modern african history

8/8/2019 Modern African History

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Om~mlu Hframu

hframuDg}&mb}>48= Smzjkm

Kijm @k}~z? R} >?44,:?44 ) Smb 84?44,88?44

Rma& 092,4448

Efr~kb}jrekf rk Jk}~zm

Smajklm rk Lkbm~f Hi~ejhf @ezrk~u( Rèz jk}~zm seaa jkym~ r`m

yhzr jkfrefmfr }zefc nkr` h r`mlhrej hfb j`~kfkakcejha ikj}z&

Sm seaa bezj}zz r`m jkakfeha amchju ki M}~ktmhf ~}am! Hi~ejhf

~mzezrhfjm! r m efbmtmfbmfjm lkymlmfr hfb mh~au hirm~lhr`! hz smaa hz t~mzmfr bhu j`haamfcmz hfb

mptmjrhrekfz& Ef jkfo}fjrekf ser` r`m èzrk~ejha gfksambcm nhzm! rèz jk}~zm seaa bmha ser` r`m smzrm~f

lmbeh tm~jmtrekf ki Hi~ejh! bezj}zzefc erz elthjr ef nkr` r`m thzr hfb t~mzmfr& S~erefc hfb c~k}t sk~g

hzzecflmfrz seaa mlt`hzem bmymaktefc zgeaaz }zmb nu @ezrk~ehfz ef r`me~ bheau sk~g sèam t~kyebefc

kttk~r}feru ik~ lk~m ef,bmtr` hfhauzez& Nu hfhauefc h yh~emru ki zk}~jmz hfb yemstkefrz! Smzrm~f hz

smaa hz Hi~ejhf! rèz jk}~zm seaa ècàec`r r`m beym~zm fhr}~m ki Hi~ejh hfb erz jeremfz&

Hzzecfmb Rmprz

Hb} H& Nkh`mf, Hi~ejhf Tm~ztmjreymz kf Jkakfehaezl

Jkaef Amc}l,Hi~ejh Zefjm Efbmtmfbmfjm

E z}ccmzr n}uefc r`mzm rmprz hz zkkf hz uk} jhf! hz r`m nkkgzrk~m seaa zmaa nhjg }f}zmb jktemz nhjg rk r`m

t}naez`m~ nu leb,zmlmzrm~& E seaa t}r nkr` rmprz kf ~mzm~ym! hyheahnam ik~ rsk `k}~ j`mjgk}r! umr E

jh}rekf hfu zr}bmfr s`k sherz rkk akfc rk jkltamrm r`m

~mhbefc hzzecflmfr& Sèam E `hym r~emb rk gmmt mhj` bhuz

~mhbefc hzzecflmfr }fbm~ :4 thcmz! t}rrefc kii r`m

~mhbefc jhf x}ejgau mzjhahrm efrk hf bh}frefc lk}frhef ki

sk~bz&

Sm seaa hazk nm ~mhbefc h zmamjrekf ki hjhbmlej ok}~fha

h~rejamz r`~k}c`k}r r`m zmlmzrm~& R`mzm ~mhbefcz h~m

akjhrmb kf nahjgnkh~b! }fbm~ r`m Hzzecflmfrz ikabm~&J`mjg r`m ~mhbefcz aezr ik~ h~rejamz fhlm hfb h}r`k~!

akjhrmb hr r`m mfb ki rèz zuaahn}z& ^mhbefc ez r`m

aeimnakkb ki rèz jahzz, er immbz fkr kfau jahzz bezj}zzekf

n}r hazk uk}~ ksf j~erejha rèfgefc zgeaaz& Sèam zklm

jkltkfmfrz ki rèz jk}~zm ~mx}e~m be~mjr amjr}~m! rèz jahzz

ez zr}bmfr jmfrm~mb hfb ~mx}e~mz uk}~ eft}r ef k~bm~ rk nm

z}jjmzzi}a& Ef k~bm~ rk hjjkltaez` rèz! tamhzm zrhu kf rkt

Lkbm~f Hi~ejhf @ezrk~u


Lkbm~f Hi~ejhf @ezrk~u Ihaa >440( 8
mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]


