity Authority :- It is astatutory autonomous body under the Ministry

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Lok;Ùk fudk; gS] ftls Hkkjr ljdkj us 1992 esatSfod fofo/krk ¼CBD½ ij dUosa'ku ij gLrk{kjdjus ds ckn 2003 esa LFkkfir fd;k FkkA fudk; dkmís';: tSfod fofo/krk vf/kfu;e dk dk;kZUo;u ]2002

& jk"Vªh; ck?k laj{k.k çkf/kdj.k: & bls fnlacj 2005esa Vkbxj VkLd QkslZ dh flQkfj'k ds ckn LFkkfirfd;k x;k Fkk] ftls ifj;kstuk Vkbxj ds iquxZBuvkSj Hkkjr esa dbZ Vkbxj fjtoZ~l ds iquxZBu ds fy,Hkkjr ds ç/kku ea=h }kjk xfBr fd;k x;k FkkA

& Hkkjr dk ou losZ{k.k: & ;g Hkkjr esa ou losZ{k.kvkSj v/;;u djus ds fy, dsaæh; i;kZoj.k] ou vkSjtyok;q ifjorZu ea=ky; ds rgr ,d ljdkjh laxBugSA laxBu 1981 esa vfLrRo esa vk;kA

& lsaVªy tw vFk‚fjVh v‚Q bafM;k: &;g 1992 esaLFkkfir fd;k x;k Fkk vkSj oU; thou ¼laj{k.k½ vf/kfu;e ds rgr xfBr fd;k x;k FkkA çkf/kdj.k dkeq[; mís'; oU;thoksa ds laj{k.k esa jk"Vªh; ç;kl dkiwjd gSA

L - ukfHkdh; fpfdRlk dk laf{kIr esa o.kZu dhft,A

ukfHkdh; fpfdRlk

fpfdRlk dh og 'kk[kk tks mipkj] vuqla/kku rFkkfunku eas jsfM;kslfØ; inkFkkZs ds mi;ksx ls lacaf/krgSA og ukfHkdh; fpfdRlk dgykrh gSAfpfdRlk eas iz;qDr jsfM;kslfØ; inkFkZ dh vR;arlw{e ek=k dks jsfM;ks vUos"kd dgk tkrk gSA bujsfM;ks vUos"kdksa dks jDr okfgdkvksa eas izfo"V djk;ktkrk gS ;k fQj dSIlwy ds :i eas fuxyk tkrk gSAjsfM;ks vUos"kd ijh{k.k fd, tkus okys {ks= ls gksdjxqtjrk gS ,oa [kqys esa lh/ks ?kqydj xkek fdj.kfodflr djrk gSA fo'ks"k dSejs o dEI;wVj dh ennls bl xkek fdj.k dk mi;ksx 'kjhj ds van:uh vaxdk fp=.k djus esa fd;k tkrk gSA ftlls gesa chekjhdk irk py tkrk gSA

of Environment and Forests, Government ofIndia established in 2003, after India signedConvention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in1992. Objective of the body: Implementation ofBiological Diversity Act, 2002

- National Tiger Conservation Authority :- Itwas established in December 2005 following arecommendation of the Tiger Task Force,constituted by the Prime Minister of India forreorganised management of Project Tiger and themany Tiger Reserves in India.

- Forest Survey of India :- It is a governmentorganization in India under the Union Ministryof Environment, Forest and Climate Change forconducting forest surveys and studies. Theorganization came into being in, 1981.

- Central Zoo Authority of India :-It wasestablished in 1992 and constituted under theWild Life (Protection) Act. The main objectiveof the authority is to complement the nationaleffort in conservation of wildlife.

L. Write a short note on Nuclear Medicine.

Nuclear Medicine is a medical specialty that usesradioactive tracers (radiopharmaceuticals) toassess bodily functions and to diagnose and treatdisease. Specially designed cameras allowdoctors to track the path of these radioactivetracers. Single Photon Emission ComputedTomography or SPECT and Positron EmissionTomography or PET scans are the two mostcommon imaging modalit ies in nuclearmedicine.

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A. Sources of Water Pollution

- Domestic Effluents and Sewage

- Industrial Effluents

- Agricultural Effluents

- Radioactive Wastes

- Thermal Pollution

- Oil Pollution (Explain each point)

Solution for water pollution

- Implement existing environmental laws

- Use fertilizers wisely and give preference tonative plants

- Proper use and dispose of chemicals

- Control of sediments and erosion fromconstruction sites

- Reduce the waste of water by turning off tapsimmediately after use. This prevents shortagesand helps in reducing the volume of pollutedwater to be treated.

- Properly dispose paints, chemicals, cleaningsolvents, nail polishes and oils.

- Do not dispose non-degradable products such asplastic wrappers down the drain. They end up aslitters on beach shores and impede sewagetreatment process.

