modernizing chinese...

PEKING April 1, 1958

5

REVI EW Modernizing Chinese Agriculture

~ ~ The long-range plan of mechanization, "chemica l i za t ion" and electrification (p. 7).

Leaders Must Behave Like Ordinary Workers

Editorial of Renmin Ribao defines the correct

A style of revolutionary leadership (p. 6).

Science Sets New Sights Why China believes it can catch up with the advanced world levels in science (p. 11).

Northeast China--Heavy Industry Base

Technical Revolution in Embryo, Price Cuts,

and other news in R O U N D T H E W E E K

A W E E K L Y M A G A Z I N E OF C H I N E S E N E W S A N D V I E W S

on Sale~

SUNG D Y N A S T Y

A L B U M P A I N T I N G S I 0 0 REPRODUCTIONS IN ACTUAL SIZE AND FULL COLOUR

Foreword and Annotated List in English

These paintings, originally done by masters of the Sung dynasty (960-1279 A.D.) in album size show the general development of Chinese classical painting in one of its

great periods.

L A N D S C A P E S • F L O W E R S ° B I R D S ° A N I M A L S • I N S E C T S •

G E N R E P A I N T I N G S

The album, measuring 15 in. × 12 in. was compiled by Cheng Chen-to, Chang Heng and Hsu Pang-ta.

Foreword and annotated list of contents by Cheng Chen-to.

Published by:

CHINESE CLASSIC ART PUBLISHING HOUSE 10 T u n g T s u n g P u H u t u n g , Pek in g , China

Distributed by: G U O Z I SI4UDIAN 38 S u c h o u H u t u n g , Pek ing , China

INDIGO PRINTS OF CHINA

Compiled by Chai tTei and others The m a k i n g of h a n d w o v e n indigo p r i n t s w i t h t h e i r p a t t e r n s p icked ou t in w h i t e on deep b lue g rounds is one of Ch ina ' s m a n y f a m o u s t r a d i t i o n a l hand ic r a f t s . T he 48 r ep roduc t ions in th is book w i t h t h e i r mot i f s of f lowers, magpies , spot ted deer , c ranes , carp, m y t h i c a l beas t s and m u c h else, a re a d i s ce rn ing ly se lec ted f r ac t i on of t he w e a l t h of f anc i fu l de- s igns in th i s anc ien t , yet p e r e n n i a l l y f resh a r t of China . Th i s is rea l p e a s a n t art , w i th an a p p e a l i n g spon tane i ty , sense of b e a u t y and vi ta l i ty . A " m u s t " for des igners and a r t s tuden t s .

48 lull-page designs

Agricultural Co-operation

in China by Tung Ta-lin

P a c k e d w i th e s sen t i a l s ta t i s t ics a n d facts, th i s 70-page p a m p h l e t gives the w h y a n d w h e r e - fore of the t r e m e n d o u s e n t h u s i a s m w i t h wh ich Ch i n a ' s 500 mi l l ion p e a s a n t s h a v e t a k e n to co-opera t ion . The a u t h o r descr ibes r u r a l cond i t ions a f t e r the l and re form, the socia l is t u p s u r g e in the r u r a l a r ea s in 1956 a n d the i m p o r t a n t ques t ion of co -opera t ion as a p r e - r equ i s i t e of m e c h a n i z a t i o n of Ch ina ' s agr icu l tu re .

70 pp.

Published by: FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS Pal Wan Chuang, Peking (37), China Distributed by: GUOZI SHUDIAN 38 Suchou I-lutung, Peking, China

PEKING REVIEW

(BEI J ING Z H O U B A O )

A WEEKLY MAGAZINE OF CHINESE

NEWS AND VIEWS

April 1, 1958 Vol. I N o . 5

C O N T E N T S

R O U N D THE WEEK 4 Techn ica l R e v o l u t i o n in E m b r y o ; 2,000

Mil l ion Books Th i s Year ; P r ice Cu t s ; "Electricity f r o m " C h i n a ' s So r row" ; Co n fe r ence by T e l e p h o n e ; T a t s e p a o in t he C o u n t r y s i d e ; A F r i e n d l y H a n d ; For Your I n f o r m a t i o n

ARTICLES

Leaders Must Behave Like Ordinary Workers - -Renmin Ribao Edi tor ia l 6

Modern iz ing C h i n e s e A g r i c u l t u r e - - W a n g K u a n g - w e i 7

H o n a n M a k e s t h e G r a d e - - Y a n g Min 9

Sc ience Sets New S igh t s - - L ing Y a n g 11

E x p e r i m e n t a l F a r m P lo t s - - Tao L i - w e n 13

N o r t h e a s t C h i n a - - H e a v y I n d u s t r y Base 16

CHINESE PRESS O P I N I O N 18

R e f u t i n g R o b e r t s o n ; In H i t l e r ' s Foot- s teps ; W h i t h e r Br i t a in? ; U.S. Ob- s t r u c t s J o u r n a l i s t s ; O k i n a w a n s ' Vic- tory; Show-of f at B a n g k o k ; T h e P a s s i n g S h o w

C H I N A A N D THE W O R L D 20

S i n o - H u n g a r i a n Trade ; C a n t o n Fa i r ; Jo in t Scient if ic R e s e a r c h ; C h i n e s e Ar t i s t s in J a p a n ; C h i n e s e Ar t in U.S.S.R.

CINEMA 21

New F i lms Fes t i va l ; J a p a n e s e T r o u p e in P e k i n g

BOOKS 22

A l b u m of S u n g P a i n t i n g s ; R e p r i n t s of Mode rn L i t e r a t u r e

WHAT'S ON IN P E K I N G 23

Published every Tuesday by PEKING REVIEW, Pal Wan Chuang, Peking (37), China

Cable. Address: PEKING 6170

Past Office Registration No. 2-521

Printed in the People's Republic of China

9 t o 1 p EOPLE'S China has made considerable headway in building

socialism. The successes achieved in so short a t ime are particularly striking against the. background of the inherited state of affairs from which we began after the liberation.

In the course of our progress there have been errors and shortcomings. The reasons are obvious. For one thing, socialism is something new. We are doing something our forefathers never attempted. In some fields we have had to start from scratch. In addition, China is many years behind the highly industrialized countries of the world. To catch up in a brief space of time very difficult and complex problems have to be coped with.

What's a proper estimate of our errors and shortcomings? There are two entirely different approaches. One is to look at the picture of China as a whole, assess the shortcomings in relation to her achievements, ascertain the causes and find ways and means to correct what 's wrong. This is the objective way of looking at things for the simple reason that the achievements, in actual fact, far outweigh the shortcomings.

The other approach is to look at isolated aspects of the picture, magnify the shortcomings out of all proportions and con- clude that things are in a hopeless mess, This subjective, one- sided way of looking at things reminds us of the familiar story about the blind men and the elephant. Each touched only a part of the elephant and insisted that the animal was anything but an elephant.

Errors and defects do exist in our work. Nevertheless, that does not alter the fact tha t achievements are predominant and shortcomings are minor. We talk of this as the relation of "nine fingers to one finger." The idea i s - - i f you have hur t one finger you don't ignore it, but you don't behave as if you've lost both hands. You realize you 've got nine. good fingers to go on working with while you take care of the sick one, and the nine good fingers are the main thing.

Our way is not to cover up errors and drawbacks. The full airing of views in the rectification campaign has helped us to correct defects in our work.

Detractors of People's China have been busy making use of what they consider "muckraking" material which has appeared in the Chinese press to "prove" the tainted picture they have painted of China. Such jaundiced, one-sided reports often backfire.

In this connection, the American propagandist Wallace Car- roll in his book P e r s u a d e or P e r i s h has something interesting to say: "A false story put into circulation comes back in intelligence reports to fool the. people who invented it. The sensational U-boat 'victories' which G e r m a n propaganda exploited in 1941 and 1942 to compensate for the mili tary reverses in Russia fooled not only the German people, but the German intelligence service, which was convinced in November 1942 that the Allies lacked the shipping to put an army into North Africa."

The moral of the story, as we see. it, is that you make a fool of yourself when you t ry to fool the people. It seems to us that Carroll's warning, though made ten years ago, is as t imely as ever for those who think they are doing a swell job in deliberately presenting one-sided and distorted pictures of New China to suit their own purposes.

R O U N D THE W E E K

Technical Revolution in Embryo "Yes, the e a r t h is f r o z e n , h a r d a n d

tough. B u t w e ' v e got picks, w h i c h a r e t oughe r still. A n d our h e a r t s a re t o u g h e s t of all. We' l l f in ish t he job ." Th i s was w h a t pea san t s of a f a r m i n g co-op, b r a v i n g the r igours of w i n t e r n igh t s to acce l e r a t e the progress of a b ig i r r i g a t i o n job, to ld Chou Yang, t he w e l l - k n o w n C h i n e s e l i t e r a ry cri t ic, w h e n h e r e c e n t l y v i s i t ed a v i l lage in K i a n g s u Prov ince . T h e s e s en - t imen t s a r e s h a r e d by p e a s a n t s t h r o u g h - out the count ry , w h o a re m a k i n g good by s h e e r h a r d w o r k w h a t they s t i l l l a ck in m a c h i n e r y .

