modelling the energy resource for buildings and the use of ... · assessing the energy demand and...

Assessing the energy demand and optimum

integration of renewable energy following

the 3E concept for sustainable development

2 December 2018

Eur Ing Dr Aymeric Girard, Ceng MCIBSE

National Library of Kuwait – Kuwait City, Kuwait

Agenda

Overview of current and future trends

Research aims

Methodology

Experiments and simulations

Results

The number of renewable energy jobs worldwide reached 10.3 million in 2017 (a 5.3% annual increase).

IRENA Annual Review 2018

Overview on the current and future trends

Renewable Energy is not new! For example, Solar Power first became cost effective in the 1950s and 1960s.

2179 GWGlobal Renewable Generation

Capacity at the end of 2017

8.3%Growth of renewable capacity

during 2017


Key Factors for growth in Renewables

• Reduction in costs for wind and solar energy as well as tax incentives have made renewable energy a more cost effective business.

• Countries without large amounts of natural resources struggle with fossil fuel price volatility and an insecure supply of fossil fuels.

• As concerns over climate change have continued to rise, countries and companies have made large pushes toward sustainable forms of energy.

• Developing countries are building their energy systems using modern renewable technologies thus ensuring energy security

European Energy Centre and West Munroe Partners, 2018


Impacts of using renewable energy solutions

Environmental Generating energy with no net contributions to global greenhouse gas and reduces overall air and water pollution. Nevertheless, renewables have some negative environmental impacts such as land use and habitat loss, as well as use of hazardous materials in manufacturing

Increased Employment

Renewable energy provides a significant—and growing—number of skilled jobs along the whole supply chain, primarily in installations and operations and maintenance (O&M). According to IRENA there were 10.3 million renewable energy jobs worldwide in 2017, 786,000 of which were in United States. More than 80% of all US wind capacity is located in low-income rural counties

Economic Development

Deployment of renewable energy provides an opportunity to expand a region’s skill base, boost its industrial development and support societies’ broad developmental priorities. In the developing world renewable technologies provide an alternative to costly electric infrastructure expansion or off-grid diesel generators.

Diversifying Energy Supply

The use of renewable energy reduces dependence on imported fuels. Certain types of renewable energy systems are highly scalable and modular thus enabling wider adoption as a distributed energy resource.



Global New Investment in Renewable energy by technology



Renewables are outpacing other sources of electricity



2018 Report of the Global Commission on the economy and climatehttps://newclimateeconomy.report/2018/key-findings/

• The next few years are a critical period, which will influence investment and policy development for the next 10 – 15 years.

• The report states that areas of priority for urgent action include:• Accelerating investment in sustainable infrastructure, by integrating national

growth strategies, investment plans and institutional structures.

• Using the power of the private sector to drive innovation

• Ensuring a people-centred approach, to support economic diversification and development, as well as the creation of quality employment opportunities.

• The dissemination of knowledge and skills in the sector is a vital part of meeting these targets.


https://newclimateeconomy.report/2018/key-findings/

Grid Edge Innovation: Technologies, Business Models and the Future of Demand Flexibility – July 2018


What’s missing to promote solar energy

•Importance of industrial projects impact on CO2 emissions compared to public, residential and commercial

•No tool available

•Information is disjointed

Existing low carbon projects

Existing design tools

Key role of consultants

Guide to sustainability

Legislation

Low carbon design and living

Low or Zero carbon Energy Sources (LZCES)

Networks cities, countries, continents

The research aimsDevelopment of a decision making tool

• Problem

– Difficulty to make informed choices about integrating

Low or Zero Carbon Energy Sources (LZCES) into

new or refurbished buildings

• Aim

– Develop a decision making tool enabling the rapid

selection of optimum combination of LZCES -

Integrated Renewable Energy Planner (IREP)

The research aimsAssess the energy demand versus resources

• Problem:– Difficulty to analyse the Building Energy Demand Estimation

(BEDE) and assess the on site Low or Zero Carbon Energy

Resource (LZCER) potential

• Aims– Develop a transient thermal macro-model able to compare

performances and indoor temperature variation in different

types of building under field conditions for passive solar air

heating.

– Develop a steady state analysis macro model able to:– compare the energy output of solar photovoltaic, wind turbine, rainwater

harvesting using successive linear regression, LOOKUP function, single,

double or triple interpolation

– estimate the energy output of ground source heat pump, tri generation and

biomass heater using multiple linear interpolation, five dimensional

interpolation, LINEST function

– compare performances and temperature variation in different types of

solar water heaters.

