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Modern SystemsAnalysis and Design
INTERNATIONAL EDITION
SIXTH EDITION
Jeffrey A. Hoffer
University of Dayton
Joey F. GeorgeFlorida State University
Joseph S. Valacich
Washington State University
PEARSON
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Preface 21
FOUNDATIONS FOR SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
AN OVERVIEW OF PART ONE 30
1 SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT IN AN ORGANIZATIONAL CONTEXT 31
Learning Objectives 31
Introduction 31
A Modern Approach to Systems Analysis and Design 34
Developing Information Systems and the Systems Development Life Cycle 35
The Heart of the Systems Development Process 40
The Traditional Waterfall SDLC 42
Different Approaches to Improving Development 43
CASE Tools 43
Rapid Application Development 45
Service-Oriented Architecture 46
Agile Methodologies 4V
eXtreme Programming 50
Object-Oriented Analysis and Design 50
Our Approach to Systems Development 52
Summary 53
Key Terms 53
Review Questions 54
Problems and Exercises 54
Field Exercises 55
References 55
2 THE SOURCES OF SOFTWARE 57
Learning Objectives 57
Introduction 57
Systems Acquisition 58
Outsourcing 58
Sources of Software 60
Choosing Off-the-Shelf Software 66
Validating Purchased Software Information 67
Reuse 68
Summary 71
Key Terms 71
7
8 CONTENTS
Review Questions 71
Problems and Exercises 71
Field Exercises 72
References 72
3 MANAGING THE INFORMATION SYSTEMS PROJECT 73
Learning Objectives 73
Introduction 73
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\wmnvm Pine Valley Furniture Company Background 74
Managing the Information Systems Project 75
Initiating a Project 79
Planning the Project 81
Executing the Project 89
Closing Down the Project 91
Representing and Scheduling Project Plans 92
Representing Project Plans 94
Calculating Expected Time Duration Using PERT 95
Constructing a Gantt Chart and Network Diagram at Pine Valley Furniture 95
Using Project Management Software 99
Establishing a Project Starting Date 100
Entering Tasks and Assigning Task Relationships 100
Selecting a Scheduling Method to Review Project Reports 101
Summary 102
Key Terms 102
Review Questions 103
Problems and Exercises 104
Field Exercises 105
References 106
APPENDIX OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: PROJECT MANAGEMENT 107
Learning Objectives 107
Unique Characteristics of an OOSAD Project 107
Define the System as a Set of Components 107
Complete Hard Problems First 109
Using Iterations to Manage the Project 110
Don't Plan Too Much Up Front 110
How Many and How Long Are Iterations? Ill
Prqject Activity Focus Changes Over the Life of a Proj ect 111
Summary 113
Review Questions 113
Problems and Exercises 113
Hi BEC CASE: COMPANY BACKGROUND 114
Case Introduction 114
The Company 114
Company History 115
>mpany Organization 115
velopment of Information Systems 116
>rmation Systems at BEC Today 117
CONTENTS 9
ln-Store Systems 118
Corporate Systems 118
Status of Systems 119
Case Summary 119
Case Questions 120
PLANNING
AN OVERVIEW OF PART TWO 122
4 IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 123
Learning Objectives 123
Introduction 123
Identifying and Selecting Systems Development Projects 124
The Process ofIdentifying and Selecting IS Development Projects 125
Deliverables and Outcomes 129
Corporate and Information Systems Planning 130
Corporate Strategic Planning 131
Information Systems Planning 133
IPINEromiTURE Electronic Commerce Applications: Identifying and Selecting SystemsDevelopment Projects 140
Internet Basics 140
Pine Valley Furniture WebStore 141
Summary 142
Key Terms 142
Review Questions 143
Problems and Exercises 143
Field Exercises 144
References 144
BEC CASE: IDENTIFYING AND SELECTING THE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 146
Case Introduction 146
The Idea for a New System 147
Formalizing a Project Proposal 147
Case Summary 150
Case Questions 150
5 INITIATING AND PLANNING SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT PROJECTS 151
Learning Objectives 151
Introduction 151
Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects 152
The Process of Initiating and Planning IS Development Projects 153
Deliverables and Outcomes 154
Assessing Project Feasibility 155
Assessing Economic Feasibility 155
Assessing Technical Feasibility 163
Assessing Other Feasibility Concerns 166
Building and Reviewing the Baseline Project Plan 168
Building the Baseline Project Plan 168
Reviewing the Baseline Project Plan 173
10 CONTENTS
|nito«b Electronic Commerce Applications: Initiating and Planning Systems DevelopmentProjects 177