But p luck and dr ive a l o n e wil l no t m a k e the l and yie ld as m u c h as t he Ch i - nese peasan t s w a n t , f a s t enough , in t h e s e days of h i g h ve loc i ty in e v e r y field of e n d e a v o u r in China . T h e r e m u s t be modern , l abou r - s av ing , top eff ic iency tools to do t he job. Th i s need h a s a l r e a d y led to t he i m p r o v e m e n t and i n v e n t i o n of h u n d r e d s of n e w - t y p e f a r m tools a n d t r a n s p o r t vehic les . Mos t of t h e m , l ike the pumps , s u s p e n s i o n cab le ears , w h e e l - b a r r o w s on w o o d e n rai ls , a re s t i l l r a t h e r c rude devices c o m p a r e d w i t h t he p r o d u c t s of m o d e r n indus t ry , b u t t h e y h a v e ra i sed eff ic iency m a n y t i m e s o v e r a n d h a v e l i gh tened the b u r d e n of m a n u a l l a b o u r to a g r e a t ex ten t . T h e y a re a f a r c ry f r o m t h e s i m p l e b u c k e t a n d p o l e - a n d - b a s k e t affairs .

I t is no t j u s t one co-op, one vi l lage, or one province , t h a t h a s t u r n e d to m o d e r n - izing its p roduc t ion a n d t r a n s p o r t tools. M a n y peasan t s , a p a r t f r o m t h e i r da i ly f a r m rout ine , h a v e b e c o m e b l acksmi th s , c a r p e n t e r s a n d too lmake r s , f r o m one end of the c o u n t r y to t he o ther . I t is a mass m o v e m e n t , a we l l -de f ined t r e n d m the b e g i n n i n g of a t e c h n i c a l r e v o l u t i o n in Ch ina ' s agr icu l tu re .

Th i s m o v e m e n t , " g r o w n out of t he fer - t i le soil of t he soc ia l iza t ion of t he m e a n s of p r o d u c t i o n a n d n o u r i s h e d by the s u n s h i n e of peop le ' s democracy , " as the R en m in Ribao pu t s it, is ro l l ing a long and, as i t does, is b e g i n n i n g to fulfi l the hopes of 500 mi l l i on p e a s a n t s for g r e a t e r f a r m yields a n d v i l lages i m p r o v e d a long social is t l ines.

A t p resen t , t he coun t rys ide is b u s y w i t h sp r ing p l o u g h i n g and sowing. E v e r y co-op f inds i t c a n do w i t h an e x t r a p a i r of hands . T h e r e ' s a lot to do and a l r e a d y in a n u m b e r of p laces the ques t ion of " l a b o u r s h o r t a g e " is on t h e agenda . W i t h a r u r a l p o p u l a t i o n of 500 mi l l ion , " l a b o u r s h o r t a g e " in C h i n a m a y sound incon- gruous. B u t w h a t w i t h i r r iga t ion , m a n u r -

ing, w a t e r c o n s e r v a n c y pro jec ts , a n d a t h o u s a n d a n d one o t h e r jobs to r a i se ou t - p u t a n d c r e a t e a h i g h e r s t a n d a r d of l iv ing, Ch i n e s e p e a s a n t s t oday a re fee l ing the p i n c h of too few bands . Th e m o v e - m e n t for n e w tools opens g rea t pos- s ib i l i t ies for so lv ing such l a b o u r s h o r t - ages.

Tools I n n o v a t i o n C o m m i t t e e s h a v e b e e n set u p by r u r a l C o m m u n i s t P a r t y or - gan i za t i ons a t a l l levels to he lp t h e peas - an t s in i m p r o v i n g tools a n d vehicles . W h a t is n o w on ly a s m a l l b e g i n n i n g wi l l deve lop in to a t e c h n i c a l r e v o l u t i o n in t h e fu l l s ense of t h e t e rm.

Tools i n n o v a t i o n is on ly one s ide of t he coin. C o m m u n i s t a n d n o n - C o m m u n i s t cad re s a r e u r g e d to a c q u i r e k n o w l e d g e of sc ience a n d t echn ique , to be b e t t e r equ ipped for c a r r y i n g out t he i r jobs.

T h e p rov inc i a l C o m m u n i s t P a r t y com- m i t t e e of Y u n n a n h a s o rgan ized spec ia l courses fo r i ts l e a d i n g func t iona r i e s , to t r a i n t h e m to he "Red a n d e x p e r t a t t h e s a m e t ime ." In c u r r e n t Ch inese pa r l ance , " R e d " m e a n s to be socia l i s t in ou t look a n d " e x p e r t " m e a n s to be p ro fe s s iona l l y prof ic ient . Th i s is r e q u i r e d of a l l Com- m u n i s t P a r t y a n d s t a t e func t iona r i e s .

T h e b e g i n n i n g of a t echn ica l r e v o l u - t ion in r u r a l C h i n a h a s b r o u g h t t h e ques - t ion of g r a p p l i n g w i t h sc ience in b o t h t o w n a n d c o u n t r y v e r y m u c h to t h e fore.

2,000 Million Books This Year In today ' s a t m o s p h e r e of s t u d y a n d

effor ts to m a s t e r sc ience Ch i n a ' s p u b l i s h - ing houses feel a specia l sense of r e spon- sibi l i ty. T h e y h a v e to p r o v i d e books fo r p e a s a n t s as we l l as townspeople , for the t e a c h e r a n d s t u d e n t in the c l a s s room as wel l as t h e w o r k e r a t t h e bench .

To r i se to t h e occasion, p u b l i s h e r s re - cen t ly m e t in S h a n g h a i , u n d e r t h e ausp ices of the M i n i s t r y of Cul ture , to r e v i e w t h e i r w o r k a n d m a p out n e w pro - g r a m m e s . Th e o v e r r i d i n g need to keep pace w i t h o t h e r f ields of w o r k was recognized by all. Qua l i t y was s t ressed, as we l l as t h e i m p o r t a n c e of m e e t i n g t he needs of p r o d u c t i o n in t ime, of dove- t a i l ing p u b l i s h i n g p l ans w i t h w h a t in - d u s t r y a n d ag r i cu l tu re , e d u c a t i o n a n d science, w a n t mos t of all. P r o v i n c i a l houses wi l l c o n c e n t r a t e on p o p u l a r l y - w r i t t e n m a n u a l s for fac to ry a n d f a rm.

H s i n h u a , t h e s t a t e book d i s t r ibu to r s , ha s p l a n n e d th i s yea r ' s ~vork w i t h th i s in mind . I t p l ans to sell two t h o u s a n d mi l l ion books, 60 p e r cen t m o r e t h a n in 1957. T h e b igges t i n c r e a s e is expec t ed in

t h e r u r a l a r e a s w h e r e m o r e and more p e a s a n t s h a v e l e a r n e d to r ead and wri te .

Magaz ines , too, a r e i m p r o v i n g in the c u r r e n t rec t i f i ca t ion campa ign . W e n Y i Bao (L i t e r a ry Gazet te) , a fo r tn igh t ly , for example , is n o w so p o p u l a r t h a t i t sold ou t e v e r y issue s ince J a n u a r y of th is year . I t s l a t e s t n u m b e r a n n o u n c e s fu r - t h e r p l ans for i m p r o v e m e n t . T h e r e wil l be m o r e a n d t ime l i e r r e v i e w s of nove l s a n d c r i t i ca l s tud ies of i n d i v i d u a l au thors .

C h i n a ' s k e e n r e a d i n g a u d i e n c e is m a k i n g g r e a t e r d e m a n d s t h a n eve r and p u b l i s h e r s of books a n d magaz ines h a v e h a d to get a m o v e on too.

Price Cuts Wire less sets , a l a r m clocks, f luorescen t

l i gh t bu lbs a n d a wide r a n g e of med ic ines cos t less. T h e pr ice cuts we re a n n o u n c e d b y the g o v e r n m e n t a n d a r e n o w in force.

T h e pr ices for v a r i o u s drugs, inc lud ing a u r e o m y c i n a n d pen ic i l l in m a d e in China , w e r e s l a s h e d f r o m 8 to 60 pe r cent , rep- r e s e n t i n g a s a v i n g of 33 mi l l ion y u a n for t h e people. I t is t he s ix th pr ice cu t fo r med ic ine s s ince las t year , m a d e pos- s ib le b y a f u r t h e r r educ t ion in p roduc - t ion costs a n d r e g u l a r supp l ies f r o m the factor ies .

C h i n a has been m a n u f a c t u r i n g wire less se ts for on ly a f e w years . 380,000 sets c a m e off the a s s e m b l y l ines in 1957. Bu t th i s y e a r t h e f igure is expec t ed to be m o r e t h a n twice as h igh to sa t i s fy a g r o w i n g m a r k e t .

M a n y of t h e p r o d u c t s now reduced in p r ice w e r e n o t m a d e in C h i n a before a t all. N o w t h e i r o u t p u t is on such a scale t h a t p r i ce cuts a r e possible.

