modeling fatigue predicting performance
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Modeling Fatigue Predicting Performance. Steven R. Hursh, Ph.D. Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine and Program Manager, Biomedical Modeling and Analysis Science Applications International Corporation, 301-785-2341 [email protected]. Outline. Fatigue overview. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Modeling Fatigue Predicting Performance
Steven R. Hursh, Ph.D.
Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
and
Program Manager, Biomedical Modeling and Analysis
Science Applications International Corporation, 301-785-2341
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Outline
Fatigue overview. Drivers of fatigue Biomathematical models of fatigue and the
Sleep, Activity, Fatigue, and Task Effectiveness (SAFTE) Model
Fatigue analysis tools and the Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool (FAST)
Soldier monitoring to assess fatigue Aviation applications
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Operational Definition
Fatigue is a complex state characterized by a lack of alertness and reduced mental and physical performance, often accompanied by drowsiness.
Fatigue is more than sleepiness and its effects are more than falling asleep.
DOT Human Factors Coordinating Committee, 1998
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Symptoms versus Root Causes
Symptoms Operational Consequences Measurable Changes in
Performance Lapses in attention and
vigilance Delayed reactions Impaired logical reasoning and
decision-making Reduced “situational
awareness” Low motivation to perform
“optional” activities Poor assessment of risk or
failure to appreciate consequences of action
Operator inefficiencies
Root Cause Analysis Fatigue is one potential root cause No direct measure, physiological marker, or “blood test” for fatigue
However, the conditions that lead to fatigue are well known and A fatigue model can help evaluation and integrate the specific conditions of an accident to determine if fatigue was involved.
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Major Fatigue Factors
Time of Day: between midnight and 0600 hrs. Cumulative Sleep Debt: more than eight
hours accumulation. Acute Sleep Debt: less than eight hours in
last 24 hrs. Continuous Hours Awake: more than 17
hours since last major sleep period. Time on Task: continuous time doing a job
without a break.
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Major Consequences of Fatigue
Three Mile Island (1979): 4:00 a.m. and involved human error.
Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Meltdown (1986): 1:30 a.m. and involved human error.
Exxon Valdez (1989): 12:04 a.m. One major cause: “The failure of the third mate to properly maneuver the vessel, possibly due to fatigue and excessive workload.”
Operation Desert Storm (1990): More friendly fire losses than enemy losses, many due to sleep deprivation.
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Benefits of Reduced Fatigue
More capable workforce – “force multiplier” Higher level of performance (higher efficiency , increased
productivity, fewer errors/incidents/accidents) Fewer accidents/incidents Reduced absenteeism, increased availability Improved health Higher moral
Improved safety, reduced workman’s compensation Reduced regulatory pressure Improved labor relations
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ALERTNESS & COGNITIVE PERFORMANCE
CIRCADIAN RHYTHM
CUMULATIVE SLEEP DEBT
ALERTNESS & COGNITIVE
PERFORMANCE
Time of Day Sleep History and Time on Duty
Daily Variations in Effectiveness
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Major Inputs for Predicting Fatigue
Time of Day Amount, quality and timing of sleep Individual factors
Phase of the circadian “pacemaker” Individual sleep need or sensitivity to
sleep loss
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Sources of Information
Time of day: both the clock time and the time zone – inferred from location information
Sleep: Direct measurement Infer from work pattern (AutoSleep)
Duty periods and Critical Events: Drives sleep opportunities Determines critical periods for performance prediction
Individual factors Circadian phase: temperature or hormonal oscillations Sleep need: no simple test at this time
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SAFTE
The Sleep, Activity, Fatigue, and Task Effectiveness (SAFTE) Model is based on 12 years of fatigue modeling experience and over $2.6M of US DOD investment.
Validated against laboratory and simulator measures of fatigue. Work place calibration is underway.
Now accepted by the US DOD as the common warfighter fatigue model.
Independently compared to six models from around the world and judged to have the least error (Fatigue and Performance Workshop, Seattle, 2002).
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POC: Steven Hursh, PhD, Tel: 410-538-290112
Schematic of SAFTE™
Simulation ModelSleep, Activity, Fatigue and Task Effectiveness Model
COGNITIVEEFFECTIVENESS
SLEEP “QUALITY”FRAGMENTATION
SLEEP INTENSITY
SLEEP REGULATION
SLEEP RESERVOIR
SLEEP DEBTFEEDBACK
LOOP
INERTIA
CIRCADIAN OSCILLATORS
SLEEP ACCUMULATION(Reservoir Fill)
PERFORMANCE USE(Reservoir Depletion)
DYNAMICPHASE
PERFORMANCEMODULATION
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Walter Reed Restricted Sleep Study SAFTE Model (red line) Predicts the Average Results with Precision
PVT SpeedChronic Restriction Adaptation
50
65
80
95
110
0 T1 T2 B E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 R1 R2 R3Day
Me
an S
pe
ed(a
s a
% o
f Ba
selin
e)
9 Hr
7 Hr
5 Hr
3 Hr
PVT SpeedChronic Restriction Adaptation
50
65
80
95
110
0 T1 T2 B E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7 R1 R2 R3Day
Me
an
Sp
ee
d(a
s a
% o
f Ba
selin
e)
9 Hr
7 Hr
5 Hr
3 Hr
SAFTE/FAST R2 = 0.94
Restriction RecoveryBaseline
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Driving Simulator AccidentsAccident Likelihood Relative to Baseline vs Predicted Effectiveness
y = 58.184e-0.044x
R2 = 0.8488
0
1
2
3
4
5
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50556065707580859095100
Effectiveness (FAST Prediction)
Ac
cid
en
t L
ike
lih
oo
d (
tim
es
Ba
se
lin
e)
3 hrs sleep/day
5 hrs sleep/day
Expon. (3 hrs sleep/day)
Baseline=1(8 hrs sleep/day)
E7E6
E5
E4
E3
E2
E1
Sleep Dose Response Study (WRAIR Data)
Accident Likelihood Increases with Decreasing Effectiveness
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Practical Software for Implementation
Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool (FAST)
FAST is a fatigue assessment tool using the SAFTE model
Developed for the US Air Force and the US Army.