A - tyok;q iznw"k.k ds L=ksr] izeq[k rRo ,oa bldsfu;a=.k ds mik; crkb,A

ty iznw"k.k ds L=ksrty ds iznwf"kr gksus ds dbZ dkj.k gS vkSj mu dkj.kksads ihNs ;k rks euq"; }kjk mldk vuqfpr mi;ksxgksrk gS vFkok mlds dqN vizkdfrd d`R; bldkdkj.k curs gSA c<+rh vkcknh ds lkFk vf/kd vUudh vko';drk vkSj vusd vko';d oLrqvksa dh iwfrZgsrq vkS|ksfxd {ks= dh ckgqY;rk us vizR;{k :i lsty iznw"k.k eas Hkkjh o`f) gqbZ gSA

1- okfgrey ,oa vU; vif'k"V %& okfgrey tyks<+vif'k"V gS tks ?kjsyw vif'k"V vkSj izkf.k;ksa ;k [kk|izØe.k la;a=ks ls O;qRiUu gksrk gSA ekuoh; mRlxZ]dkxt] lkcqu] diM+s] ikWyhfFku] viektZd] xkscj bR;kfnmlds varxZr vkrs gSA xzkeh.k {ks=ksa] uxjksa vkSj 'kgjksads vif'k"Vksa dk vfu;af=r fuLrkj.k rkyksa] >hyksa]lfjrkvksa ;k ufn;ksa eas fd;k tkrk gSA

2- tSo vkWDlhtu ekax3- lqiks"k.k %& tyk'k; ?kjsyw vif'k"V] QkWLQsV] ukbVªsV

bR;kfn ls ;k muds vi?kVu mRiknksa ds feyus lsiks"kd inkFkkZs ls le) gks tkrs gSA bl ifj?kVuk dsdkj.k tyk'k; vR;f/kd mRiknd;k lqiks"kh gks tkrsgSA ftls lqiks"k.k dgrs gSA rkykc] >hykas vkfn dsfuekZ.k dh izkjafHkd voLFkkvksa eas vis{kkd`r catj vkSjiks"kd viw.kZ gksrs gSA vkSj bl izdkj tyh; thou dkscgqr de ;k fcYdqy c<+kok ugha nsrs gSA ;g n'kkrkykcksa dh vYiiks"kh n'kk dgykrh gSA

4- vkS|ksfxd cfgL=ko %& vusd izdkj ds dkcZfud ,oavdkcZfud iznw"kdksa dk cfgL=ko e| fuekZ.k'kkykvksa]peZ'kks/ku] jatd VsDlVkbYl] dkxt] yqXnh dkj[kkuksa][kuu izpyuksa bR;kfn ls gksrk gSA bu iznw"kdksa eas rsy]xzhl] IykfLVd IySfDVlkbtj] /kkrq vif'k"V] QhukWy]vfo"k] fuyafcr Bksl] vEy] jatd] lk;ukbM~l] yo.k]MhMhVh vkfn lfEefyr gSA

5- d`f"k foltZu %& blds varxZr eq[;r% os jlk;uvkrs gSa tks moZjdkas vkSj ihM+dukf'k;ksa dh Hkkafr jksxfu;a=.k esa iz;ksx nsrs gSA muds foltZu tyk'k;ksa easigqap tkrs gSA

6- d`f=e folZtublds varxZr eq[;r% os jlk;u vkrs gS tks moZjdkasvkSj ihM+dukf'k;ksa dh Hkkafr jksx fu;a=.k eas iz;kssx nsrsgSA muds foltZu tyk'k;ksa eas igqap tkrs gSA