Eleotriuity from "China's Sorrow" The Yel low River , k n o w n as "Ch ina ' s

S o r r o w " for the h a v o c it has w r o u g h t d o w n t h e cen tu r i e s , wi l l g e n e r a t e i ts f i rs t e lec t r ic p o w e r on Apr i l 1, 1961, s ix m o n t h s a h e a d of t h e o r ig ina l schedule .

A t t h e S a n m e n Gorge a huge h y d r o - e lec t r i c s t a t i o n is be ing buil t . T h e f i rs t conc re t e h a s b e e n p o u r e d in to the f o u n d a - t ion of a l a rge d a m w h i c h wil l be 90 m e t r e s h i g h a n d wil l r e t a i n a h e a d of w a t e r 350 m e t r e s a b o v e s ea l e v e l T h e r i v e r w a t e r to b e he ld back he re wi l l f o r m a h u g e rese rvo i r , t h e b igges t in Ch ina , second only to t he K u i b y s h e v R e s e r v o i r in the Sovie t Union , the l a rge s t in t h e wor ld .

W h e n comple te , i t wil l r e m o v e t h e t h r e a t of floods f rom 80 mi l l ion people l iv ing on t h e l o w e r r eaches of the r i v e r ; p r o v i d e i r r i g a t i o n for 40 mi l l ion m o u of l a n d ; p r o d u c e 6,000 mi l l ion kwh. of e lec t r ic i ty p e r year , w i t h power sup-

plies to ci t ies in Shens i , H o n a n a n d Shans i P rov inces .

The S a n m e n Gorge p ro j ec t is p a r t of. China ' s m u l t i p l e - p u r p o s e p l a n to con t ro l the Yel low R ive r and exp lo i t i ts r e sources for i ndus t r i a l a n d a g r i c u l t u r a l uses.

Conferenoe by Telephone Hsushu i County, in n o r t h Ch ina , ha s

found a n e w m e t h o d of l e a d e r s h i p - confe rence by te lephone . In th i s w a y t he county g o v e r n m e n t a n d t he Communis t : P a r t y o rgan i za t i on can con fe r w i t h t he t ownsh ips a n d f a r m i n g co-ops "voice to voice" if no t ac tua l ly face to face.

M a n y sess ions of th i s type h a v e been held, g iv ing d i rec t a n d t ime ly gu idance to t he cadres w o r k i n g a t t h e t o w n s h i p level, or in the f a r m i n g co-op~. D u r i n g the S p r i n g Fes t i va l the c o u n t y C o m m u n i s t Part:¢ c o m m i t t e e ca l led a con fe rence by t e l ephone to g a t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n on f a r m - ing, on the p roe re s s of work , to sum tm expe r i ences and use t hem, in tu rn , to d i rec t w o r k again.

Confe rence by t e l e p h o n e saves t ime, gets qu ick resu l t s a n d cuts d o w n b u - reaucracy. I t is a b less in~ to cadres w o r k - ing a t the g rass - roo t s levels as t h e y a rp spared the t r o u b l e of t r a v e l l i n g to a n d f rom the c o u n t y sea t to a t t e n d mee t ings .

This sys t em was i n t r o d u c e d in C h i n a by t he p o s t m a s t e r of H s u s h u i Coun ty and his col leagues. I t is done by m a k i n g ce r t a in a d a p t a t i o n s to the t e l e p h o n e se r - vice and wi re le s s r ece iv ing sets a n d t he cost is negligible. Th i s is so eff ic ient a n d effect ive t h a t o t h e r coun t i e s in Hopei P rov ince a n d e l s e w h e r e a re s end ing people to Hs us hu i to s t u d y th is sys tem wi th a v i ew to i n t r o d u c i n g i t in t h e i r o w n localities.

Tatsepao in the Countryside Tatsepao ~ opin ions w r i t t e n out in bo ld

c h a r a c t e r s on l a rge shee t s of p a p e r a n d f ree ly pos ted for e v e r y b o d y t o s e e - h a v e t a k e n root in the count rys ide . Wide ly used a t f i rs t i n i n d u s t r i a l en te rp r i ses , g o v e r n m e n t offices, schools and u n i v e r - sities, and l a t e r in r e s i den t i a l n e i g h b o u r - hoods in t he m a j o r cit ies, such as P e k i n g and S h a n g h a i , th i s p o p u l a r w e a p o n of social is t d e m o c r a c y is n o w b e i n g wie lded by t he f a r m worker s .

The p e a s a n t s of C h a o y u a n County , in He i lungk iang Prov ince , a re t r y i n g it ou t

and t hey l ike it. Tatsepao a r e h u n g up not on ly in f r o n t of the coun ty ' s co-op offices bu t a re also s tuck up on im- provised f r a m e s m a d e of s t a lks ou t in the fields fo r e v e r y o n e to see a n d read.

As in t he cities, tatsepao h e r e a r e used for c r i t i c i sm as wel l as c o m m e n d a t i o n , for op in ions on r e l a t i ons b e t w e e n co-ops, be tween one p r o d u c t i o n t e a m a n d a n o t h e r and c r i t i c i sm of ind iv idua l s , M e m b e r s

of one co-op v is i ted a n o t h e r and a f t e r r e a d i n g the tatsepao le f t one of t h e i r own, r ead ing :

Your r ice sp rou t s : c o m m e n d a b l e ,

B u t y o u r s a n i t a t i o n : u n m e n t i o n a b l e .

T h e cr i t ic ized co-op w e n t in to ac t ion a t once to r e m e d y t h e s i tua t ion .

At p r e s e n t tatsepao c o n c e n t r a t e on p r o d u c t i o n p rob lems , b u t a re also beg in - n i n g to t ouch on o t h e r topics. Once it is t a k e n up by the 500 mi l l ion peasan t s m those w h o c a n ' t w r i t e c a n get he lp f rom others , as C h a o y u a n C o u n t y s h o w e d m th i s concise, l ive ly and p o t e n t f o rm of c r i t i c i sm wil l do m u c h to s h o r t e n t h e t i m e needed to rea l ize t h e 12-year N a t i o n a l P r o g r a m m e for A g r i c u l t u r a l D e v e l o p m e n t .

A Friendly Hand Bui lde r s of the Ming T o m b s R e s e r v o i r

in P e k i n g (discussed in our M a r c h 4 issue) b e g a n the d a y on M a r c h 24 w i t h a p l e a s a n t surpr i se . Mr. H a s s a n Ragab , t h e U n i t e d A r a b Repub l i c ' s A m b a s s a d o r to Ch ina , h a d come to the cons t ruc t i on s i te to p u t in a day ' s work , so as to ex- p ress A r a b f r i e n d s h i p w i t h t h e Ch inese people. Th e E m b a s s y s taff a n d v i s i t ing p rofessors a n d s t u d e n t s f r o m the U.A.R. in t he cap i t a l c a m e a long w i t h the A m - bassador . T h e y al l s p e n t t h e d a y w o r k i n g a m o n g the Ch i n e s e peasan t s , soldiers , peop le f r o m g o v e r n m e n t offices, t e a c h e r s a n d s t u d e n t s on t h e job.

Mr. R a g a b told the p ress t h a t he h a d b e e n look ing f o r w a r d to a c h a n c e to do some th ing , h o w e v e r sma l l i t m a y be, to s h o w t h e a p p r e c i a t i o n of t h e Egyp t i an people for t h e s u p p o r t g iven by Ch ina ' s 600 mi l l ion w h e n Egypt faced aggress ion,

The United Arab Republic's Ambassador to China, Hassan Ragab, working at the Ming Tombs Reservoir

He was h a p p y he could do th i s by l ending a h a n d in the c o n s t r u c t i on of the Ming T o m b s Reservoi r . F r o m the way the res- e r v o i r is be ing bui l t , t h e A m b a s s a d o r said, he was conv inced t h a t a poor coun- t r y c a n b e t r a n s f o r m e d in to a s t rong and p r o s p e r o u s one by re ly ing on t h e efforts of i ts o w n people.

FOR YOUR INFORMATION G reat er P e k i n g P e k i n g ' s p o p u l a t i o n is n o w 5.42 mi l l ion , the P e k i n g People ' s Counci l a n n o u n c e d or] M a r c h 20. The ci ty 's a r e a was e n l a r g e d f r o m 4,540 s q u a r e k i l o m e t r e s to 8,770 w h e n five n e i g h b o u r i n g coun t i e s and one t o w n were i n c o r p o r a t e d in to t h e c i ty l imi t s b y de- c is ion of the S t a t e Council . T h e newly- a d d e d a r e a s wi l l h a v e t he benef i t of i m p r o v e d serv ices a n d facil i t ies.

G r e e n - c l a d Y a n g t s e Affores ta t ion of the l o w e r r e a c h e s of t h e Yang t se R i v e r has b e e n comple ted . In K i a n g s u Prov ince , f ive rows of wi l lows h a v e b e e n p l a n t e d for a s t r e t c h of 1,000 k i lomet res .

