modelling intellectual processes: the object-orient frbr model

1

Modelling Intellectual Processes: The object-orient FRBR Model

Martin DoerrCenter for Cultural Informatics Institute of Computer Science

Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas

TPDL 2011

Helsinki, Finland June 10, 2012

FRBROO

FRBROO

CIDOC June 10, 2012 2

Outline: Logic of integrating library and museum information The CRM-FRBR Harmonization Project Interpretation of FRBR Group-1 entities A process view of intellectual content creation Container Work and incorporation Identifier creation Conclusions

Outline

FRBROO


Libraries and museums have complementary roles: Libraries document literature in order to facilitate access to it.

Museum objects are referred to and published in literature. Literature describes the museum objects, their context and theories about and related to them. Literature describes subjects that are exemplified or illustrated by museum objects.

Museum documentation classifies and describes museum objects, their context and relevance. It refers to literature. Museums produce regularly literature. Libraries may also produce literature.

Libraries may document and curate rare objects as museums do.

Research needs an integrated view on museum and library information

There was no common conceptual model or machine-readable language to integrate rich museum and library information.

DC is a good format, but often too simple. MARC is detailed, but used only by libraries. There are the models of FRBR, FRAD, FRSAD, CIDOC CRM.

Library and Museum Information

FRBROO


Libraries Museums

Archives

illustrate,exemplify

refer toBooks

Objects, Sites

primary Documents

provide finding aids

are about

document features & context

providefinding aids

contain narrativesmade from

publish

using

SMRs

Epistemology of Integration

document manage

FRBROO


The “Harmonization” Project

2003-2011 of the International Working Group on FRBR/CIDOC CRM Harmonisation:

A collaboration of CIDOC CRM-SIG and the IFLA FRBR Review Group.

To express the IFLA FRBR model with the concepts, ontological methodology and notation conventions provided by the CIDOC CRM.

Reengineering from FRBR text as empirical base, and adaptation of CRM to cover new higher-level abstractions emerging from FRBR ontological interpretation

Produced in 2009 FRBROO

Work is continuing with FRAD (Functional Requirements for Authority Data) and FRSAD (Functional Requirements for Subject Authority Data)

FRBROO


CRM

The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) a core ontology initially aiming at integrating cultural heritage information existing documentation

Innovations:

centre descriptions not around the things, but around the events that connect people, material and immaterial things in space-time.

explicit description of the discourse on relations between identifiers and the identified.

typologies modeled both as classification means and as objects of the cultural-historical discourse.

Lacks: a model of intellectual work

FRBROO


FRBR The Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records (FRBR)

developed 1992-1997 by IFLA (now being complemented by the Functional Requirements for (Subject) Authority Data (FRAD/FRSAD)

A core ER model to integrate library objects by content relation : 4+6 Entities, 97 attributes, 34 relationships

Based on new requirement to make derivation/intellectual relations/equivalences accessible to bibliographic access/search?

Might result in a new library practice

Innovations:

Definition of stages/ abstraction levels of intellectual products: Work, Expression, Manifestation, Item (precise distinctions debated for many years).

Clusters publications and items around the notion of derivation and common conceptual origin across stages / abstraction levels.

Lacks: any explicit notion of the processes behind.

FRBROO


FRBR : Abstraction Levels

Work

Expression

Manifestation

Item

has part

is realized through(is a realization of)

has part

is embodied in(is the embodiment of )

has part

is exemplified by(exemplifies )

has part

has a complementhas a successorhas a summaryhas a supplementhas a transformationhas adaptationhas an imitation

“a distinct intellectual or artistic creation…there is no single material object one can point to as the work...”

“the intellectual or artistic realization of a work in the form of alpha-numeric, musical, or choreographic

notation, sound, image, object, movement, etc”

“the physical embodiment of an expression of a work…all the physical objects that bear the same

characteristics……may be only a single physical exemplar…”

“a single exemplar of a manifestation...”

has a complementhas a successorhas a summaryhas a supplementhas a transformationhas adaptationhas an imitation

FRBROO


Conception of FRBROO

The CIDOC Conceptual Reference Model (CRM) is an ontology of a material and phenomenological view of the past in terms of discrete things

and processes in a human-centric, mesoscopic scale It provides an explanation of concepts and statements appearing in

documentation, not a theory of the world example: we need not decide whether an object carries information or not, we need

to decide what it means that someone says it carries this particular information…. As long as memory institutions and researchers document things without

explicit representation of things like “zeitgeist” and telepathy, intellectual relations are mediated by material processes only.