PART- B 15 Marks

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d`f=d moZjdihM+duk'kh vkSj tho lgokldvkS|ksfxd vif'k"V ¼HkkSfrd iznw"kd½ %& nks izeq[kiznw"kd Å"ek vkSj jsfM;ks ,fDVo inkFkZ gSA ;s vif'k"Veq[;r% 'kfDr la;a=ksa ¼Å"eh; rFkk ukfHkdh;½ ds gksrsgSa tks vR;f/kd ek=k eas ty iz;ksx djrs gSaA?kjsyw miektZd %& c<+rh gqbZ vkS|ksfxd izxfr dsQyLo:i lQkbZ ds fy, u;s&u;s miektZdksa dhcktkj eas miyC/krk rFkk budk c<+rk mi;ksx varr%ty dks gh iznwf"kr djrk gSa D;ksafd viektZd ty eas?kqydj ukfy;ksa }kjk tyk'k;ksa eaas gh igaqprs gSAviektZdksa ds dkj.k ty eas QkLQsV] ukbVªsV] veksfu;eds ;kSfxd ,fYdu csathu lYQksusV bR;kfn ty easfeydj bls izn w f" kr djrs g SA ;g ;kS fxdvfuEuhdj.kh; gksus ds dkj.k ty eas ,d= gksdjtythokas dks izHkkfor djrk gSArsy %& leqnz izkd`frd lalk/ku ds cgqr cM+s L=ksrgSA D;kasfd leqnz eas dbZ izdkj ds tho tarq ik;s tkrsgSA tks gekjs fy, mi;ksxh gSA dy&dkj[kkuksa] rsyh;iznw"k.k ;qDr ufn;ka vius ty dks leqnz eas Mkydjbls iznwf"kr djrh gSAvkS|ksfxd rkih; iznw"k.k %& fofHkUu izdkj ds m|ksxksatSls rki&fo|qr dkj[kkuk] vkf.od fo|qr dkj[kkukvkfn esa la;a=ksa dks BaMk j[kus ds fy, ty dkmi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS rFkk mi;ksx ds ckn m".k tydks unh] rkykcksa rFkk vU; ty L=ksr esa izokfgr djfn;k tkrk gSA blls ty L=ksrksa dk rkieku c<+tkrk gS rFkk buds lkFk vk, vif'k"V ty iznw"k.kHkh c<+krs gSAlaØked lw{e tho %& eyokgh ufydkvksa] peM+s dhQSfDVª;ksa] jlk;uksa ds 'kks/khdj.k la;a=ksa] phuh dkj[kkuksabR;kfn ls fudyk xank ikuh fdlh u fdlh tyL=ksr tSls & unh] ukyk] rkykc] >hy bR;kfn easNksM+k tkrk gSA bl ty eas xanxh ds dkj.k vusdizdkj ds thok.kq vkSj lw{etho ik, tkrs gSA tksgStk] fe;knh] cq[kkj rFkk peZ jksx iSnk djrs gSA'koksa ds ty izokg ls iznw"k.k %& ufn;ksa ds fdukjs clsuxjksa eas 'koksa ;k mlds fgLlksa dks ty eas izokfgrfd, tkus dk izpyu gSA ty eas 'koksa eas feys gq,iznw"kd rRoksa ds 'kh?kz izHkko ds :i eas vusd chekfj;katUe ysrh gSAty ds eq[; iznw"kd rRoysM ;k lhlk %& ;g ,d tgjhyk rRo gS tks fu/

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kkZfjr lhek ls vf/kd ek=k eas ty eas foyf;r gksus ijtuLokLF; dks izHkkfor djrk gSA blls ftxj vkSjxqnZs izHkkfor gks tkrs gSA¶yksjkbM %& vdkcZfud ¶yksjkbM cgqr gh tgjhykinkFkZ gksrk gSA bldks yxkrkj xzg.k djus ij otudk de gksuk] [kwu dh deh] nkarksa dh chekfj;ka] vaxksadk vlk/kkj.k foLrkj] gfM~M;ksa dk eqM+ tkuk] tksM+ksaeas nnZZ vkfn chekfj;ka gks tkrh gSAikjk %& ;g vkWVkseksckby] isaV vkfn ls ikuh esa QSyrkgS rFkk izksVksIykfTed tgj dh rjg dk;Z djrk gSA;g jDr lapj.k ra= eas vo'kksf"kr gksus ds ckn yhoj]xqnkZ] LIyhu ,oa gM~Mh eas tek gks tkrk gSAtLrk %& tLrk LOk;a tgjhyk ugha gksrk gSa ijarqblds ;kSfxd tgjhys gksrs gSA tc tLrs dks xeZfd;k tkrk gS rks ftad vkWDlkbM curk gS tks fdczkl QkmUMj jksx rFkk czkl fpyl jksx iSnk djrkgSAukbVªsVl ,oa ukbVªkbV~l %& ukbVªsV~l rFkk ukbVªkbV~lcgqr [krjukd inkFkZ gksrs gSA bldh ty eas vf/kdmifLFkfr ls MhlsUVªh rFkk cPpksa eas Cyw csch jksx gkstkrk gSAty iznw"k.k dk fu;a=.kty iznw"k.k ds nq"ifj.kkeksa rFkk c<+rs ty ladV dsdkj.k ty iznw"k.k fo'o leqnk; ds fy, fpark dkfo"k; cu x;k gSA bl ij fu;a=.k gsrq fofHkUu Lrjksaij iz;kl okaNuh; gSA ty iznw"k.k dks jksdus rFkkde djus ds dqN izeq[k mik; fuEu gS &

1- dPph o VwVh&QwVh ukfy;ksa rFkk lsfIVd VSadks dhejEer djds ey&ty dks QSyus rFkk fjlus ls jksdktkuk pkfg,A i;kZIr la[;k eas lkoZtfud 'kkSpky;ksadh LFkkiuk ds lkFk gh muds j[k&j[kko dh mfprO;oLFkk Hkh dh tkuh pkfg,A

2- vkS|ksfxd vif'k"Vksa dks ty esa NksM+s tkus ls iwoZL=ksr ij gh mipkfjr rFkk 'kksf/kr gks tkuk pkfg,Auohu m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk ds le; gh ty mipkjla;a= yxkuk furkUr vko';d gksuk pkfg,A

3- ty L=ksrksa ds fudV rFkk ty L=ksrksa eas xanxhMkyus ij iw.kZ izfrca/k gksuk pkfg,A

4- er i'kqvksa rFkk 'koksa dks ty esa foltZu ij iw.kZ jksdyxkuh pkfg,A blds fy, i;kZIr la[;k esa fo|qr'konkg xgksa dh LFkkiuk dh tkuh pkfg,A