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ki uk}~ ~mhbefcz hfb n~efc h jktu ki hfu rmpr hzzecfmb rk jahzz& Ihea}~m rk bk zk seaa fmchreymau elthjr

uk}~ th~rejethrekf c~hbm&

C~hbmb Jkltkfmfrz ik~ rèz Jk}~zm

^mhjrekf Thtm~z : rkrha% 84-

Lmbeh Nakc 84-

C~k}t T~komjr >4-

Ef,jahzz Lebrm~l >=-

Rhgm @klm Iefha >=-

Hrrmfbhfjm+Th~rejethrekf 84-

R`~mm relmz r`~k}c`k}r r`m zmlmzrm~! uk} seaa s~erm ~mhjrekf thtm~z kf x}mzrekfz hzzecfmb& R`mzm

thtm~z seaa hzg uk} rk ~myems h èzrk~ejha sk~g! hfhauefc r`m h~c}lmfr hfb myebmfjm t~kyebmb! hz smaa hz

z}~ymu r`m hjhbmlej ok}~fhaz ~mamyhfr rk Hi~ejhf èzrk~u! zmamjrefc h~rejamz r`hr ikj}z kf kfm ztmjej

Hi~ejhf fhrekf& R`m thtm~z z`k}ab nm fk akfcm~ r`hf ym thcmz! hfb h~m b}m! cmfm~haau! rsk smmgz

nmik~m r`m mfb ki h }fer& J`mjg r`m Bheau Zj`mb}am zmjrekf ki rèz zuaahn}z ik~ mphjr bhrmz& R`m ckha

ik~ rèz sk~g ez rk amh~f hfb t~hjrejm hfhaurejha rèfgefc hfb s~erefc zgeaaz }zmb ef r`m èzrk~ejha jkfrmpr&

S`hr lhgmz h ckkb ezrk~ejha sk~g; @ks h~m èzrk~ejha sk~gz t~kb}jmb; S`hr ez r`m nehz ki r`m

h}r`k~ k~ r`m myebmfjm t~mzmfrmb; Amjr}~mz ef r`m nmceffefc ki r`m zmlmzrm~ ! hakfc ser` h ztmjeha r~et

tahffmb ik~ r`m aen~h~u! seaa t~kyebm r`m mptahfhrekf hfb nhjgc~k}fb fmjmzzh~u rk z}jjmzzi}aau

hjjkltaez` r`mzm rhzgz&

Kfm ki r`m lhef r`mlmz sm seaa ikj}z kf ef rèz jk}~zm ez r`m shu r`m smzrm~f lmbeh tk~r~huz Hi~ejh&

R`~k}c`k}r r`m zmlmzrm~! zr}bmfrz seaa nm hzgmb rk j~mhrm h Lmbeh Nakc}zefc Nakccm~ k~ hfu kr`m~

zeleah~ zm~yejm r`m zr}bmfr fbz jklik~rhnam%! jkltkzmb ki h~rejamz hfb t`krkc~ht`z i~kl smzrm~f

lmbeh zk}~jmz& J~mhrekf ki h nakccefc hjjk}fr! hz smaa hz i}~r`m~ mptaefhrekf ki r`m Lmbeh Nakc

hzzecflmfr! seaa nm jkym~mb kf r`m bhu sm rhgm k}~ r~et rk r`m Aen~h~u& Mhj` mfr~u fmmbz rk `hym h aefg

rk r`m zrk~u k~ tejr}~m bezj}zzmb! hz smaa hz h s~errmf ~mhjrekf nu r`m zr}bmfr& Hr r`m mfb ki r`m zmlmzrm~

sm seaa bezj}zz uk}~ knzm~yhrekfz&

C~k}t t~komjrz lh~g r`m mfb ki mhj` }fer& Zr}bmfrz seaa nm hzzecfmb ~hfbkl zmamjrekf% efrk c~k}tz ki

ik}~ k~ ym hfb hzgmb rk t~kb}jm h :4 lef}rm t~mzmfrhrekf kym~ hf hzzecfmb rktej& Mhj` c~k}t seaa kfau

t~mzmfr kfjm& R`mzm t~komjrz h~m jmfrm~mb h~k}fb r`m r`mlm ki mhj` }fer! t~kyebefc h jhtzrkfm ki

ezz}mz hfb mymfrz jkym~mb& T~mzmfrhrekfz z`k}ab efja}bm h tksm~tkefr t~mzmfrhrekf! efjk~tk~hrekf ki

l}arelmbeh zk}~jmz! hfb jkfr~en}rekfz i~kl mhj` lmlnm~ ki r`m c~k}t& H thtm~ z}llh~u ki r`m c~k}t