Combine the LZCES and make best selection

• Problem:

– Difficulty to combine Low or Zero Carbon Energy

Sources (LZCES) and make best selection to match

the Building Energy Demand Estimation (BEDE)

• Aims

– Develop a combination macro model able to

combine LZCES and make best selection to match

the BEDE following 3 criteria : Energy (kWh),

Environment (kg of CO2), and Economy (£)

– Show the integration of LZCES into buildings and

their potential benefits for owners.

The research aims

Software principle

Avoidance of

environmental impact

Improvement of

environmental

protection

Promote environmental

responsibility with

partners and

employees

Improvement of capital

cost

Indicators

Reduction of

CO2 emissions

Ventilation

Heating

Cooling

Hot water

Cold water

Lighting

Selection of fuel &

energy types

Energy efficient

controls

Sustainability Strategy

Site analysis

Building orientation

Passive design measures

Natural daylight

Glazing design

Solar shading

Enhanced U-Values

Enhanced air tightness

Heat recovery

REDUCE ENERGY

DEMAND

COMBINATION OF

DIFFERENT LZCES

ENABLE

ENERGY

MANAGEMENT

Solar Water Heaters (SWH)

Wind Turbines (WT)

PhotoVoltaics (SPV)

Biomass heating (BioH)

Ground Source Heat Pump

(GSHP)

Tri-generation - TriG (gas

fired CHP & absorption

cooling)

RainWater Harvesting (RWH)

Passive Solar Air Heating

(PSAH)

Combination of LZCES

Energy, Environment

and Economy

Assessment

Energy mix

Hybrid systems

Biomass heating and

absorption cooling

Biomass and CHP

Biomass and SWH

SWH and GSHP

Energy metering

Data analysis

Reporting via BMS

Integrated building

design

Optimum system

selection

Energy source Energy

management

Energy

combination

Missing information

SUPPLY FROM LZCE

SOURCES

MEET END USE

DEMAND

EFFICIENTLY

Feasibility study Concept stage finish

Scheme design + Detail design

DeliveryConcept stage

LZCE Resources

Equations of each (Steady state /

transient thermal)

Delivered LZCE

LZCE Sources

LZCE Sources simulation

Monthly graphical analysis

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Cooling demand

Cooling Tri Gen

Cooling Gshp

Cooling combined

En

erg

y d

em

an

d a

nd

ge

ne

rate

d (

kW

h)

En

erg

y d

em

an

d a

nd

ge

ne

rate

d (

kW

h)

Cooling demand and RE generated

Month

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Demand SWH Biomass

GSHP GSHP Biomass

Heating demand and RE generated

En

erg

y d

em

an

d a

nd

ge

ne

rate

d (

kW

h)

Month

Monthly graphical analysis

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Ele

ctr

ica

l e

ne

rgy g

en

era

ted

(k

Wh

)

Month

Electrical demand versus generatedElectric Demand Electric wind

Electric PV Electric both

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Wa

ter

de

ma

nd

an

d h

arv

es

ted

Month

Water demand versus harvested demand harvested

n !

Ck = n * Ck =

k ! * (n - k) !

Best combination assessment

n = number of LZCES available

k = group size

Example: n = 4 LZCES (a, b, c, d), k = 2 at a time

4C2= 4! / ( 2! x (4-2)!) = (4 x 3 x 2 x1) / (2 x 1 x 2 x 1) = 6 combinations

Possible combinations: ab, ac, ad, bc, bd, dc

If the group size= 20 and number of LZCES = 50 then

number of combinations : 50C20 = 47 x 1012

n

Case study

Combination assessment: Determine the optimum

Energy, Economy and Environment option

Design parameters: 5 days, 10hours per day, 50 weeks a year, electrical power factor 0.95, heating and cooling usage factor 0.5

Electrical demand: 810kW means 1925 MWh adding 20% spare capacity 2310 MWh

Heating demand: 3305kW means 4130 MWh

Cooling demand: 3420kW means 4300 MWh

Water demand: 4m^3

Total building footprint: 3370m^2

Total land footprint: 600x200=120000m^2

Occupant: 500 people

1050 m^2

1050 m^2

450 m^2 of PV

Solar atrium

400 m^2 of PV

Software results

Input indexbds

Building demandsolar water heater

g ground source HPt tri generationb BiomassElectricalp photovoltaicWaterr Rain water harvesting

Financial display of PV

25years - End of PV

system life and FIT

agreement

Years

Cost (£k)

Theoretical life period

Integrated

Renewable

Energy

Assessment

THANK YOU

[email protected]

Any questions ?

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