5- d`f"k eas jklk;fud moZjdksa ds LFkku ij tSfod [kkndk vf/kdkf/kd iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

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6- ty 'kqf)dj.k eas lgk;d tyh; thoksa tSls & dNqvk]exj] eNyh] ?ksa?kk vkfn ikyuk rFkk mudks lajf{krdjuk pkfg,A dqN eNfy;ka tSls & xSEcqf'k;k eNyhePNj ds vaMks rFkk ykokZ dk Hk{k.k djrh gS mUgasikyuk pkfg, rkfd ;s gkfudkjd izkf.k;ksa ds ykokZrFkk vaMks dks [kkdj mudh la[;k de djrh gSA

7- i'kqvksa dsk ugykus&/kqykus ds fy, vyx ls tyL=ksr dk mi;ksx djuk pkfg,A ekuo leqnk; rFKkmlds ikyrw tkuoj ds fy, ,d gh ty L=ksr ughagksuk pkfg,A

8- uxjksa ds okfgr ey dks vkcknh ls nwj NksM+uk pkfg,Aokfgr ey eas vdkcZfud inkFkkZs dks de djus dsfy, vkWDlhdj.k rkykc dk iz;ksx djuk pkfg,A

9- vR;ar gkfudkjd o lap;h izHkko okys dhVuk'kdksa dsmi;ksx ij jksd yxkuk pkfg,A dhVuk'kdksa ds lhfero lqjf{kr iz;ksx djus ds fy, d`"kdksa dks le;≤ij tkudkjh nh tkuh pkfg,A

10- leqnzkas eas ijek.kq ijh{k.k jksds tkus pkfg,A lkFk ghijek.kq dpjs dk lqjf{kr fuiVkjk fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

11- vklZsfud] ¶yksjkbM] {kkjh;rk] yo.kh;rk vkfnleL;kvksa ls fuiVus ds fy, mfpr ty izca/ku fof/k;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

12- ty dh xq.koRrk eas lq/kkj gsrq fofHkUu HkkSfrd ojklk;fud fof/k;ksa tSls & vf/k'kks"k.k] bysDVªksfyfll]vk;u fofue; vkfn dk iz;ksx dj jlk;fud] tSfodrFkk jsfM;ks/kehZ iznw"kdksa dks ty L=ksr ls i`Fkd fd;ktkuk pkfg,A

13- ty iznw"k.k fu;a=.k gsrq tSo izkS|ksfxdh dk mi;ksxfd;k tkuk pkfg,A bleas mRifjofrZr lw{e thoksa dsiz;ksx }kjk ty eas u"V u gksus okys iznw"kdksa dktSfod guu djus tSls mik; fd, tkus pkfg,A

14- rki rFkk ijek.kq fctyh?kjksa ls fudyus okys ty dksBaMk gksus ds ckn 'kq) djds gh ty L=ksrksa eas Mkyukpkfg,A

15- enk vijnu dks fua;f=r djus ds fy, ty xzg.k{ks=ksaa eas o`{kkjksi.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A

16- ty lalk/ku dks iznw"k.k ls cpkus ds fy, tuHkkxhnkjhvR;ko';d gS vr% Lo;alsoh laLFkkvksa rFkk LFkkuh;yksxksa dk vf/kdkf/kd lg;ksx izkIr djus dk iz;klfd;k tkuk pkfg,Aty iznw"k.k fu;a=.k ,oa fuokj.k vf/kfu;e ds varxZrLFkkfir dasnzh; ty iznw"k.k fu;a=.k ,oa fuokj.k cksMZds v/khu dk;Zjr fofHkUu jkT;ksa dh 'kk[kk,a] iznw"k.k

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fu;a=.k ds {ks= eas fuEu dk;kZs dks laikfnr dj jghgSA

1- LFkkuh; fudk;ksa dks ty iznw"k.k fu;a=.k ds fy,ijke'kZ nsukA

2- vkS|ksfxd L=ko ds fu"d"kZ.k dk ijh{k.k rFkk ml ijfuxjkuhA

3- LFkkuh; ty L=ksrksa ds iznw"k.k Lrj dk iznw"k.k dedjukA

4- iznwf"kr ty ds 'kks/ku ds mik;ksa dh [kkstA5- iznw"k.k ds izfr vke turk eas tkx:drk iSnk djuk rFkk

iznw"k.k fu;a=.k eas mudh lgHkkfxrk lqfuf'pr djukA

B - lkbcj ;q) D;k gS\ blds [krjs crkb,] bl lanHkZesa Hkkjr dh fLFkrh dk o.kZu dhft,A

jktuhfrd :i ls izsfjr gSdj uqdlku djus ;ktklwlh ds mn~ns'; ls lkbcj ;q) dks vatke nsrs gSAlwpuk ;q) gksus ds dkj.k bls dbZ ckj ijaijkxr ;q)ds leku nls[kk tk ldrk gS ;|fi ;g lekurk'kq)rk rFkk jktuhfrd izsj.kk dh n`f"V ls fHkUu gksrkgSA bl izdkj lkbcj ;q) dks fdlh jkT; }kjkuqdlku igqapkus ds mn~ns'; ls vU; jkT; dks dEI;wVjksa;k usVodZ eas lsa/kekjh djuk ds :i eas ifjHkkf"krdjrs gSA lkbcj ;q) dks ;q) ds 5oka {ks= ds :i easHkh tkuk tkrk gSA