t~komjr! fk lk~m r`hf mec`r thcmz% z`k}ab hazk hjjklthfu r`m t~mzmfrhrekf& C~k}t T~komjrz seaa nm

myha}hrmb ef h r`~mm,rem~mb lhffm~! efjk~tk~hrefc eft}r i~kl r`m efzr~}jrk~! c~k}t tmm~z! hfb zr}bmfrz

ef r`m jahzz& Lk~m efik~lhrekf seaa nm t~kyebmb kf zmth~hrm `hfbk}rz&

Efr~kb}jrekf rk Jkfym~zhrekfha I~mfj`


Lkbm~f Hi~ejhf @ezrk~u Ihaa >440( >


3/6

R`m lebrm~l seaa nm ceymf ef jahzz! ~ec`r nmik~m Ihaa N~mhg& Er seaa jkfrhef zklm z`k~r ebmfrejhrekf

x}mzrekfz! hz smaa hz mzzhu rktejz r`hr mfjklthzz r`m r`mlmz zr}bemb ef r`m ~zr `hai ki r`m zmlmzrm~&Lk~m efik~lhrekf seaa nm t~kyebmb kf h `hfbk}r hz sm htt~khj` r`m rmzr bhrm&

Uk}~ fha seaa nm rhgm,`klm! ser` h bmzecf zeleah~ rk r`m lebrm~l& R`m mzzhu tk~rekf seaa jkym~ r`mlmz

bmymaktmb kym~ r`m zmjkfb `hai ki r`m zmlmzrm~ hfb r`m mfre~m jk}~zm& Uk} seaa nm hnam rk j`kkzm i~kl

hlkfc zmym~ha x}mzrekfz t~mzmfrmb hfb hzgmb rk s~erm kf rsk ki r`ml& Mzzhuz z`k}ab nm fk lk~m r`hf

ym thcmz ef amfcr`! ser` h rkrha ik~ nkr` fkr rk mpjmmb rmf thcmz& Hz ser` r`m lebrm~l! lk~m

efik~lhrekf seaa ikaaks hz sm htt~khj` r`m fha smmgz ki jahzz&

Hrrmfbhfjm seaa nm rhgmf hr ~hfbkl efrm~yhaz r`~k}c`k}r r`m zmlmzrm~& Hf hnzmfjm! ser`k}r h ik~lha

fkrm! jk}frz hz }fmpj}zmb& Ei h zr}bmfr gfksz r`mu seaa nm hnzmfr! r`mu z`k}ab bezj}zz ser` lm r`m

mymfr hfb sm jhf sk~g zklmr`efc k}r& Bk fkr zget jahzz( Zefjm sm lmmr kfau rsejm h smmg! lezzefckfm jahzz seaa `hym h bmr~elmfrha miimjr kf uk}~ c~hbm hfb uk}~ }fbm~zrhfbefc ki r m lhrm~eha& Ei uk}

`hym hfu x}mzrekfz k~ jkfjm~fz hnk}r hnzmfjmz! tamhzm jkfrhjr k~ lmmr ser` lm hfb sm jhf zmrram hfu

ezz}mz uk} lec`r `hym&

Hakfc ser` hf hrrmfbhfjm c~hbm! zr}bmfrz seaa nm lh~gmb ik~ r`me~ th~rejethrekf ef jahzz bezj}zzekfz&

N~efcefc r`m hzzecfmb ~mhbefc rk jahzz jk}frz hz th~rejethrekf( Hr r`m mfb ki mym~u smmg! uk} seaa nm

~mx}e~mb rk tkzr kf r`m bezj}zzekf nkh~b akjhrmb kf Nahjgnkh~b% kfm x}mzrekf k~ efrm~mzrefc ihjr uk}

}fjkym~mb ef r`m ~mhbefc& Sm seaa bezj}zz r`mzm knzm~yhrekfz hr r`m nmceffefc ki mym~u smmg! r`m~mik~m

haa mfr~emz rk r`m nahjgnkh~b fmmb rk nm tkzrmb nu 0 tl kf Z}fbhu&

Bheau Zj`mb}am ) Hzzecfmb ^mhbefcz

Zmjrekf Kfm? R`m Jkakfeha Amchju

H}c}zr >8zr? Efr~kb}jrekfz, mptmjrhrekfz ki jahzz! ~mhbefc ki zuaahn}z! bezj}zzekf kiHi~ejhf tm~jmtrekf ef Smzr& Ef jahzz ~mhbefc? mzzhu kf c~hfrh&jkl @ks rk S~ermHnk}r Hi~ejh& ^mhb Nkh`mf 8,>9&