Initiating and Planning Systems Development Projects for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore
Summary 180
Key Terms 180
Review Questions 181
Problems and Exercises 181
Field Exercises 182
References 182
BEC CASE: INITIATING AND PLANNING THE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 184
Case Introduction 184
Initiating and Planning the Project 184
Developing the Baseline Project Plan 185
Case Summary 187
Case Questions 187
BIB ANALYSIS
AN OVERVIEW OF PART THREE 190
6 DETERMINING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 191
Learning Objectives 191
Introduction 191
Performing Requirements Determination 192
The Process of Determining Requirements 192
Deliverables and Outcomes 193
Traditional Methods for Determining Requirements 194
Interviewing and Listening 194
Interviewing Groups 198
Directiy Observing Users 199
Analyzing Procedures and Other Documents 201
Contemporary Methods for Determining System Requirements 205
Joint Application Design 206
Using Prototyping During Requirements Determination 209
Radical Methods for Determining System Requirements 211
Identifying Processes to Reengineer 212
Disruptive Technologies 212
Requirements Management Tools 213
Requirements Determination Using Agile Methodologies 214
Continual User Involvement 214
Agile Usage-Centered Design 215
The Planning Game from eXtreme Programming 216
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BSnItuhe Electronic Commerce Applications: Determining System Requirements 218
Determining System Requirements for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 218
Summary 221
Key Terms 221
Review Questions 222
CONTENTS 11
Problems and Exercises 222
Field Exercises 223
References 224
•I BEC CASE: DETERMINING REQUIREMENTS FOR THE WEB-BASED CUSTOMERRELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 225
Case Introduction 225
Getting Started on Requirements Determination 225
Conducting Requirements Determination 225
Case Summary 226
Case Questions 227
ANALYZING SYSTEM PROCESS REQUIREMENTS 228
Learning Objectives 228
Introduction 228
Process Modeling 229
Modeling a System's Process for Structured Analysis 229
Deliverables and Outcomes 230
Data Flow Diagramming Mechanics 230
Definitions and Symbols 231
Developing DFDs: An Example 233
Data Flow Diagramming Rules 235
Decomposition of DFDs 236
Balancing DFDs 239
An Example DFD 241
Using Data Flow Diagramming in the Analysis Process 244
Guideline for Drawings DFDs 244
Using DFDs as Analysis Tools 246
Using DFDs in Business Process Reengineering 247
Modeling Logic with Decision Tables 249
Electronic Commerce Application: Process Modeling Using Data Flow Diagrams 252
Process Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 253
Summary 254
Key Terms 255
Review Questions 256
Problems and Exercises 256
Field Exercises 262
References 262
APPENDIX 7A: OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: USE CASES 263
Learning Objectives 263
Introduction 263
Use Cases 263
What Is a Use Case? 263
Use Case Diagrams 264
Definitions and Symbols 265
Written Use Cases 268
Level 268
The Rest of the Template 269
CONTENTS
Electronic Commerce Application: Process Modeling Using Use Cases 272
Writing Use Cases for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 272
Summary 274
Key Terms 275
Review Questions 275
Problems and Exercises 275
Field Exercise 276
References 276
APPENDIX 7B: OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: ACTIVITY DIAGRAMS 277
Learning Objectives 277
Introduction 277
When to Use an Activity Diagram 277
Key term 279
Problems and Exercises 279
Reference 279
OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: SEQUENCE DIAGRAMS 280
Learning Objectives 280
Introduction 280
Dynamic Modeling: Sequence Diagrams 281
Designing a Use Case with a Sequence Diagram 282
A Sequence Diagram for Hoosier Burger 286
Summary 287
Key Terms 287
Review Questions 288
Problems and Exercises 288
Field Exercise 288
References 289
BEC CASE: STRUCTURING SYSTEM PROCESS REQUIREMENTS FOR THE WEB-BASEDCUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 290
Case Introduction 290
Structuring the High-Level Process Findings from Requirements Determination 290
Case Summary 292
Case Questions 293
8 ANALYZING SYSTEM DATA REQUIREMENTS 294
Learning Objectives 294
Introduction 294
Conceptual Data Modeling 295
The Conceptual Data Modeling Process 296
Deliverables and Outcomes 297
Gathering Information for Conceptual Data Modeling 298
APPENDIX 7C
CONTENTS 13
Introduction to E-R Modeling 300
Entities 301
Attributes 303
Candidate Keys and Identifiers 304
Other Attribute Types 305
Relationships 306
Conceptual Data Modeling and the E-R Model 307
