modernist thought. irrationalism reaction against much enlightenment philosophy reaction against...
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Modernist Thought
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Irrationalism
Reaction against much Enlightenment philosophy
Argued that Man’s fundamental impulses are irrational
If this is true, then what? Celebrate the irrational OR Try to contain it
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Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
Prussian-born, professor at Basel
Intermittent bouts of insanity until final collapse in 1890s
Life is not rational—embrace it
Beyond Good and Evil Thus Spoke
Zarathustra
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Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
Most consistent modern rejection of Christianity “God is dead”—
nihilism Christian morality
must be discarded Christianity has
weakened European race
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Friedrich Nietzsche (1844-1900)
The “superman” (ubermensch) Creates his own
values Frees himself from
democracy Not ashamed of the
“will to power” Must save Europe
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Believed unconscious urges determine conscious thoughts
Use reason, science to control the irrational
The Interpretation of Dreams
Civilization and Its Discontents
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Father of psychoanalysis
Did case studies of neurotics
Neuroses are traceable to childhood and usually sexual in nature (Oedipus complex, etc.)
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Sigmund Freud (1856-1939)
Id—subconscious source of instincts, appetites
Ego—reason, restrains id to make social life possible
Superego—conscience, opposed to id (paternal)
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Sociologists
Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) Positivist like Comte Problem of anomie in modern world Hoped unions, associations would cure
alienation Vilfredo Pareto (1848-1923)
Social behavior is irrational; suspect everyone Two kinds of people: elites and masses “80/20 rule” Opponent of democracy, prophesied new
leaders
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Sociologists
Max Weber (1864-1920)
Why is the West rational while others aren’t?
Answer: religion, esp. Protestantism
Reason liberates but also can enslave