This phenomenological view constrains intellectual content, processes and communication.

Therefore the CRM view is in principle suited as superontology for FRBROO

FRBROO


Conception of FRBROO

Scope of FRBROO: processes creating and mediating content, evidence of content, inferred abstraction of content (expression => work!)

Innovations: Theory of identifying immaterial objects Connecting material and intellectual production (“externalization”) Explicating the publication work (publishing houses, graphics designers,

illustrators) Coherent theory of performances, content and recordings A new intellectual content relationship: “incorporation” ! Adaptation of CRM:

(Information Object => Propositional /Symbolic divide) Identifier definition & construction (librarians have the best models of identifiers!)

FRBROO


Interpretation of Work / Expression Concepts

F1 Work

F15 Complex Work F14 Individual Work

R1 is logical successor of(has successor)

R2 is derivative of(has derivative)

R10 has member(is member of)

E89 Propositional Object The substance of Work is propositions (the “ideas”).Only through the comprehension of the propositions is derivation possible!

Individual Work: A self-contained set of concepts (“completed”)

Complex Work: Coherent set of Individual Works Continuation (possibly by others), derivatives,

complements, alternatives, translations!

The substance of Expression is signs (the “text”). The kinds of signs/features that identify an Expression

depend on the function.

Self-Contained Expression: Evidence of Individual Work “Complete” – either according to the author or unfinished.

Expression Fragment: Any piece, in relation to the whole.

F2 Expression

F22 Self Contained Expression

F23 Expression Fragment

R5 has component(is component of)

R14 incorporates(is incorporated in)

E73 Information Object

R15 has fragment (is fragment of)

R3 is realized in(realizes)

FRBROO


Clarification of Manifestation Concepts

Item Manifestation

Singleton

F3 Manifestation Product Type

E55 Type

E24 Physical Man-Made StuffE84 Information Carrier

immaterial

material

Manifestation Product Type is a class of like items (the publication) Note the polysemy of an industrial

product type and the information content which is part of its features!

An Item is single exemplar of a Manifestation Product Type

A Manifestation Singleton is an “original”. It may be a feature (e.g. inscription)

F2 Expression

R4 comprises carriers of

R7 is example of(has example)

P128 carries (is carried by)

FRBROO


ISBN:960-86830-0-9

F5 Item

E19 Physical Object F3 Manifestation Product Type

E60 Number

CLP57 should have number of parts

P57 has number of parts

Individual copies

Inherits from E19 Physical Object:P57 has number of parts

2

CPL57 should have number of parts

P57 has number of parts

“R7 is example of” = instances

R7 is e

xam

ple

of

(has

exa

mple

)

Items are seen as instances of a particular Manifestation Product Type.

This is simulated by property R7

1 3 …2 n

Manifestation Product Type - a Metaclass !

E55 Type

instances

Metaclasses

particulars

FRBROO


The Process View: “Externalization”

Work conception Expression creation

Work elaboration

produces a work

produces an idea Produces (simultaneously) anExpression and a Manifestation-Singleton

F28 Expression Creation

F27 Work Conception

F1 Work

E39 Actor

E52 Time

E53 Place

F2 ExpressionF4 Manifestation Singleton

R16 initiated (was initiated by)

P14 carried out by

(performed)

P4 has time-span(is time-span of)

P7…

R17 created(was created by)

R18 created (was created by)

P4…

P7 took place at(witnessed)

P14 carried out by(performed)

R19 created a realisation of(was realised through)

time

FRBROO


The Externalization

E28 Conceptual

Object

E84 Information

Carrier

E24 Physical

Man-Made Thing

E65 Creation

E12 Production


F2 Expression

F22 Self Contained Expression


F4 ManifestationSingleton

F14 Individual Work

F15 Complex Work

F1 Work

F5 Item

F3 Manifestation Production Type

F32 Carrier Production

EventR19 created a realization of

(was realised through)

R9 is realised in (realises)


R4 carriers provided by (comprises carriers of)

R7 is example of (has example)


R28 produced (was produced by)

A Causal Interpretation of FRBR

FRBROO


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Publication Work - An Identity Crisis