S e m i - C o n d u c t o r Radios S h a n g h a i ha s p r o d u c e d the f i rs t b a t c h of s e m i - c o n d u c t o r r ad io se ts to m e e t t h e needs of t he r u r a l a r e a s w h e r e e lec t r ic i ty is no t yet ava i l ab le .

Coal in S i n k i a n g Coal deposi ts e s t i m a t e d a t 390 mi l l i on tons h a v e b e e n d i scovered in t h e S i n k i a n g U i g h u r A u t o n o m o u s Region. T h e coalf ield lies w i t h i n 18 k i l o m e t r e s of the L a n c h o w - S i n k i a n g Ra i lway .

Coal in P e k i n g In t he w e s t e r n h i l ly reg ions of P e k i n g coal depos i t s e s t i m a t e d at 2,000 mi l l i on tons w e r e found. A t the

p r e s e n t r a t e of c o n s u m p - i t ion, t h e supp ly wi l l l as t

.... : :- P e k i n g fo r a t h o u s a n d years .

L a n e h o w - S i n k i a n g R a i l w a y T r a c k l a y i n g on t he n o r t h - w e s t o v e r l a n d ra i lway , c o n n e c t i n g K a n s u w i t h S ink i ang , wi l l r e a c h the i m p o r t a n t oil c e n t r e of K a r a m a i in the w e s t e r n p a r t of t h e S i n k i a n g U i g h u r A u t o n o m o u s Region by t he e n d of 1959.

F a r m Tools Exh ib i t i on A n a t i o n a l f a r m tools exh ib i - t ion wil l be opened in Pe - k ing in the m i d d l e of Apri l .

A r a b i c Lessons Faci l i t ies for s t u d y i n g A r a b i c h a v e b e e n e x t e n d e d in P e k i n g w i t h t h e open ing of spare - t i m e A r a b i c courses sponsored by the C h i n a - U n i t e d A r a b Repub l i c F r i e n d s h i p Associa t ion.

R E N M I N R I B A O

Leaders Must Behave Like Ordinary Worke, rs

We present the text of the "Renmin Ribao" leader of March 26 (slightly abridged)--one of a number that have appeared in the paper during the rectification campaign criticizing bad at t i tudes and behaviour inherited ]rom the past and defining the correct style of revolutionary leadership.

S INCE the beginning of the rectification campaign quite a number of tatsepao (opinions wr i t ten out in bold

characters on large sheets of paper and freely posted for everybody to see) have been put up in the Engineer ing Bureau of the Minis t ry of Railways, crit icizing the style of work of the director. The most outs tanding tatsepao were those crit icizing the director 's bad manners to his subordinates. This is something which deserves at tention.

In our society, the leaders and the r ank and file are cadres serving the cause of the revolut ion e q u a l l y - they are all ord inary workers, and there is no difference wha t - soever between them on this score. The re la t ion between them is one of equality, as among comrades and among ordinary workers. Of course, the leaders and the rank and file have different positions. But this is mere ly a necessary division of labour in the cause of the revolution. And this division of labour differentiates them into cadres of higher and lower rank. This does not contradict their relat ions with one another as comrades and equals. because today the re la t ionship between the leaders and the rank and file is ent i re ly different from tha t in the old society. Between higher and lower ranks in New China, unequal relat ions of ar is tocrats and commoners, respected people and people held in contempt, do not exist. But it is a deplorable fact that in certain enterpr ises and offices, inequalit ies, which are h a n g - o v e r s - f r o m the old society, are still to be found in one degree or another. In the ~:urrent rectification campaign, we are car ry ing out a thorough house-cleaning of the phenomenon of inequal i ty carried over from the past.

Bureaucratic Airs

In their tatsepao members of the Engineer ing Bureau criticized the director for being ra the r stiff wi th his subordinates, for not l is tening pa t ien t ly to thei r opinions, and for infrequent contact wi th them. They expressed the hope that he would display a f r iendl ier disposit ion to his junior colleagues and visi t the var ious sections more often for f r iendly chats wi th the comrades. They also criticized the director because he often in te r rup ted the people repor t ing to him, before they could finish, to express his own views. They requested tha t in the fu ture be should "keep calm. pa t ien t ly heed the opinions of those repor t ing to him and express his own opinions la te r on."

Those in posit ions of leadership are ord inary workers. Because they have become leaders their status as leaders often obscures thei r status as ord inary workers, making them appear ex t raord ina ry among the masses.

The case of the Engineer ing Bureau is by no means an isolated one. Bossy airs of this type hamper the ini t ia t ive and creat iveness of the cadres at the lower levels, who hesi tate to speak out ful ly in the presence of their h igher-ups and even "swallow half of their words when they are on thei r lips." Those in posit ions of leadership thus become es t ranged from the actual state of affairs, and become prone to er rors of subject ivism and one- sidedness. All this is incompat ible wi th the character of socialist relat ions of product ion and hinders development in all fields. During the rectification campaign, this state of affairs cannot escape severe crit icism by the masses. Now, more than ever, we cannot tolerate i t part icu- la r ly in the new circumstances when industr ia l and agr icul tura l product ion and, in their wake, all other fields of activity, are making a leap forward.

Cleaning Away the Dirt

Since the launching of the rectification campaign, much bossiness has been knocked out. Many of the comrades who were spat tered with bossy airs are t ry ing their best to clean away the dirt . The director of the Engineer- ing Bureau of the Minis t ry of Railways, who was criticized, has a l ready improved considerably in this respect. But, general ly speaking, such improvements do not yet have a firm basis. Some comrades have done bet ter than others; and some leading comrades, though they are t rying their best to improve themselves, still lack a profound unders tanding of the cause of such bossiness. That is why it is necessary to d raw a lesson from the struggle to rid the leaders of thei r bossy airs.

Some people in leading posit ions th ink tha t they are more resourceful and more competent than thei r subordinates, even though they don ' t feel tha t they are ext raordi - nary or nobler than their subordinates. If this is not the case, why do they fai l to show interes t in the opinions of their subordinates and why don' t they l isten pat ient ly to the repor ts of their subordinates from beginning to end? If this is not the case, why are they so re luctant to listen to views different from their own? That the leading cadres have a higher polit ical level than the rank and file is a fact that cannot be denied. But this in itself is far from enough if there is to be competent leadership. One of the pr incipal indicat ions of whe ther a leader is mature or not is whe ther or not he firmly believes in the strength and wisdom of the masses. Leaders who always th ink that they are more competent than others have ignored precisely this point; they have broken away from the mass line of the Communis t P a r t y and fal len into the t rap of subject ivism and arbi t rar iness . The best method of leadership is to sett le differences of opinion through debate. A mature leader never fears different opinions in discussing a problem: what he fears is the absence of contending views as a resul t of which contradict ions are covered up. A

leader who covers up contradict ions and fears debate is a leader who knows nothing about dialectics and is subjective. Correct things have no fear of a struggle with incorrect things; only through s truggle can what is correct become fuller and more perfect. Besides, the views of a leader cannot a lways be correct, not to speak of being fully perfect. Turning a deaf ear to different opinions creates the danger of mistakes.

Some leaders, in dealing with their subordinates , pre- fer to use such simple methods as giving orders and issuing directives. Even when they do seek the opinions of their subordinates, they often mere ly say, "What do you th ink of it?" in such a way that the person consulted is not in a position to express his opinions fully. You can ' t do wi thout orders and directives. But, genera l ly speaking, they should be collective decisions of an organization. In discussing work with his subordinates , the leader must do his best to avoid the manner of giving orders and directives. Otherwise the person he ta lks to will be conscious of the fact that one is the superior and the other is the subordinate. Such conversat ion will be restricted. The best way is to talk to your subordinates as you do with comrades of the same position. There should be a man- to-man talk without reservat ion. You jus t tell him what your views are and he tells you what he thinks. Ideas should be exchanged and should supplement each other and argue with each other so that the viewpoints may gradual ly meet. In this manner , your subordina te will feel that he is examining a problem with a comrade, not that there is inequal i ty and a ba r r i e r s tanding between you and him. But the question is: why are some leaders accustomed to discussing problems freely only with those of their own rank and not to discussing things with their subordinates? This is the question that has to be pondered over deeply.

We should also consider the quest ion of rudeness towards subordinates. Some comrades do not agree that this represents bossiness and an a t t i tude of inequal i ty to subordinates. They often say this is

because of bad temper. This a rgument does not hold water. How many of the comrades who are accustomed to blowing up at their subordinates t rea t their superiors in the same rude manner? We are afraid there a ren ' t many. In fact, these comrades often think, con- sciously or unconsciously, tha t they are superior, that they give leadership to the subordinates and tha t i t doesn' t ma t te r if they blow up. Can this be called an a t t i tude of equal i ty? Super iors should be str ict with their subordinates and criticize thei r shortcomings and mistakes in time. But i l l - tempered outburs ts are an ent i re ly different mat ter . Serious crit icisms keep a person sober and improve knowledge. Outbursts , on the other hand, only make one feel embarrassed and subjected to unequal t rea tment .