lkbcj ;q) ds [krjs1- lkbcj tklwlh %& bleas lSU;] jktuhfrd ;k vkfFkZd

Qk;nk ysus ds fy, O;fDrxr dEI;wVj laca/kh] fojksf/k;ksadh lewg] ljdkj ;k nq'euksa dh xqIr lwpuk,a izkIr djusdh izfØ;k 'kkfey dh tkrh gSA

2- lkbcj ng'kr %& bleas izk;% nq'eu dh osclkbV gSddjuk rFkk osc ist fo:fir djuk ;k nq"izpkj dslans'k QSykuk 'kkfey gksrs gSA

3- Ddos vVSd %& fdlh O;fDr ;k lewg }kjk ¼tksbaVjusV lsok ;k lkbV ckf/kr djrk gSS½ dEI;wVj lsokdks mi;ksx eas yk;s tkus ;ksX; cuk fn;k tkrk gSA½lkbcj okjQs;j 'kkfey fd, tkrs gSA

4- fo/oal %& leUo; ds fy, dEI;wVj rFkk mixzgksa dkmi;ksx djus okyh lSU; xfrfof/k;ksa izk;% midj.kksads ckf/kr gksus ds tksf[ke ls ;qDr gksrh gSA ÅtkZ]ty] bZ/ku] lapkj rFkk ifjogu bUÝkLVªDpj lHkhbl tksf[ke ls ;qDr gksrs gSAlkbcj ;q) vkSj HkkjrorZeku eas lkbcj geys jktuhfrd fookn ds leku gS

B. W hat is Cyber war fare. W hat are i ts dangers

also highlight I ndia’s preparedness in this

regar d.

Cyberwarfare is computer- or network-basedconflict involving politically motivated attacksby a nation-state on another nation-state. In thesetypes of attacks, nation-state actors attempt todisrupt the activities of organizations or nation-states, especially for strategic or militarypurposes and cyber espionage.

Although cyberwarfare generally refers tocyberattacks perpetrated by one nation-state onanother, it can also describe attacks by terroristgroups or hacker groups aimed at furthering thegoals of particular nations. It can be difficult todefinitively attribute cyberattacks to a nation-state when those attacks are carried out byadvanced persistent threat (APT) actors, but suchattacks can often be linked to specific nations.

Dangers of Cyber Warfare:-

- Data modification :— This category of attacktargets the integrity of data.

- Infrastructure manipulation:- National criticalinfrast ructures are, like everything else,increasingly connected to the Internet. However,because instant response is often required, andbecause associated hardware may haveinsufficient computing resources, security maynot be robust.

- Cyber-attack goals:- A cyber-attack is not anend in itself. Rather, it is an extraordinary meansto a wide variety of ends. The goals of a cyber-

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ftlds lanHkZ eas fo'ks"kKksa }kjk lkbcj 'khr ;q) dhpsrkouh nh tk ldrh gSA ljdkjh ra= eas okbM,fj;k usVodZ dh rhoz o`f) gksus ls Hkkjr buds izfrvf/kd :i ls lqHks| gS D;kasfd Hkkjr esa 25 fe'kubZ&xouZsl eksM izkstsDV] bysfDVªd fxzM] lsy Qksu]rsy vkSj bUÝkLVªDpj eas tqM+s gq, gSA

izfrfØ;kHkkjr ds vkbZVh bUÝkLVªDpj dh j{kk djus okyhizeq[k ,taslh lwpuk rduhd foHkkx ds varxZr dEI;wVjbejtsalh fjLiksal Vhe gSA ;g vius dk;Z ljdkjhlsok iznkrk us'kuy baQksesfVd lasVj ds lg;ksx lsdjrh gSA lkbcj ;q) dks lefiZr lewg fMQsalbaVyhtsal ,tsalh rFkk Hkkjr ds rduhdh baVsyhtsalvkWxZsukbts'ku us'kuy VsfDduy fjlpZ vkWxsZukbts'kueas dke djrs gSA

Hkkjr dh lkbcj ;q) {kerk esa dfe;ka1- lefiZr lkbcj ;q) lewg ¼tks DIA o NTRO eas

dk;Z djrs gS½ dsoy Offensive Cyberwarfare ijdk;Z djrs gS u fd lkbcj geys ds fo:) j{kk eas(not with defending against cyberattacks)

2- Hkkjr Offensive Cyberwarfare ij 5 djksM+ :i;sls Hkh de jkf'k [kpZ djrk gSA ;s cgqr de gSA