Publisher’s Level

F14 Individual Work

F22 Self-Contained Expression

F19 Publication Work

F24 Publication Expression

F32 Carrier Production EventF5 Item

F4 Manifestation Singleton

F15 Complex Work

“Oliver Twist” Ideas

“Oliver Twist” Version

“Oliver Twist” Text

“Oliver Twist” Manuscript

“Oliver Twist” Publication Concept

“Oliver Twist”Publication content

“Oliver Twist” Publication

“Oliver Twist”Printing

“Oliver Twist” 20th Book

R3 is realized in(realises)

R3 is realized in(realises)

CLR6 should carry(should be carried by)


R28 produced(was produced by

R27 used as source material(was used by)


Author’s Level

F30 Publication Event

“Oliver Twist” published!

R24 created(was created through)

R26 produced things of type(was produced by)

R14 incorporates(is incorporated in)

P128 carries(is carried by)

F3 Manifestation-Product Type

R23 created a realization of (was realized through)

FRBROO


Creation View: A Design Pattern

F5 ItemR28 produced (was

produced by)

R18 created (was created by) F28 Expression Creation R17 created

(was created by)



F32 Carrier Production Event

R14 incorporates (is incorporated in)

F2 Expression

Activities Conceptual Objects

F27 Work Conception F1 WorkR16 initiated(was initiated by)


Physical Objects






R27 used as source material (was used by)



Identifiable Forms of immaterial objects

F33 Reproduction EventE84 Information Carrier

R29 reproduced (was reproduced by)

R30 produced (was produced by)

CLR6 should carry (should be carried by)

F27 Work ConceptionR16 initiated

(was initiated by)

R3 is realised in (realises)P16 used specific object

(was used for)

FRBROO


Equivalence Physical - Electronic Publishing Physical Publishing

Electronic Publishing


F32 Carrier Production Event F5 Item

CLR6 should carry(should be carried by)


R27B was used by (used as source material)


“Result of an industrial process”

R28 produced(was produced by)


makes accessible: “how to produce”

“copy on localcarrier”


R6 carries (is carried by)

E29 Design or Procedure

P16 used specific object (was used for)

P94 has created (was created by)

makes accessible: “how to download”

F3 Manifestation-Product Type


F32 Carrier Production Event F5 Item

R27B was used by(used as source material)


R28 produced(was produced by)


R6 carries(is carried by)


P94 has created (was created by)


FRBROO



R22 realised (was realised through)

R12 is realised in (realises) R21 created

(was created by)





R20 recorded(was recorded though)

R25 performed (was performed in)




F16 Container Work


R2 is derivative of (has derivative)


Performing Arts : An “Added Value” Chain


F15 Complex Work

“Henry IV ” Idea

F15 Complex Work

“Henry IV part 1 ” Idea

F15 Complex Work

“Henry IV part 2 ” Idea

F15 Complex Work

“Henry IV part 1 ” Idea Adaptation

F20 Performance Work

“Henry IV part 1 ” Idea of mise-en-scene

F21 Recording Work

“Henry IV part 1 ” Idea ofrecording


Adaptation of Henry IV part 1 action


Henry IV part 1 mise-en-scene action

F25 Performance Plan

Henry IV part 1 “mise-en-scène” guidelines

F29 Recording Event

Recording Performance

25/12/07 action

F31 Performance

Performance 25/12/07 action


Henry IV part 1 Adaptation Text

F26 Recording

Henry IV part 1 Play 25/12/07

DVD

FRBROO


F20 Performance Work


F21 Recording Work

F26 Recording




F31 Performance

R25 performed (was performed in)

F29 Recording Event

R22 realised(was realised through)



F2 Expression


COLLOCATION!

R20 recorded(was recorded though)

Participants may write up other memories

(performances may not be recorded)

Activities Conceptual ObjectsPhysical Objectsidentifiable forms of immaterial objects



P11 had participant (participated in)

E39 Actors

E53 Place

P7 took place at (witnessed)

P7 took place at (witnessed)


P128 carries (is carried by)



Performance View: A Design Pattern

FRBROO




F16 Container Work

Container Work Example: A Journal Volume


“ERCIM vol. May 2011 ”




Special Theme Text



P148 has component (is component of)



project1 Text


project2 Text


project3 Text


editorial Text…………….