H}c}zr >9r`? Jkakfehaezl, s`hr sm~m r`m ~mhzkfz hfb ckhaz M}~ktmhf fhrekfz bmze~mbik~ r`m Hi~ejhf Jkfrefmfr; @ks beb r`m yh~ek}z zrhrm zuzrmlz beiim~; Bezj}zzekf kym~

s`hr lhgmz @ezrk~u hfb `ks `ezrk~ehfz jkfzr~}jr r`me~ sk~g& ^mhb Nkh`mf >3,=3&

H}c}zr >0r`? mhb Nkh`mf =0,5:&

Zmtrmlnm~ >fb? Ck kym~ aen~h~u yezer ik~ fmpr jahzz& Bezj}zz nmceffefc ki Lmbeh Nakchzzecflmfr&

Zmtrmlnm~ 2r`? Aen~h~u Bhu, lmmr hr Shrzkf ik~ rk}~ ki kf,aefm hfb t~efr ~mzk}~jmz&^mhb Nkh`mf 52,88>&



Lkbm~f Hi~ejhf @ezrk~u Ihaa >440( :


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Zmtrmlnm~ 5r`? Bezj}zz Nkh`mfz sk~g, s`hr ez `ez h~c}lmfr! myebmfjm! nehz; IE^ZR^MHJREKF THTM^ B]M&

Zmtrmlnm~ 88r`? MFB KI ZMJREKF KFM& C^K]T KFM T^MZMFRHREKF&N~mhgbksf ki Lmbeh Nakc mfr~emz hjj}l}ahrmb&

( Zmjrekf Rsk? Zr~}ccam ) Nmceffefc ki EfbmtmfbmfjmZmtrmlnm~ 89r`? H bezj}zzekf kym~ r`m ~mzezrhfjm rmj`fex}mz }zmb nu r`m Hi~ejhftkt}ahrekf& ^mhb Lh~efh Zhfrk~} Jkakfeha Ebmh ki Sklmf hfb Be~mjr Efrm~ymfrekf?R`m Lh} Lh} Jhzm&

Zmtrmlnm~ 80r`? Bezj}zzekf kf r`m n~mhg bksf ki N~erez` Jkakfeha ^}am& S`hrt~mzz}~mz ef}mfjmb r`m bmjezekf ik~ c~hfrefc efbmtmfbmfjm; S`hr j`haamfcmz aem efzrk~m ik~ r`m fms fhrekfz;

Zmtrmlnm~ >:~b? Bezj}zzekf kf r`m n~mhg bksf ki I~mfj` Jkakfeha }am& @ks beb r`mI~mfj` jhzmz beiim~ k~ jklth~m rk r`kzm mptm~emfjmb nu r`m N~erez`; ^mhb L& HffmTerj`m~ I~kl Jkm~jekf rk Efjmfreymz&

Zmtrmlnm~ >=r`? Bezj}zzekf kf r`m n~mhg bksf ki Nmacehf ~}am ef r`m Jkfck&

Zmtrmlnm~ :4r`? N~mhgbksf ki Tk~r}c}mzm hfb Cm~lhf ~}am& Bezj}zz r`m elthjr kinkr` Sk~ab Sh~z kf r`m jkakfeha zuzrml ef Hi~ejh&

Kjrknm~ >fb? ZMJKFB ^MHJREKF THTM^ B]M& ^mhb I~hfjez N& Fuhlfok` ) O}bmIkgshfc Mfrm~rhefefc ^mt~mzzekf? L}zej hfb Tkaerejz ef Tkzrjkakfeha Jhlm~kkf&

Kjrknm~ 3r`? Nmceffefc ki h fms m~h& Bezj}zzekf kf ks;;;;;;

Kjrknm~ 5r`? MFB ZMJREKF RSK& C^K]T RSK T^MZMFRHREKF& ^myems ik~Lebrm~l&

Kjrknm~ 82r`? EF,JAHZZ LEBRM^L ^mhb Amc}l 8,>5&(( Zmjrekf R ~mm? Mh~au Umh~z ki Efbmtmfbmfjm

Kjrknm~ >8zr? Fms ^mcelmz! Fms Hn}zmz&

Kjrknm~ >:~b? Zk}r` Hi~ejh hfb r`m bmymaktlmfr ki Hth~r`meb& ^mhb J~hsik~bUk}fc _he~m? R`m Hfhrklu ki h Iheamb Zrhrm&





