modern models of the atom projects...energy level diagram for hydrogen in a hydrogen atom, all the...
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Modern Models of the Atom
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Experiments show that light must be waves!
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Other experiments show that light consists of particles!
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Louis de Broglie
Suggested that all particles have a “wave nature” and that things like light and electrons could be particles orwaves!
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De Broglie’s model of the atom. Electrons are like “waves” as they go around the atom.
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ErwinSchrodinger
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Schrodinger used mathematics to predict how electrons behave in an atom!
The Schrodinger Equation
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Orbital moviesAn orbital is a region in space where the probability of finding an electron is high. The denser the orbital, the higher the probability.
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A 1s orbital
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Each energy level of the hydrogen atom has a certain number of orbitals available for electrons
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
1s
2s
3s
4s
2p 2p 2p
3p 3p 3p
4p 4p 4p
3d 3d 3d 3d 3d
4d 4d 4d 4d 4d 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f
Energy Level Diagram for Hydrogen
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Ene
rgy
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
1s
2s
3s
4s
2p 2p 2p
3p 3p 3p
4p 4p 4p
3d 3d 3d 3d 3d
4d 4d 4d 4d 4d 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f
Energy Level Diagram for Hydrogen
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Energy levels are designated by a quantum number called “n – the principal quantum number” Level n=1 has just the 1s orbital
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The n=2 level has 4 orbitals, a 2s (same shape but larger than a 1s) and three 2p orbitals
Orbital moviesn = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
1s
2s
3s
4s
2p 2p 2p
3p 3p 3p
4p 4p 4p
3d 3d 3d 3d 3d
4d 4d 4d 4d 4d 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f
Energy Level Diagram for Hydrogen
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N=3 level has one 3s, three 3p orbitals and five 3d orbitals.
Each level “n” has n2 orbitals
Orbital moviesn = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
1s
2s
3s
4s
2p 2p 2p
3p 3p 3p
4p 4p 4p
3d 3d 3d 3d 3d
4d 4d 4d 4d 4d 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f
Energy Level Diagram for Hydrogen
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The five 3d orbitals chime d-orbitals more
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Level n = 4 has a 4s, three 4p orbitals, five 4d orbitals and seven 4f orbitals
Orbital moviesn = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
1s
2s
3s
4s
2p 2p 2p
3p 3p 3p
4p 4p 4p
3d 3d 3d 3d 3d
4d 4d 4d 4d 4d 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f
Energy Level Diagram for Hydrogen
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The 4f orbitals
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Ene
rgy
n = 1
n = 2
n = 3
n = 4
1s
2s
3s
4s
2p 2p 2p
3p 3p 3p
4p 4p 4p
3d 3d 3d 3d 3d
4d 4d 4d 4d 4d 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f 4f
Energy Level Diagram for Hydrogen
In a hydrogen atom, all the sublevels of each energy level “n” have the same energy. Eg 2p’s are at the same energy as 2s’s3s’s, 3p’s and 3d’s all have the same energy etc…
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java orbitals
In “many electron” atoms (atoms other than hydrogen), the “sublevels” have different energies. Eg the 2p orbitals have slightly higher energy than the 2s. The 3p’s are higher than the 3s and the 3d’s are higher still.
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The quarks are permanently confined by forces coming from the exchange of "gluons." He and others later constructed …quantum chromodynamics," which seems to account for all the nuclear particles and their strong interactions." ...
In 1969, Professor Murray Gell-Mann received the Nobel Prize in physics for his work on the theory of elementary particles …he found that all of those particles, including the neutron and proton, are composed of fundamental building blocks that he named "quarks."
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Quantum Chromodynamics
Protons and Neutrons are composed of smaller particles called quarks
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A proton consists of two “up” and one “down” quark.
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“Flavors” of quarks
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Different combinations of quarks produce different particles
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Quarks are held together by “gluons”
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Will it ever end?