F17 Aggregation Work

“Special Theme ”


“Special Theme ”




F14 Individual Work






R14

inco

rpo

rate

s (i

s in

corp

ora

ted

in)


F18 Serial Work

“ERCIM News ”

FRBROO


The collected expressions are integral part of the containing expression

The works of the collected expressions do not become part of the container work

Expression of Work X

Expression of Work Y

F16 Container Work

<Additional Expr.>

Expression of Work X

Expression of Work Y

Overall Expression

Work X Work Y

R3 is realised in(realises)

R14 is incorporated in



R14 is incorporated in

Container Work and Incorporation

P148 has component (is component of)

FRBROO


Specializations of Work and Expression

F21 Recording Work

F1 Work

F15 Complex Work

F14 Individual Work

F20 Performance WorkF16 Container Work

F18 Serial Work

F17 Aggregation Work


E89 Propositional Object

E90 Symbolic Object

E73 Information Object


F2 ExpressionF22 Self-Contained

Expression


F26 Recording


E42 IdentifierF13 Identifier

E41 AppellationF12 Name


FRBROO

CIDOC June 10, 2012 2424

E7 Activity

E1 CRM Entity

E39 ActorP14 carried out by

(performed)

P1 is identified by (identifies)

Generalization

property

E15 Identifier AssignmentF40 Identifier Assignment

E41 AppellationF12 Name

E42 IdentifierF13 Identifier

P37 assigned (was assigned by)R46 assigned (was assigned by)


P38 deassigned (was deassigned by)

P142 used constituent (was used in)R47 used constituent (was used in)

R45 assigned to (was assigned by)

F43 Identifier Rule

R52 used rule (was the rule used in

P33 used specific technique(was used by)

E13 Attribute AssignmentP140 assigned attribute to (was attributed by)

E90 Symbolic Object

P106 is composed of (forms part of)

R8 consists of(forms part of)

Improving CRM: Identifier Assignment

Adaptations of the CRM

FRBROO


How to identify an Expression, a Work?

F42 Representative Expression Assignment

F1 Work

F2 Expression


F4 Manifestation-Singleton

F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment

R42 is representative manifestation singleton for (has representative manifestation-singleton)

R41 has representative manifestation product type(is representative manifestation product type for)

F44 Bibliographic Agency

R43 carried out by

(performed)

R50 assign to(was assigned by)

R49 assigned

(was assigned by)

R44 carried out by

(performed)

R51 assigned

(was assigned by)

R48 assigned to

(was assigned by)

R53 assigned(was assigned by)

R4 carriers provided by (comprises carriers of)

F22 Self-ContainedExpression


R15 is fragment of(has fragment)

E39 Actor E13 Attribute Assignment

F15 Complex Work


R40 has representative expression (is representative expression of)

R10 has member (is member of)

FRBROO


E65 Creation


E12 Production


F32 Reproduction Event

F33 Carrier production Event

E63 Beginning of Existence

F27 Work Conception

E7 Activity

E11 Modification

E83 Type Creation

E13 Attribute Assignment

F42 Representative Expression Assignment

F41 Representative Manifestation Assignment

F40 Identifier Assignment

E15 Identifier Assignment

F31 Performance

F29 Recording Event

E5 Event

Summary of new Activity Concepts

FRBROO


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Results summary

Applications: Introduces FRBR to Europeana (extremely light-weighted!!) European Projects

CASPAR 3D-COFORM\

and others…..

Links: http://cidoc.ics.forth.gr

FRBROO


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conclusions

Ongoing work: Integrating conceptualization of FRAD (Authority Data), FRSAD

(subjects) – being submitted to IFLA as FRBROO 2.0

New concepts:

Name Use Statement = prescribing the use of a “Nomen” for a “Thema”, audience and a validity period

Name Use Activity = historical reference to the use of a “Nomen” for a “Thema” by some Actors in a particular role or context

Floruit = period of Activity of an Actor in some subject area

FRBROO


The FRBR - CRM Harmonization Conclusions

The combined model CRM – FRBROO:

Is a coherent model of museum and library conceptualization

On one side enriches the CIDOC CRM with notions of the stages of intellections creation and refines its model of identifiers and the associated discourse.

On the other side, it makes available to FRBR the general model of historical events of the CRM.

clarifies and makes explicit many notions more vaguely specified in FRBR

Ongoing work: Integrating conceptualization of FRAD (Authority Data), FRSAD

(subjects) – being submitted to IFLA as FRBROO 2.0