DOT/FRA sponsored work has lead to enhancements for
transportation applications. Sleep estimation algorithm
Schedule grid data entry tool
Wizards and dashboard
Standard data file format
DOT field calibration underway.
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FAST Graphical Screen Options
Effectiveness
Sleep Periods in BlueWork Periods in Red
Adjustable Criterion Line
Lower Percentile (e.g. 20%)
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y = 11.677x - 11.487
R2 = 0.9757
0
2
4
6
8
10
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0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9
SAFTE Model Prediction: Response Time [(1/Effectiveness) · 100]
Lap
se
Lik
elih
oo
d (
tim
es
ba
se
line
)
3 hrs sleep/day
5 hrs sleep/day
Pooled Data
Linear (Pooled Data)
75% Effectiveness 65% Effectiveness90% Effectiveness
Baseline=1 (8 hrs sleep/day)
Lapses in Attention with Reduced Sleep
Successive days of reduced sleep
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Lapse Index Graph
Lapse Index probably similar to values from PERCLOS drowsiness monitor.
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Individual VariabilityDisplay Lowest 20 percentile, for example
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BAC Scale
Arnedt, J.T., Wilde, G.J., Munt, P.W., MacLean, A.W. “How do prolonged wakefulness and alcohol compare in the decrements they produce on a simulated driving task?” Accid Anal Prev., 2001 May;33(3):337-44.
Dawson, D., Reid, K., 1997. “Fatigue, alcohol and performance impairment.” Nature 388, 23.
Continuous Hours of
Wakefulness
FAST Effectiveness
Blood Alcohol Concentration
18.5 77 0.05
21 70 0.08
Fatigue as predicted by FAST and the effects of alcohol are not identical.
The effects of fatigue may be compared to the effects of blood alcohol to calibrate the severity of fatigue
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Dashboard InformationAnalysis System Could Report Fatigue Indicators
CriteriaValue at pointin schedule
Flags are fatigue indicators
Content based on fatigue analysis workshop hosted by NTSB and conducted by Drs. Mark Rosekind and David Dinges, funded by FRA Office of Safety.
Sleep (last 24 hrs) Chronic Sleep Debt Hours Awake Time of Day Out of Phase Performance Values
Effectiveness Mean Cognitive Lapse Index Reaction Time Reservoir
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Sources of Uncertainty
Incomplete work/rest history, especially sleep history
Differences in personal sleep physiology Bio-rhythms Sleep need
Other personal factors Health Medications
Inaccuracies in our modeling and analysis
Lack of knowledge about specific changes in behavior
Percent of Error
Actigraphy
Temperature Sensing & GPS
Biomedical recordings
Continuous model improvement
Performance Monitoring
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Trip Plan Editor
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Summary of Effectiveness by Waypoints
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Summary of Duty Periods
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B2 Stealth Bomber
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Lounge Chair Solution for In-flight Naps
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Commercial Interest
Two major airlines The two largest business aviation companies Two large oil companies Five largest freight railroads A dozen electric power companies Fatigue consultants Two foreign governments
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If you would like more information, call…………
Steven R. Hursh, Ph.D.Professor, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine
andScience Applications International Corporation, 301-785-2341
Monitoring Fatigue and Predicting Performance
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Actigraph Recording for Sleep Estimation
Actigraph Recording Device: Records whole body activity and permits inferences about sleep timing, quality and quantity.
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Actigraph and Fatigue Assessment Software (FAST)
Technical Concept• Estimates person’s actual sleep and
circadian rhythm based on non-invasive measurement of activity pattern.
• Data could be transferred to computer for fatigue assessment
• Built-in model could gives user real-time estimate of performance effectiveness.
• Allows user to plan future activities to maximize capability using FAST.
• Gives commanders real-time assessment of fatigue status of entire unit
Actigraph Recording Device FAST Performance Assessment Tool
Current status• Fatigue model sufficiently accurate for
generic applications. • Actigraphy devices are now small, reliable,
and highly sensitive. • Planning tool is available today. Used to
plan military operations and training. Used to estimate fatigue in civilian transportation operations.
• Can accept geographic waypoints during schedule to estimate sunlight and jet lag.
Ambulatory Monitoring, Inc.
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Unit Fatigue Analysis System
Sensors Soldier Computer Unit Level Receiver and Computer Aggregate Analysis
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A B C D E F G H I J
Aggregated analysis across individuals and units.
Permits sort of units by aggregated fatigue score.
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Sample Flight Plan AnalysisNot an Actual Flight Plan
Tokyo SIN BKK PEK HKG HOU
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Tools for Aviation
Waypoints and international airport database Trip Planner Zulu time and world-wide local time Waypoint and critical event effectiveness
summary table Duty period summary table Mission Timeline
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Printable Mission TimelineUser Selectable Features