More contact between superiors and subordinates con- t r ibutes to bet ter unders tanding and helps remove barriers. There has been considerable improvement in this respect since the rectification campaign began. For instance, many leading cadres now engage in manua l labour. They join others in e l iminat ing the "four evils,"* sweeping and cleaning, wr i t ing t a t s e p a o in the big a i r ing of views now going on, etc. Some comrades showed grea t de te rmina- tion. Leading cadres at the Pingan pit of the Fuhsin Colliery recent ly moved to the workers ' dormitories. This is a highly commendable move. There are many ways of increasing contact and foster ing fr iendship between superiors and subordinates. The crux of the mat te r is that a leader, in mingl ing with the people, should real ly behave as an o rd inary worker . He should consult the comrades on var ious questions f rank ly and without res- ervations. Only in this way will the subordinates confide in the superiors and t rea t them as int imate, respected and t rus ted friends. Only in this way will the subordinates pour thei r hear ts out and speak confidentially. Otherwise, all good methods become mere formalit ies. Even constant contacts would only be the appearance of intimacy, but there wouldn ' t be a t rue meet ing of minds.

* Mosquitoes, flies, rats and grain-destroying sparrows.

v ~ A

Modernizing Chinese Agriculture by WANG KUANG-WEI

China's agriculture will be modernized within the next fifteen years. This means mechanization, "chemicalization" and electrification of farm work.

D ESPITE China 's re la t ive indust r ia l backwardness , a great deal of fa rm machinery was sent to the country-

side during the period of the Fi rs t F ive-Year P lan (1953- 1957). It included 1,500,000 two-wheeled, double-share ploughs, 60,000 sowers, 20,000 horse -drawn harvesters , 1,100,000 "Liberat ion Model" waterwheels , dra inage and irrigation pumps with an aggregate capacity of 360~000 h.p.

and a large number of vehicles. In addit ion, much modern farm equipment was imported, including 22,000 t ractors (in 15 h.p. units), 970 combine-harvesters , and 17,000 t ractor- drawn implements . These modern machines were used to farm 46 mill ion m o u of land, about 2.7 per cent of the country 's total cul t ivated area.

This new equipment has immedia te ly shown its worth. Here is a comparison between fa rming with fully mechanized and an ima l -d rawn implements , made by the p lanning commission of the Hei lungkiang Provincial Government :

Per hectare Per hec tare Percentage A r e a in- y ie ld of land y ie ld o] land o] increase

Year vestigated ]armed by ] a r m e d w i t h as a resu l t (hectares) machines animals o1 m e c h a n i z e d

( k i logrammes) ( k i l ogrammes ) f a r m i n g

1953 198 1,347 1,165 16 1954 1,319 1,827 1,375 33 1955 3,002 1,871 1,497 25 1956 7,529 1,983 1,594 24

North-east China, where Heilungkiang is located, has huge expanses of land with a relatively small population, so farm machines are in particularly great demand there. But they are also needed elsewhere in China. Since the advent of agricultural co-operation, farm production has greatly expanded; there is often a shortage of both man- power and draught animals, especially in the busy seasons. In Heilungkiang Province in 1957, each peasant farmed 55.35 m o u of land as compared with 50.25 m o u in 1952. In Hupeh Province the average per peasant is normally 6 m o u but many actually farm 9 m o u . As for draught animals, in many, places 27 and sometimes even 31 m o u

of land has to be worked by each animal, whereas for intensive cultivation one draught animal is actually needed for every 20 m o u . So not only the number of draught animals should be greatly increased, but farm machines are also needed to make up the deficiency.

More Farm Machines

But how to speed up mechanization? Clearly the only full answer is development of the engineering industry. In 1952 this industry's output was only 5.2 per cent of the value of China's total industrial output. By 1957 the pro- portion was raised to 9 per cent (if metal-processing is excluded}. The value of farm machines produced was only about 8 per cent of the total value of all machines made in China.

While heavy industry goes ahead during the Second Five-Year Plan, the farm machinery industry will also make a big stride forward, so as to be able to turn out

H e r e c o m e s the t r a c t o r

large numbers of tractors of various types. Many areas have now made plans to mechanize farming in the next five years or so.

It is true that tractors are the mainstay of farm mechanization. But China needs more than that. She has more paddyfields than most countries, her irrigated acreage is increasing rapidly, and heavy rainfall m many areas brings frequent floods and water-logging. So the demand for drainage and irrigation machinery is also urgent. China now employs such machines with a total capacity of 510,000 h.p. By the end of the Second Five-Year Plan producers of drainage and irrigation machinery aim to meet the general needs of the country and ensure that the greater part of China's arable lands is irrigated.

Besides tractors and pumps, the farms need machines for sowing, transplanting, harvesting, and husking; small machines for processing and transporting farm produce; mowers and shearing machines for the pastures; machines for the lumber industry; and special machines for industrial crops and aquatic products.

In designing all these, full consideration will be given to local customs and habits, to geographic conditions and types of motive power available in a given region. Machines driven by wind or water power will be designed for certain places. Because of the lack of oil, Diesel engines will not be manufactured in quantity. Smaller and more mobile power units of a multi-purpose type seem to be favoured.

Old-type farm tools will not be totally discarded. The farmers are constantly making improvements and such improved versions will continue to be manufactured. Even with the progress of mechanization, they will be used for a long time. Small agricultural-implement factories will be set up in every administrative region or county to make them.

Chemicals

Fertilizers and insecticides are the main chemicals

W o o d c u t by Ku Hung

used in agriculture.

In 1952 the nation's total output of chemical fertilizers was 194,000 tons; in 1957 it had grown to about 800,000. The industrial advances made in the First Five-Year Plan enable China to equip her own chemical engineering works in the Second. It is quite possible that by 1962 production of chemical fertilizers may reach some 10 million tons a year. When, during the Third Five-Year Plan, the administrative areas and counties generally set up their own local chemical fertilizer plants, China may be turning out more than 30 million tons annually. This will make it possible to bring about the "chemicalization" of China's agriculture.

Genera l ly speaking, the use of one cat ty of chemical fert i l izer gives an increase of three or four catties in the case of gra in or o n e or two catt ies in the case of cotton. Chemical fer t i l izers are also labour savers; 15 k i logrammes of chemical fer t i l izer are easy to move and they give an effect equal to tha t of about 1.5 tons of compost, an amount much harder to move.

China is very well s i tuated as regards raw mater ia ls for chemical ferti l izers. Her coal reserves are rich. She has large amounts of na tu ra l gas, ferrous sulphides, salt, gypsum, alum, and phosphorus ores. In ter laced with a countless number of rivers, her water power is inexhaustible.

Although there will be increased product ion of chemical ferti l izer, the use of compost and other organic manures will not be neglected.

Insecticides are another aspect of "chemicalization." The People 's Government has made manufac tu re of insecticides an impor tan t i tem in its plan to develop Chinese agriculture.

Twelve major types of insecticides have been de- veloped. Dur ing the Firs t F ive-Year Plan, thei r use freed 1,500 million m o u of land from insect pests. This gave an es t imated saving of 5,750,000 tons of grain and 200,000 tons of cotton.

Research inst i tutes and labora tor ies are s tudying various new chemical compounds which promote the

growth of plants. Serums and ant ibiot ics for ve te r inary use are a l ready being produced in some quantit ies.

E l e c t r i f i c a t i o n

Str ik ing progress, as shown below, has a l ready been made in China 's power industry . This will help rura l electrification.

G r o w t h in Chin~'s Electr ic P o w e r Output

1941 5,900,000,000 kwh. (record figure in pre-libera- 1952 7,260,000,000 kwh. tion China) 1957 19,030,000,000 kwh.

Eighty mill ion kwh. were consumed in the countryside in 1957. This is still small but a vast advance over the past and a good augury for the future. There are now 360 small ru ra l hydro-e lec t r ic stations wi th a gencrat ing capacity of 15,000 kilowatts .

Many power stat ions will be buil t in the Second Five- Year Plan period. But progress will depend, in large measure, on the bui lding of local hydro-e lec t r ic power stat ions and this in turn is being faci l i ta ted by the construction of wate r conservancy w o r k s - - a n d there is a great deal of act ivi ty just now in this field.

The socialist modernizat ion of Chinese agr icul ture is an immense task. Apa r t from the problems mentioned, there are many others such as the improvement of seeds and soils, f a rm management , afforestation, etc. What we have mentioned mere ly suggests some of the vast immedia te possibil i t ies in the sphere of appl icat ion of machinery, chemical aids and electric power.

v ~ a ~ - - - -

Drought and Flood Control

Honan Makes the Grade

by YANG MIN

H ONAN Province will increase its i r r iga ted acreage from 32 per cent of its cul t ivated area, last autumn, to 70

per cent by the end of May. Since last October the bui lding of small i r r igat ion works in this central province has been going on at an unprecedented speed. In eight months a total of 50 million m o u will be brought under irr igat ion. When the target is fulfilled, in May, a ra infa l l of 200 ram. will no longer cause flood or water - logging in the moun- tainous and hil ly regions, the plains or lowlands while a drought las t ing 100 days will not ru in the harvest . In other words, Honan will become the first province in China generally able to control o rd inary floods and d r o u g h t s - - a target that the Nat ional P rog ramme for Agr icu l tura l Development projects for 1967.