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Kjrknm~ >0r`? Jkfck, Bmfefc r`m sk~b gamtrkj~hr& @ks beb L}n}r} zmj}~m tksm~hfb lhefrhef er ik~ zk akfc; S`hr sm~m r`m }arelhrm jkfzmx}mfjmz ki ez ~}am; ^mhbAmc}l :4,25&

Kjrknm~ :4r`? Shrj` Bh~sefz Fec`rlh~m& ^mhb Mbsh~b Gezze NmfmhrÈfrm~fhrekfha Ihlefm ^maemi ef Mrèkteh? R`m ]fermb Zrhrmz! Mrèkteh! hfb r`m Bmnhrmkym~ maemi Heb! Bmymaktlmfr Hzzezrhfjm! hfb @}lhf ec`rz&

Fkymlnm~ 2r`? Ymzrecmz ki kab? r`m bmymaktlmfr ki Fmk,Jkakfehaezl& ^mhb Yahbele~Z`}nef R`m Zkyemr ]fekf+^}zzehf Imbm~hrekf#z ^mahrekfz ser` Zk}r` Hi~ejh&

Fkymlnm~ 9r`? R@E^B ^MHJREKF THTM^ B]M& Elthjrz ki r`m Jkab Sh~, @ks beb r`m]fermb Zrhrmz hfb r`m Zkyemr ]fekf yems Hi~ejh; @ks beb Hi~ejhf ~}am~z ~mztkfb rk

kiim~z ki heb i~kl kfm zebm k~ nkr`; R`m h~lz amchju ef Hi~ejh& ^mhb Amc}l =4,34&

Fkymlnm~ 88r`? ^myems kym~ Lmbeh Nakc mfr~emz& ^mhb Amc}l 38,50&

Fkymlnm~ 8:r`? MFB ZMJREKF R@^MM& C^K]T R@^MM T^MZMFRHREKF& ^myemsAmc}lz nkkg, s`hr ez èz h~c}lmfr! myebmfjm! nehz; ^mhb Ae C}ffm~ S~mzraefc ser`r`m T~mzmfr! Nmjgkfefc rk r`m Thzr? Jkfrmltk~h~u _}a} ^hbek B~hlh&

Zmjrekf Ik}~? Hi~ejh ef r`m 54z hfb Rkbhu

Fkymlnm~ 80r`? Mfb ki r`m Jkab Sh~, Fms j`haamfcmz ik~ Hi~ejhf fhrekfz& ^mhbMaehnmr` LhjCkfhcam C`hfehf Zahym Ik~rz

Fkymlnm~ >4r`? J~mhrefc fms ebmfreremz&

Fkymlnm~ >=r`? Shrj` TNZ I~kfraefm ztmjeha kf ^shfbh& ^mhb Hamp bm Shha S`kh~m r`m Bh~i}~ehfz; H~hn hfb Hi~ejhf Ebmfreremz! Yekamfjm hfb Mprm~fha Mfchcmlmfr&

Bmjmlnm~ >fb? Bezj}zzekf hfb n~mhgbksf ki r`m jkfejr ef ^shfbh hfb Bh~i}~&^mhb Bmnk~h` N~h}rechl Jakzm Mfjk}frm~z? Jèfmzm N}zefmzz Fmrsk~gz hz Efb}zr~ehaJhrhauzrz ef Z}n,Zh`h~hf Hi~ejh&

Bmjmlnm~ 2r`? Fms efrm~mzr ef Hi~ejh; Jmamn~eru mfbk~zmlmfrz hfb efrm~fhrekfha~mjkcferekf, s`hr bkmz r`m i}r}~m t~klezm ik~ r`m fhrekfz ki Hi~ejh;

Bmjmlnm~ 5r`? ^myems bhu ik~ Jk}~zm& Iefha n~mhgbksf ki Lmbeh Nakc hzzecflmfr&

Bmjmlnm~ 88r`? MFB ZMJREKF IK]^& C^K]T IK]^ T^MZMFRHREKF& Ceym k}rrhgm `klm fha&

Bmjmlnm~ 80r`? RHGM @KLM IEFHA B]M EF NKR@ BECERHA HFB T@UZEJHAIK^LHR NU =?44 TL&



Lkbm~f Hi~ejhf @ezrk~u Ihaa >440( =


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