Degree of a Relationship 307
Cardinalities in Relationships 309
Naming and Defining Relationships 311
Associative Entities 312
Summary of Conceptual Data Modeling with E-R Diagrams 313
Representing Supertypes and Subtypes 314
Business Rules 316
Domains 317
Triggering Operations 317
Role of Packaged Conceptual Data Models—Database Patterns 318
Universal Data Models 319
Industry-Specific Data Models 319
Benefits of Database Patterns and Packaged Data Models 319I PINE
InjmStmE Electronic Commerce Application: Conceptual Data Modeling 320
Conceptual Data Modeling for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 320
Summary 324
Key Terms 324
Review Questions 325
Problems and Exercises 326
Field Exercises 328
References 328
APPENDIX: OBJECT-ORIENTED ANALYSIS AND DESIGN: OBJECT MODELING-CLASS
DIAGRAMS 329
Learning Objectives 329
Introduction 329
Representing Objects and Classes 329
Types ofOperations 331
Representing Associations 331
Representing Associative Classes 333
Representing Stereotypes for Attributes 334
Representing Generalization 335
Representing Aggregation 337
»BaB^ An Example of Conceptual Data Modeling at Hoosier Burger 338
Summary 342
Key Terms 342
Review Questions 343
Problems and Exercises 343
References 344
CONTENTS
BEC CASE: STRUCTURING SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS: CONCEPTUAL DATA MODELING
FOR THE WEB-BASED CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 345
Case Introduction 345
Structuring the High-Level Data Modeling Findings from Requirements Determination 345
Case Summary 346
Case Questions 346
PART FOUR DESIGN
AN OVERVIEW OF PART FOUR 350
9 DATABASE DESIGN 351
Learning Objectives 351
Introduction 351
Database Design 352
The Process ofDatabase Design 353
Deliverables and Outcomes 354
Relational Database Model 357
Well-Structured Relations 358
Normalization 359
Rules of Normalization 359
Functional Dependence and Primary Keys 359
Second Normal Form 360
Third Normal Form 360
Transforming E-R Diagrams Into Relations 362
Represent Entities 362
Represent Relationships 363
Summary of Transforming E-R Diagrams to Relations 366
Merging Relations 366
An Example of Merging Relations 367
View Integration Problems 367
|ESS© Logical Database Design for Hoosier Burger 368
Physical File and Database Design 371
Designing Fields 371
Choosing Data Types 371
Controlling Data Integrity 373
Designing Physical Tables 374
Arranging Table Rows 376
Designing Controls for Files 380~m
9 Physical Database Design for Hoosier Burger 382
Ue Electronic Commerce Application: Designing Databases 383
Designing Databases for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 383
Summary 385
Key Terms 386
Review Questions 387
Problems and Exercises 387
Field Exercises 389
References 389
CONTENTS 15
BEC CASE: DESIGNING THE RELATIONAL DATABASE FOR THE CUSTOMER
RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 390
Case Introduction 390
Identifying Relations 390
Designing the Physical Database 390
Case Summary 391
Case Questions 391
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FORMS AND REPORTS DESIGN 392
Learning Objectives 392
Introduction 392
Designing Forms and Reports 393
The Process of Designing Forms and Reports 394
Deliverables and Outcomes 396
Formatting Forms and Reports 399
General Formatting Guidelines 399
Highlighting Information 401
Color Versus No Color 402
Displaying Text 403
Designing Tables and Lists 405
Paper Versus Electronic Reports 408
Assessing Usability 409
Usability Success Factors 410
Measures of Usability 410
,tSU Electronic Commerce Applications: Designing Forms and Reports for Pine Valley Furniture's
WebStore 411
General Guidelines 411
Designing Forms and Reports at Pine Valley Furniture 412
Lightweight Graphics 413
Forms and Data Integrity Rules 413
Template-Based HTML 413
Summary 414
Key Terms 414
Review Questions 414
Problems and Exercises 415
Field Exercises 415
References 416
BEC CASE: DESIGNING FORMS AND REPORTS FORTHE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 417
Case Introduction 417
Identifying the Forms and Reports 417
Designing Forms and Reports for MyBroadway 417
Case Summary 418
Case Questions 418
11 INTERFACE AND DIALOGUE DESIGN 421
Learning Objectives 421
Introduction 421
CONTENTS
Designing Interfaces and Dialogues 422
The Process of Designing Interfaces and Dialogues 422
Deliverables and Outcomes 422
Interaction Methods and Devices 423
Methods of Interacting 423
Hardware Options for System Interaction 431
Designing Interfaces 433
Designing Layouts 433
Structuring Data Entry 437
Controlling Data Input 438
Providing Feedback 440
Providing Help 441
Designing Dialogues 444
Designing the Dialogue Sequence 445