As a resul t of its progress in i r r igat ion works, the province recently revised its annual target for gra in output close to one- thi rd higher than in 1957.

Honan is high in the nor th-west , fiat in the central

par t and low-lying in the south-east. I t gets most of it.~ ra infal l in three m o n t h s - - J u l y , August and S e p t e m b e r - - often in downpours. This makes for drought dur ing the win te r and spring and water - logging in the other two seasons. Historical records of more than two thousand years show that there have been over 900 droughts and floods in Honan. F rom 1937 to 1945, about one mill ion peasant households every yea r had to flee famine and a great number of people died of hunger in the ca lamity- str icken areas.

The people are now work ing to end these two century- old plagues by controll ing water. Extensive small water conservancy works wil l receive the excessive water and put i t -a t the service of the people wherever and whenever the people desire.

The steps taken by Honan and other provinces to achieve this goal follow three principles. First , emphasis is laid on the bui lding of small wate r conservancy works, supplemented bjr medium ones. Large works are p lanned when their construction is deemed both necessary and prac- ticable. Secondly, bui lding of small and medium works depends mainly on the fa rming co-ops and supplementary state aid is given only to certain projects to help their completion. Thirdly, the main aim of these works is to store water for i rr igat ion. Drainage will be applied only af ter the needs in an area are taken care of.

PERCENTAGE OF IRRIGATED FARM LAND

30:

m

B

m

m

m

851

8ol

75 ~ A

When the construction of water conservancy works in Honan was at its height, about 16 mill ion men and women were working in the fields. Honan people invested over 40 mill ion yuan and huge amounts of bricks, hemp and t imber in the i r r igat ion works. In the course of construction, numerous new tools that increased efficiency and

saved manual labour were devised.

The working people in Honan left no stone un turned to make use of all sorts of water resources. At Kushih, a county in south-eastern Honan, the people bui l t two irr igat ion canals, each 50 ki lometres long. They are l inked with 20,000 ponds and 11 old lakes and the whole system is able to store 260 mill ion cubic metres of water. As a result, Kushih is ful ly prepared to meet flood or drought and its crops will be immune from ord inary na tura l

calamities.

IN NONAN PROVINCE

To~al area of cultivated !and.

136,000,000 mou

Yuhsien County in central Ho- nan did quite a lot of work in wa te r and soil conservation. By closely in tegra t ing these works wi th present fa rm . production, it was proved that re turns in the first year could cover all the costs in this field. Peo- ple over there are now saying: "Preserve wate r and soil as you do your life, take care of the hills and gullies as you do your family." Thir ty per cent of this year ' s p lanned work for water and soil conservation on the hills was completed in a fortnight and they are de te rmined to finish by the end of 1958 what they planned to do in this field in five years.

In the past, people l iving along both banks of the Yellow River suffered a great deal from the scourge of this river. Today they are turning sand dunes to good use, building wa te r conservancy works and plant ing rice in pre- viously low land. People of Yuan- yang, a county at the north bank of the Yellow River s i tuated in the

salt and alkal ine lowland, are changing large t racts of their land into paddyfields. In fifty days, they completed over 4 mill ion cubic metres of ear thwork, equivalent to half of the ea r thwork done in the previous ten years. This year, 300,000 m o u of land in the county are to be p lanted with paddy rice and 150,000 m o u with dry rice. By next

year rice fields will be expanded to 800,000 m o u .

The whole of Fengchiu County, which is situated in the sandy region at the nor thern bank of the Yellow River, is now plant ing shel ter belts, bui lding i r r igat ion canals and turning swamps into rice fields. As they work the

members of the local farming co- ops sing this song:

T h e t e n - t h o u s a n d - y e a r - o l d

h a r m f u l river n o w t u r n s o u t to

b e a boon,

A l l t e n - t h o u s a n d - y e a r - o l d

s a n d d u n e s w i l l b e p l a n t e d w i t h

t r e e s .

W a t e r i n g t h e p a d d y f i e l d s Woodcu t by K u Y u a n

T h i s y e a r w e b u i l d w a t e r

c o n s e r v a n c y w o r k s

T o u p r o o t p o v e r t y o n c e a n d

1or a l l ,

T o s o w t h e s e e d s o f plenty a n d p r o s p e r i t y 1or a l l !

Rapidly expanded i r r iga t ion facil i t ies enable Honan to plan for much more paddy rice. In three years it will increase its rice fields from 7.2 million m o u (in

I 0

1957) to 50 million m o u or 36 per cent of its total cultivated land. When this change-over is completed, 50 million m o u alone will produce 30,000 million catties of unprocessed rice and wheat, an amount larger than the province's entire grain output in 1957.

This year Honan plans to shift 15 million m o u to the growing 9f paddy rice. The success of this programme will set a good example for other areas with similar climatic conditions.

Honan solved the technical problems involved in the change-over in two ways. First it transferred 6,000 experienced rice planters from its rice growing counties and other provinces to the new rice areas. Secondly, it sent an equal number of farmers to learn the art in old rice- planting areas in Honan and other provinces.

Thanks to the expansion of rice fields and other measures to boost farm output, the 1962 grain output in Honan will be more than twice as large as it was in 1957.

v ~ A

Science. Sets by LING

The forward leap in production in China urgently requires a similar leap in science. Can scientific research and development, so recently backward, forge ahead and quickly catch up with world standards? There is full confidence that it c a n - with the present favourable conditions.

T HE economic plan for 1958 as passed by the National People's Congress calls for a 14.6 15er cent rise in total

industrial output (by value) compared with last year. Since its adoption in February, the movement for a "big leap" in production has evoked stepped-up plans in localities, factories and mines everywhere in the country. Industry, therefore, will go forward much more rapidly than anticipated. Moreover, many areas have undertaken to fulfil the National Programme for Agricultural Develop- ment for 1956-67 well ahead of t i m e - - i n seven, six or even fewer years. Everyone is racing with time now, leaving old targets far behind. The whole people is on the move. This is the main feature of China today.

Technical Revolution

As production makes its big strides, a technical revolution is needed. Old tools and methods must be re- placed by modern ones. Many of the 40 articles in the National Programme for Agricultural Development con- cern technical measures. In industry, such things are even more important.

In its technical revolution, China must master and apply, as soon as possible, the advanced scientific and technological knowledge of the Soviet Union and other countries. It must also undertake creative research in accordance with its actual conditions, develop .its own scientific heritage and sum up the experience of the people in production.

The purpose is to enable the most urgently needed branches of science and technology to approach or catch up with advanced world levels by the end of the Third Five-Year Plan (i.e. in 1967). At the same time scientific and technical knowledge are to be spread broadly among the workers and peasants.

To ensure a leap forward in production, it is also essential to develop philosophy and the social sciences. These are important in studying the laws of socialist con-

New Sights YANG

struction and the correct handling of contradictions among the people. They are important in combating bourgeois ideology and in raising the people's socialist consciousness.

Advances in production push forward scientific development. The latter, in its turn, helps production forward. Such is the relationship of the development of production and science.

In the eigl:lt years since liberation, scientific work in China has made great progress. But its foundation in the past was so weak that it still lags far behind the objective needs. There is still no adequate survey of the country's natural resources; many important problems arising in industry and agriculture have not been studied; many major branches of science in China are still very weak, some are non-existent. It is a herculean task to change this situation radically, and catch up with the advanced countries in science.

Nevertheless, there are also many favourable conditions that ensure the rapid development of Chinese science. First of all, it now has a clear goal. Early in 1956, China worked out her long-range 12-year plan for the development of science and technology, through the joint wisdom of several hundred scientists and with help from the Soviet Union and other fraternal countries. A similar "perspective plan" was drawn up for philosophy and the social sciences. In the past, few Chinese scientists had long-term research plans of their own. And there was nothing like a nation-wide plan for scientific development. A radical change has taken p l ace - - r e sea r ch is no longer haphazard.

The next step is to organize the efforts of scientists to achieve these goals. The Planning Committee for Scientific Development, set up under the State Council in 1956, has done a great deal in the past two years to help various scientific research institutions to co-ordinate their activities.

Gains in Recent Years

Actual scientific work accomplished in China in recent years has also prepared the way for a real leap. The Chinese Academy of Sciences and other scientific research units have already done much to implement the most urgent measures included in the long-range plan.

Active research has been launched in some new fields such as atomic energy (work in this field is being carried

11

out on a fairly large scale), semi-conductors, low-temper- ature physics, computing technics, VHF (very high fre- quency) technics, automation, t i tanium metallurgy', fluorine chemistry, etc. Much more than before is being done in sciences closely connected with national construction such as calculus mathematics, mechanics, inorganic chemistry, microbiology, geobotany, mammalogy, fish ecology, seismol- ogy, geo-chemistry, etc. There have been considerable advances in metallurgy, petro-chemistry, high polymers and antibiotics.