3- Hkkjr dkmaVj vVSd djus esa leFkZ ugha gS tcfddqN ns'k dj ldrs gSA

4- Hkkjr vkbZVh lqijikoj gksus ds ckotwn Hkkjr lkW¶Vos;j;k gkMZos;j ds fy, iw.kZr% ckgjh L=ksrksa ij fuHkZjjgrk gSA

nh?kZdkfyd mik;1- ,d lefiZr lkbcj lqj{kk laxBu] ftlds LVkWQ eas

iqfyl rFkk l'kL= cy ds deZpkjh gksa rFkk tksus'kuy buQksZsesa'ku bUÝkLVªDpj dh j{kk ds fy, ,djktuhfr ds fodkl dh igy djsaA

2- lkbcj ;q) ds ctV dh c<+kuk rFkk vf/kd deZpkfj;ksadh fu;qfDr

3- ns'k dh fofHkUu dkuwu izorZudkjh ,tsalh] baVjusVlfoZl izksokbV rFkk mPp {kerk ;qDr vuqla/kku drkZvksads e/; lkbcj vijk/k ds fo:) lefUor izfrfØ;kds fy, ,d jk"Vªh; lsaVj dh LFkkiuk dh tk,A

4- ljdkj eas O;kId Lrj ij lwpuk lqj{kk dh tkap gksrFkk futh {ks= dks Hkh blds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;ktk,A

5- Lons'kh rFkk lqjf{kr ekbØksizkslslj rFkk vkWijsfVaxflLVe ds fodkl ds mn~ns'; ls lkW¶Vos;j rFkk

attack are primarily limited by the imaginationof the attacker and his or her access to a targetnetwork.

- Propaganda:- Cheap and effective, this is oftenthe easiest and the most powerful form of cyber-attack. Propaganda dissemination may not needto incorporate any computer hacking at all, butsimply take advantage of the amplification powerof the Internet.

- Denial-of-Service (DoS) :- The simple strategybehind a DoS attack is to deny the use of data ora computer resource to legitimate users.

India’s preparedness towards Cyber attacks:-

- The country’s core assets such as power gridsand financial and transport networks are fastgetting connected to the internet and moreofficial data are getting stored online. Hostileneighbours and wily groups of global and localextremists are equipping themselves in no-holds-barred cyber warfare — the Assam riots a fewmonths ago that triggered a widespread exodusof north eastern students from cities such asBangalore confirmed the subversive games theyplay through social networks.

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gkMZos;j ikWfylh dk fuekZ.k fd;k tk,A6- ljdkjh vf/kdkfj;ksa rFkk fo'ks"kKksa ds n`f"Vdks.k ls

Hkkjr ljdkj dks jk"Vªh; lqj{kk fuf/k dk fodkldjuk pkfg,A tks lHkh izdkj foHkkxksa eas dk;kZfUordh tk,Aljdkj us lkbcj geyksa ds fo:) ,d ladV izca/kuIyku dh LFkkiuk dh ftls lHkh dasnzh; ea=ky;ksa]jkT; ljdkjksa rFkk laosnu'khy {ks=ksa esa viuk;sa tkusdh vko';drk gSA

1- ,d lkbcj okjQs;j bUÝkLVªDpj dh LFkkiuk] ftlesalkW¶Vos;j izksQs'kuy dh ,d NksVh lsuk tklwlh dsfy, rSukr gksxhA

2- NTs rFkk 'kS{kf.kd laLFkkuksa ds ikB~;Øeksa eas lkbcjlqj{kk dks HRD rFkk vkbZVh ea=ky;ksa d jk"Vªh;lqj{kk ifj"kn~ lfpoky; ds funZs'kksa ds ckn 'kkfeyfd;k x;kA

C - tSo 'kkSpky; D;k gS \ bldh vko';drk o ykHkksadk mYys[k dhft,A

tSo 'kkSpky;

;g ,d izdkj dk vxyh ih<+h ds i;kZoj.k vuqdwyvif'k"V izca/ku lek/kku gs tks Bksl ekuo vif'k"Vdks cSDVhfj;k ds buksdqYe dh enns ls ck;ksxSl vkSj'kq) ikuh eas ifjofrZr dj nsrk gSAtSo 'kkSpky; fe'kufdlh 'kkSpky; ls 'kq) dpjs dk fuoZgu lqfuf'prdjus ds fy, vksj bl izdkj LokLF; ns[kHkky eas ,degRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus ds fy,AtSo 'kkSpky; dh vko';drkoS'ohdj.k dh vk/kqfud nqfu;k eas] [kqys 'kkSp lHkh dsfy, ,d cM+k [krjk cuk jgk gSA ;wfulsQ vkSj fo'oLokLF; laxBu ds vuqeku ds vuqlkj fo'o tula[;kdk 1@7oka Hkkx vHkh Hkh [kqys eas 'kkSp djus dksetcwj gS vkSj bleas ls 60 izfr'kr yksx Hkkjr esa jgrsgSa ftlus ekuo LokLF; ij dbZ izdkj ds izfrdwyizHkko mRiUu fd;s gSA blfy, bl leL;k ds mfprlek/kku gsrq tSo 'kkSpky; ,d egROkiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkldrk gSAtSo 'kkSpky;kas ds ykHk