Building Prototypes and Assessing Usability 446
Designing Interfaces and Dialogues in Graphical Environments 447
Graphical Interface Design Issues 447
Dialogue Design Issues in a Graphical Environment 449a PINE
furniture Electronic Commerce Application: Designing Interfaces and Dialogues for Pine
Furniture's WebStore 451
General Guidelines 451
Designing Interfaces and Dialogues at Pine Valley Furniture 452
Menu-Driven Navigation with Cookie Crumbs 452
Summary 453
Key Terms 454
Review Questions 454
Problems and Exercises 455
Field Exercises 455
References 456
BEC CASE: DESIGNING THE HUMAN INTERFACE FOR THE CUSTOMER
RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 457
Case Introduction 457
Designing the Dialogue Interface Between MyBroadway and Users 457
Case Summary 457
Case Questions 458
12 DISTRIBUTED AND INTERNET SYSTEMS DESIGN 459
Learning Objectives 459
Introduction 459
Designing Distributed and Internet Systems 460
The Process of Designing Distributed and Internet Systems 460
Deliverables and Outcomes 461
Designing Distributed Systems 462
Designing Systems for LANs 462
Designing Systems for a Client/Server Architecture 464
Alternative Designs for Distributed Systems 465
Designing Internet Systems 469
Internet Design Fundamentals 470
Site Consistency 472
CONTENTS 17
Design Issues Related to Site Management 475
Managing Online Data 478
mi12PtSmraB Electronic Commerce Application: Designing a Distributed Advertisement Server for
Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 486
Advertising on Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 486
Designing the Advertising Component 487
Designing the Management Reporting Component 487
Summary 488
Key Terms 489
Review Questions 490
Problems and Exercises 491
Field Exercises 491
References 492
I BEC CASE: DESIGNING INTERNET FEATURES INTO THE CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP
MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 493
Case Introduction 493
Establishing Web Site Design Principles for MyBroadway 493
Case Summary 493
Case Questions 493
—MPni IMPLEMENTATION AND MAINTENANCE
AN OVERVIEW OF PART FIVE 498
13 IMPLEMENTING THE SYSTEM 499
Learning Objectives 499
Introduction 499
System Implementation 500
The Processes of Coding, Testing, and Installation 501
Deliverables and Outcomes from Coding, Testing, andInstallation 501
Deliverables and Outcomes from Documenting the System, TrainingUsers, and Supporting Users 503
Software Application Testing 503
Seven Different Types of Tests 505
The Testing Process 507
Combining Coding and Testing 509
Acceptance Testing by Users 509
Installation 510
Direct Installation 511
Parallel Installation 512
Single-Location Installation 512
Phased Installation 513
Planning Installation 513
Documenting the System 514
User Documentation 515
Training and Supporting Users 517
Training Information Systems Users 517
Supporting Information Systems Users 519
Support Issues for the Analyst to Consider 520
Organizational Issues in Systems Implementation 521
Why Implementation Sometimes Fails 521
Security Issues 524IPINE
IIIjrwture Electronic Commerce Application: System Implementation and
Operation for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 525
Developing Test Cases for the WebStore 525
Alpha and Beta Testing the WebStore 527
WebStore Installation 527
Project Closedown 527
Summary 528
Key Terms 529
Review Questions 530
Problems and Exercises 530
Field Exercises 530
References 530
BEC CASE: DESIGNING A TESTING PLAN FOR THE CUSTOMER
RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 532
Case Introduction 532
Preparing the Testing Plan 532
Preparing a Test Case 533
Case Summary 534
Case Questions 534
14 MAINTAINING THE SYSTEM 535
Learning Objectives 535
Introduction 535
Maintaining Information Systems 536
The Process of Maintaining Information Systems 536
Deliverables and Outcomes 537
Conducting Systems Maintenance 538
Types of Maintenance 538
The Cost of Maintenance 539
Managing Maintenance 541
Role of CASE and Automated Development Tools in
Maintenance 546
Web Site Maintenance 547IT1NE
ISmotuto Electronic Commerce Application: Maintaining an Information
System for Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 548
Maintaining Pine Valley Furniture's WebStore 548
Summary 549
Key Terms 550
Review Questions 551
Problems and Exercises 551
Field Exercises 551
References 552
BEC CASE: DESIGNING A MAINTANENCE PLAN FOR THE
CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT SYSTEM 553
Case Introduction 553
Preparing the Maintanence Plan 553
Case Summary 553
Case Questions 553
Glossary of Terms 555
Glossary of Acronyms 564
Index 566