China's natural conditions have been studied inten- sively. Large-scale resource surveys have been conducted. Basic theoretical research, the study of philosophy and social sciences have all moved forward.

More Scientists

In the meantime, in the past few years China's corps of scientists has grown bigger and stronger. The Chinese Academy of Sciences alone had a staff of 5,239 in 1952; by 1957 it had 17,335. In 1952, its research personnel was 1,292; by 1957 it had 5,506. In 1952, there were 317 senior research workers and technologists in the Academy; by 1957 there were 746, while the number of assistant research workers rose from 314 to 755. The number of junior research workers in the Academy rose fastest of all, from 661 in 1952 to 4,005 in 1957-- i .e . more than sixfold. The number of research institutes has also increased. In 1952 there were 31 directly under the Chinese Academy of Sciences; by 1957 there were 68. A great deal of equipment and apparatus has been installed in these institutes. Today, the facilities in so~ne of the research institutes of the Academy of Sciences are as good and up-to-date as in some scientifically advanced European countries.

What has been done may be regarded as a preliminary foundation for the realization of the 12-year scientific plan.

In the outlook of scientists, too, there has been a change favourable to organized advance. The rectification campaign is now going on among them. It will certainly serve as a powerful stimulus to the development of Chi- nese science. Many scientists have criticized bourgeois ideas still present in their minds, such as placing one's personal interest above the public need, going after personal fame and gains, reluctance to help and co-operate with each other. They have begun to uproot such ideas, strengthened their socialist outlook and become keener in their work.

The Shanghai Institute of Experimental Biology is one illustration of the effects of this turn. Formerly, in its work, groups or sections were set up to accommodate per- sons. Without taking the needs of the state into due consideration, almost every senior research scientist set up a separate unit according to his speciality or his personal interest. Things went so far that two research fellows studying the same subject each went his own way without consulting the other. During the rectification campaign scientists of the Institute resolutely got rid of such individualist ways which wastefully dissipate strength in research. Now the whole Institute has been divided into four groups each with a major problem to investigate.

The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science is another example. It has proposed to co-operate in the fullest way with all agricultural colleges and schools, as well as with all the agricultural extension centres through-

out the country. Now work in this field can be carried out in a planned way, to serve the needs created by the forward surge in agriculture.

The last factor in ensuring the leap forward in science, a very important one, is selfless Soviet aid. China, at the time of liberation, was scientifically backward. If she had had to start everything from the very beginning, she could never have set herself the goal of catching up with advanced world levels at such a rate. Fortunately she did not have to labour under such handicaps. In atomic studies, for instance, China had no base at all. But in the past few years, thanks to help from the Soviet Union, she has not only built a 7,000-kilowatt atomic reactor of the heavy water type, the biggest in Asia, but also trained a group of her own research workers in this branch. In the field of rare metals, in which Soviet achievements are universally recognized as the world's most advanced. China is able to make use of Soviet production research in her own increase of variety of output in the Second Five-Year Plan.

Sino-Soviet Co-operation

In October 1957, the Chinese Government sent a scientific and technical mission to the Soviet Union; similar delegations were also sent by the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Academy of Agricultural Science and the Ministry of Higher Education (now merged with the Min- istry of Education). The delegations spent three months collecting the opinions of corresponding Soviet organizations on China's scientific plan and discussing how further to strengthen over-all Sino-Soviet co-operation in scientific and technical research.

In December 1957, the Chinese and Soviet Academies of Sciences made a detailed arrangement for co-operation. In January this year, an agreement was concluded between the governments of the two countries. It provides that during China's Second Five-Year Plan (ending in 1962~, 122 important scientific and technical problems will be studied jointly by Chinese and Soviet scientists, or by Chinese scientists with Soviet aid. In 1958 alone, the two Academies will be working jointly on 89 subjects, and 283 senior Soviet specialists will come to work in China. Similar co-operation agreements were signed by the Soviet and Chinese Academies of Agricultural Science and Ministries of Higher Education.

At the meeting of the Planning Committee for Scientific Development held recently in Peking, its chairman, Vice- Premier Nieh Jung-chen, called on all scientists working in research institutes, higher educational institutions and elsewhere to do their best to help the leap forward in science. He said that every region in the country should make its own plan for scientific development and that Communist Par ty committees at all levels, down to the county level, should take the helm in this work. Many scientists spoke at the meeting. They expressed confidence and determination that the "perspective plan" can be fulfilled and a "leap forward" in science achieved.

CHI N ESE W E I G H T S and M E A S U R E S at a GLANCE

1 m o ~ 0 . 0 6 hec ta re or 0.1647 acre I t a n (picul)----~0.05 ton or 0.984 h u n d r e d w e i g h t

~ 1 c b:~: (cat ty)-~-0.5 k i l og ramme or 1.1023 pounds

12

Experimental Farm Plots - - A Way to Improve Leadership

by TAO LI-WEN

M e m b e r s of the Chinese C o m m u n i s t P a r t y and f u n c t i o n - aries of China 's g o v e r n m e n t are m a k i n g a special e f for t to Smprove the ir w a y s of tack l ing problems . Th i s is one o f the aims of the Par ty ' s curren t rec t i f ica t ion campaign .

In this connect ion, the n a m e of Hungan , a sma l l c o u n t y in H u p e h Province , has become a l m o s t a househo ld word. I t succeeded, a f ter severa l years ' hard w o r k , in ge t t ing a remarkab le increase in agr icu l tura l ou tput . Th is was m a i n l y due to the fac t tha t P a r t y and g o v e r n m e n t leaders there i m - proved the i r " s ty le of w o r k " by t a k i n g a persona! par t in f a r m w o r k and i ts t echn ica l i m p r o v e m e n t - - a m e t h o d n o w k n o w n t h roughou t China as " w o r k i n g an e x p e r i m e n t a l f a r m plot."

F ARM yields in Hungan County shot up spectacular ly in 1957. Its average grain yield per m o u rose to 834

c a t t i e s - - l l 6 per cent over its 1952 average and 18 per cent more than in 1956. This exceeded, ten years ahead of schedule, the target of 800 catties per m o u set by the National P rogramme for Agr icu l tura l Development.

What ' s more, 163,000 m o u of the county 's fa rm land, 44.3 per cent of the total, yielded 1,000 catt ies of gra in per m o u . For peanuts, the yield was 625 catt ies a m o u ,

an increase of 71.6 per cent over 1955 and 31.9 per cent over 1956. For cotton, it was 50 catties a m o u , 56.3 per cent more than in 1956. Its l ivestock too showed a big increase over last year. The total income from agr icul tura l produce of the county in 1957, including that f rom subs id iary occupa- tions, was 142.6 per cent greater than in 1956. In other words, it more than doubled in the course of a single year.

In 1956, Hungan 's first year of co-operat ive farming, 90 per cent of its 732 co-ops increased thei r yields. In a small number, however, output s tayed the same or even dropped. But in 1957 every co-op repor ted an increase; and in 106 co-ops the increase ranged f rom 30 to 50 per cent. The total income of co-op members increased by about 40 per cent compared with 1956.

Imaginative Effort

All this was no gift f rom heaven. I t was achieved by hard, imaginat ive effort. I t was, in large measure, the resul t of a be t te r "style of work" among Par ty and government workers. With their good leadership the Hungan peasants were keener on the job, improved thei r farm techniques and successfully fought na tu ra l calamities.

Before October 1956, members of the county committee of the Communis t Pa r ty seldom went out to the villages and f a r m s - - t h e y were content to sit in their offices doing paper work. People joked about them:

"They like to work in the offices and not in the fields; they l ike to visit prosperous co-ops, not lagging ones; they like to talk wi th government and co-op officials but not with the peasants ."

Dur ing thei r first year as co-op farmers , the peasants na tura l ly had no experience of working in the new way. Apa r t from that, many leading funct ionaries held aloof from the people and some mistook thei r preconceived ideas for the facts. That was why, in their first year, output dropped in no less than 1017 per cent of the co-ops. Only 30 per cent showed an increase, and this ranged from mere ly 5 to 10 per c e n t - - n o t more.

Drastic Measures

In the winter of 1956, however, the county committee, in line wi th the directives of the Central Committee, took measures to re form its method of leadership and style of work. The most impor t an t of these was t ransfer of func- t ionaries at higher levels to the "grass roots." Fif teen of the abler officials of the distr ict Pa r ty committees were t ransfer red to serve as secretar ies of Pa r ty branches in backward townships; 195 capable funct ionaries of township grade were sent to 176 backward co-operatives, to work there for several years with responsibi l i ty for definite tasks. In the co-ops themselves, over a thousand people who had been doing adminis t ra t ive work were sent to product ion teams in the fields. In this way the leadership of the co-ops was s t rengthened and brought closer to pract ical tasks.

Members of the county Pa r ty commit tee themselves paid regular visi ts to the farms. In some cases Pa r ty commit tee offices were moved from their normal centres to key localities in the dr ive for higher outputs.