& ekuo vif'k"V dk 100 izfr'kr fuiVku gS vkSj ;g gkFkls lQkbZ dh vko';drk dks lekIr dj ldrk gSA

& Bksl dpjs dk fuiVkjk ,oa ck;ksxSl dk mRiknu& i;kZoj.k vuqdwy

C. What are Organic Toilets ? Highlight the needof organic toilets and its advantage.

Organic toilet, also called biological toilet ordry toilet, waterless sewage-treatment systemthat decomposes human excreta into an inertnitrogen-rich material similar to humus. Becausethey eliminate the water use associated withtypical toilets, composting toilets circumvent thecosts associated with traditional sewagetreatment. Organic toilets hold and process wastematerial to capture the nutrients in human waste,such as nitrogen and phosphorus, for local reuse.

In addition to being well suited to rural areasand water-scarce regions, composting toilets arebeing increasingly used in institutional andsuburban settings. Urban use is limited becauseof the more stringent health regulations and thelack of space required for compost storage. Usersare often environmentally conscious and seek todecrease their impact on water resources, or theymay be in areas where water and sewerinfrastructure is at capacity or otherwise limited.

Need of Organic Toilets :-

- Unlike traditional flush toilets, no water or sewerconnection is required.

- To protect public health and safety.- To protect the environment.- Ease of installation.

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& eq¶r j[kj[kko& 00C ls 55 fMxzh lsfYl;l eas dq'kyrk ls dk;Z djus

esa l{ke gS tgka thok.kq bukdqye dh enn ls vi?kVudjk;k tkrk gSA

& tSo 'kkSpky; ds dkj.k ekuo vif'k"V iw.kZr% u"V gkstkrs gSA ftlls chekjh QSykus okys dkjdksa dks mRifRrdk volj ugha feyrkAtSo 'kkSpky; dk dfe;kack;ks VkW;ysV flLVe cgqr laosnu'khy gSAtSo 'kkSpky; ds izdkjLVs'kujh 'kkSpky; Ja`[kykeksckby 'kkSpky; Ja`a[kykckW;ks VkW;ysV dk vuqiz;ksx

& fgeky;h {ks= esa& Xysf'k;ksa eas& lM+dksa] jktekxkZs] Vªsuksa bR;kfn eas& xzkeh.k {ks=ksa eas ?kjsyw 'kkSpky;ksa eas& 'kSf{kd laLFkkuksa eas] rhFkZ;k=k LFkyksa ,oa lkoZtfud

LFkykas ijlaiw.kZ Hkkjr dks LoPN cukus ds fy, LoPN HkkjrvfHk;ku izkjaHk fd;k gSA ftlds varxZr ljdkj usfofHkUu jkT;ksa ds lkFk feydj bl {ks= eas dbZldkjkRed dne mBk;s gSA Hkkjr eas tSo 'kkSpky;dh 'kq:vkr Hkkjrh; jsy rFkk DRDO }kjk feydjdh xbZ gSA

D - —f=e cqf)eÙkk D;k gS \ blds ykHk] nks"k ,oa bllaca/k esa Hkkjr }kjk fd;s x;s iz;kksa dk o.kZu dhft,A

Ñf=e cqf)eRrk@cqf)

Ñf=e cqf)eRrk@cqf) dEI;wVj foKku gS ,d 'kk[kkgS ftlds varxZr ,sls ;a=ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gSAftlds varxZr ,sls ;a=ksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k tkrk gS tks,sls dk;Z dks djus eas l{ke gks ftls lkekU; ekuoviuh cqf) ls laiUu djrk gksAtkWu eSd dkFkhZ ftUgksaus 1956 esa eSlkP;wV~l rduhdlaLFk ku es a bldk ukedj.k fd;k u s blscqf);qDr@cqf)eku ;a= cukus dh foKku ,oavfHk;kaf=dh ds :i eas ifjHkkf"kr fd;kA ;g dEI;wVjfoKku] euksfoKku ,oa n'kZu'kkL= dk la;ksx gSAÑf=e cqf)eRrk@cqf) ds ykHk

1- Ñf=e cqf)eRrk@cqf) dh lgk;rk ls ;a=ks dks ,slsdfBu ,oa ruko;qDr dk;Z djus esa l{ke cuk;k tk

- Composting toilets are not prone to catastrophicfailures such as flooding or sewage backflows.

- Portability.- Disaster relief.

Advantages:-

- They are more environmentally friendly.- They require less water usage and can enhance

the growth of non-edible plants in locationswhere soil amendment is permitted.

- They are well suited to remote areas.- Carbonized resources are added to the toilet, such

as leaves or mulch, and this helps to break downthe waste into a product that is similar totraditional fertilizer.

- The primary advantage of a composting toilet isthat it can be installed almost anywhere.

D - What is artificial inteligence and also describe

its merits and demerits. Highlight steps taken

by the government of India in this regard.

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ldrk gS tks izk;% ekuoksa ds }kjk fd;s tkrs gSA2- Ñf=e cqf)eRrk@cqf) dh lgk;rk ls fdlh dk;Z

dks ekuo dh vis{kk vf/kd rhoz xfr ls laiUu fd;ktk ldrk gSA

3- jkscksfVDl dh lgk;rk ls dqN vulqy>s jgL;ksa ,oackâ varfj{k ds ekeykas dks lqy>k;k tk ldrk gS tksgekjs nSfud thou eas ykHkdkjh fl) gks ldrs gSA

4- Ñf=e cqf)eRrk@cqf) ;qDr ;a=ksa ds dk;Z djus lsekuo ruko;qDr ,oa 'kkjhfjd d"V nsus okys dk;kZsdks djus ls cp ldrk gSA

5- ;g ekufld :i ls ihfM+r] us= ,oa d.kZ jksx lsihfM+r fnO;kaxksa dh lgk;rk dj ldrk gSA

6- ;g ,sls okrkoj.k dk fuekZ.k djus esa l{ke gS tgkacSBdj xse [ksyus ls vki okLrfodrk dk vuqHko djldrs gSA

7- Ñf=e cqf)eRrk@cqf) dh lgk;rk ls dfBu dEI;wVjdk;ZØeksa ¼lkW¶Vos;j½ dks vklkuh ls le>k tk ldrkgSA

8- Ñf=e cqf)eRrk@cqf) ;qDr ;a=ksa ds }kjk fd;s x;sdk;kZs esa xyfr;ksa dh laHkkouk,a de jgrh gSA

9- bldh lgk;rk ls le; ,oa lalk/kuksa dks fcuk O;FkZfd;s lqnqi;ksx dj y{; izkfIr eas lgk;rk izkIr dhtk ldrh gSA

Ñf=e cqf)eRrk@cqf) ds nks"k1- Ñf=e cqf)eRrk@cqf) eas ekuo laosnukvksa dk vHkko

gS ,oa blls ekuo ds xq.koRrk dh vuns[kh dk [krjkcuk jgrk gSA

2- ;g ekuo }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;Z dks djus esal{ke gS] ftldh otg ls is'ksoj yksxk s a dsjkstxkj@ukSdjh tkus dh laHkkouk cuh jgrh gSA

3- Ñf=e cqf)eRrk@cqf) ;a= }kjk ekuo ds LFkku xzg.kdjus ds dkj.k ls etnwjksa ,oa dkexkjksa eas ghu Hkkoukdk fodkl gksrk gSA

4- Ñf=e cqf)eRrk@cqf) ds [kjkc gksus dh fLFkfr easblds }kjk fd;s tkus okys dk;kZs ds v/kwjs jg tkusdh laHkkouk mRiUu gks tkrh gSA

5- Ñf=e cqf)eRrk@cqf) ds dkj.k ;qok ih<+h eas Hkz"Vkpkjds c<+us dh vk'kadk cuh jgrh gSA

6- bl rduhd dk nq:i;ksx fdlh cM+s ?kVuk dks vatkensus eas fd;k tk ldrk gSA

7- bl rduhd eas lwpukvksa dk v|ruhdj.k ugha gksrkgSA

8- bl izdkj dh rduhd dk cMs+ iSekus ij nq:i;ksx

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fd;k tk ldrk gSAHkkjr ds lkis{k eas Ñf=e cqf)eRrk@cqf)Hkkjr eas iz/kkuea=h dh esd bu bafM;k] fLdy bafM;k]LVkVZvi bafM;k] fMftVYk bafM;k tSlh izeq[k dk;ZØeksadks lQy cukus gsrq uhfr/kkjdksa }kjk mRikndksa dksfo'ofo|ky; ,oa laxBuksa }kjk feydj {ks=h; [kkstgsrq izsfjr fd;k tk jgk gSA Hkkjr Ñf=e cqf)eRrk@cqf)dk mi;ksx j{kk uhfr ,oa futh {ks=ksa ,oa fo'ofo|ky;}kjk j{kk {ks=ksa ls tqM+s laosnu'khy dk;kZs ds fy, ghdjrk gSA

& Ñf=e cqf)eRrk@cqf) ,oa jkscksfVDl dsanz dh LFkkiuk1986 eas dh xbZ FkhA

& vkj ,aM Mh lewg Hkh vkns'k] fu;a=.k] lapkj] usVofdZax,oa bysDVªkWfud ,aM jMkj MsoyiesaV ,LVSfCy'kesaVtSls {ks=ksa eas dk;Z dj jgh gSA

& fn usVodZ VSªfQd ,ukfyfll dk;ZØe ¼lkW¶Vos;j½dk fodkl lh,vkbZvkj }kjk iwjs ns'k esa fofHkUu lqj{kk,tasfl;ksa gsrq fd;k tk jgk gSAvk;Z %& Ñf=e cqf)eRrk@cqf) gsrq pyk;h tkusokyh ,d ;kstuk gSA ;g prqZeq[kh izfrHkk ls ifjiw.kZgS ,oa lkekU; ekuo }kjk fn, x, FkksM+h lh lwpukvksads vk/kkj ij mldk v/;;u djus esa l{ke gSA

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