This was all to the good, of course, but some functionaries still fai led to get to grips with the job and the s i tuation. When Wang Shu-chang and Teng Kai-chih, two local Pa r ty officials, came down to one farm on an in- spection tour, they hung about on the borders of the fields, wi th "city" shoes on. The peasants were irr i tated. "Get out of here, you play boys," one shouted. "You're only breaking the r idges of our fields!" When Chang Ching- tien, deputy secretary of the county Pa r ty committee, heard about this, he said, "The peasant was right, he had good reason for scolding. I t ' s because we don ' t ~ i n in fa rm work. Unless we do, we' l l never be able to give real leadership in product ion." So Chang bought himself a hoe and went to work in the fields; all the other county funct ionaries did the same. Soon 11,000, from all levels, were helping on the farms. This brought them shoulder

13

to shoulder with the peasants, who worked with more keenness.

Working in the fields all day was a good. thing, :but the functionaries found it still didn't enable them l~o grasp the whole situation. A mere taste of production wasn' t enough to teach the peasants how to work better.

K e y to the Prob l em

It was Cheng Peng, first secretary of the county Par ty committee, and Ku Chung-teh, director of its department of rural work, who found the key to the problem.

In March 1957 Cheng Peng, with Chu Yi-hung, director of the county technical station, chose a small one- m o u plot at one of the co-ops as an "experimental farm" for peanuts. They enlisted the help of two men experienced with this crop, Chin Lao-wu, a production team technician, and Chin Pi-chuan, a well-to-do middle peasant. By combining modern agricultural methods with the accumulated know-how of veterans of local farming, they were able to work out and put into practice a number of new ideas. These included the application of fertilizers before sowing, mixing of the seeds with nodular bacilli, and close planting.

The local peasants had frowned upon applying fertilizers before sowing. But Chin Pi-chuan's experience proved it could raise productivity by 25 per cent, The efficacy of close planting was also doubted. Most peasants thought it wasn ' t worth the extra work it demanded. But some of the older men stood up for it, and reported they themselves had got a threefold or even tenfold crop with it. Cheng Peng and his colleagues decided to try out these methods and the result was amazing.

The news that the Par ty secretary was himself working an "experimental plot" soon spread far and wide. Party and government functionaries of districts and townships came to have a look. Cheng Peng showed them his results. Seeing is believing and the visitors, deeply impressed, went back home to set up their own "experimental plots" for various crops. Such demonstrations and on-the-spot discussions in the fields have also proved

On Methods of Leadership By Mao Tse- tung

The method of leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, as many know, is the "mass line." It has contributed greatly to the success of China's revolutionary struggles, and of her socialist construction today. This pamphlet, written by Mao Tse-tung in June 1943, gives the basic principles of the "mass line." It shows it as the opposite of bureaucratic leadership, in which touch is lost with the people and with the real state of affairs.

10 pp.

Published by: FOREIGN LANGUAGES PRESS Peking, China

Distributed by: GUOZI SHUDIAN 38, Suchou Hutung, Peking, China

to be a fine way to promote new ideas, and "field confer- ences" have spread as another feature of the new way of leadership.

The most important effect of Cheng Peng's "experimental plot," however, was on the peasants. It broke down their old set ideas about farming and encouraged them to go in for new techniques.

After studying Cheng Peng's experience the county Par ty committee decided that the "experimental farm," as a leadership technique, should be widely promoted. So in 1957, no less than 1,151 of the 1,470 county, district, township and co-operative functionaries in Hungan started similar plots. On all of them, the per-unit-area yields exceeded those of the co-ops where they were located. Quite a few set up new records. They became a powerful factor in the agricultural advance of the whole county.

All Hupeh Province then took the idea up. The news soon travelled beyond it and attracted nation-wide attention. Many provinces followed suit, and the same idea was adapted to industry and other activities (see round- up on the next page).

Far-reaching Effects

The "experimental farm" approach has a significance beyond boosting production; it ushers in a change in the working methods of Par ty and government personnel.

The "experimental plot" is an effective way of cleaning up "bureaucratic airs," and strengthening the links between those in leading positions and the masses. The Chinese Communist Par ty was born among the people and during its more than thirty years of existence it has always maintained its intimate ties with the masses. It was mass support that brought them to victory. The Par ty has constantly warned its rank and file members to guard against any separation from the people.

But some have forgotten these instructions and have let themselves be influenced by the bad bureaucratic style of work of the old society. Instead of being modest, they become conceited. They are content to work in their offices and seldom think of going out among the masses. The present rectification campaign is directed against such bad practices.

The cultivation of "experimental farm plots" has proved to be a very effective way to combat bureaucracy. Many functionaries of Hungan County were once reluctant to go out to the fields; when they did, they found that "while their bodies were in the fields, their minds remained in town." But now things are changing. After working side by side with the peasants in the fields for some time their feelings are with them J " n o w our minds are on the fields." They are serving the people body and soul.

The cultivation of "experimental farm plots" has proved itself as an excellent method of work. It puts a quick end to subjectivism, to dreaming things up in one's head instead of basing one's views on objective reality. This is another goal of the rectification campaign. Chair- man Mao Tse-tung has stressed that "the two methods which we Communists should employ in carrying out any task are, first, the linking of the general and the specific

14

Round-up

"Experimental Farm Plots" Across the Country Mastering Technique

All t he 1,800 official p e r s o n n e l in L i u y a n g - C o u n t y , H u n a n ' P rov ince , who h a v e du t i e s in c o n n e c t i o n w i t h agr icu l tu re , f r o m the s e c r e t a r y of t he coun ty C o m m u n i s t P a r t y c o m m i t t e e down, t i l l t h e i r o w n " e x p e r i r a e n t a l p lots ." A lmos t e v e r y w h e r e one sees w o o d e n s igns in these fields, w i t h al l k inds of d a t a on t hem.

In Kiangs i P r o v i n c e no less t h a n 20,000 s t a t e func- t i ona r i e s a re e x p e r i m e n t i n g no t on ly w i t h f a r m crops b u t also in fores t ry , p e s t - p r e v e n t i o n , a n d p ig -b reed ing .

In Szechuan , P a r t y and g o v e r n m e n t p e r s o n n e l re - sponded eager ly w h e n the p r o v i n c i a l P a r t y c o m m i t t e e ca l led upon t h e m to m a s t e r the e s sen t i a l s of a g r i c u l t u r a l sc ience w i t h i n t h r e e y e a r s - - b y a t t e n d i n g l ec tu re s a n d w o r k i n g on the " e x p e r i m e n t a l f a r m p lo t s" u n d e r t h e g u i d a n c e of v e t e r a n peasan t s . Th i s is to e n a b l e t h e m to he lp push a v e r a g e c rop yields to 800 ca t t i e s a m o u , t h e t a rge t set by the N a t i o n a l P r o g r a m m e for A g r i c u l t u r a l Deve lopment .

Women Champions W o m e n a re r i gh t in t h e r e too. In H u a n g k a n g ,

H s i a o k a n a n d C h i n g c h o w dis t r ic ts , al l in H u p e h P rov ince , a t l eas t 22,600 a re e x p e r i m e n t i n g on 22,000 m o u of land. They are k n o w n on t he job for t h e i r d e v o t i o n to work , e x t r e m e ca re a n d eagerness .

A m o n g the m a n y w h o h a v e se t up c rop records a re a t e a m led by Chou T i n g - y i n g of t h e S h o u y i Co-op w h i c h succeeded i n r a i s i ng 1,430 ca t t ies of co t ton a m o u , a n d Peng Hsueh-y ing . The l a t t e r took a poor piece of l and a t the foot of a hill , w h i c h used to y ie ld a b o u t 800 ca t t ies of r ice pe r mou , and m a d e it p roduce a r ecord 3,190 carries!

In Factories and Mines T h e a d m i n i s t r a t o r s of f ive co t ton mi l l s in the i n d u s t r i a l

ci ty of W u h a n , on t he m i d - Y a n g t s e , h a v e a d a p t e d t h e "ex- p e r i m e n t a l p lot" p r i n c i p l e to t h e i r own p rob lems . Ex p e r i - m e n t a l "spots" h a v e b e e n se t up in t he workshops , a t eve ry s e g m e n t of t he m a n u f a c t u r i n g process f r o m s t a r t to f inish, w h e r e the f ac to ry P a r t y sec re ta r i e s , m a n a g e r s , eng inee r s and t r a d e un ion c h a i r m e n do p r o d u c t i o n jobs, s tudy w o r k i n g m e t h o d s a n d look for ways to i m p r o v e technique .

T h e l ead ing p e r s o n n e l of the big r a i l w a y w a g o n a n d ca r r i age w o r k s in H a r b i n , n o r t h - e a s t China , f ound st i l l a n o t h e r way. Eve ry W e d n e s d a y they lef t t h e i r off ices a n d w e n t to w o r k in the shops. M o r n i n g s they p a r t i c i p a t e d in p roduc t ion ; a f t e r n o o n s they he lped to solve va r i o u s p r o b - lems t h a t had a r i s en in the shops.

Two shops we re spec ia l ly p icked as " e x p e r i m e n t a l p l o t s " - - o n e led in p r o d u c t i o n and the o t h e r lagged. Here , sen io r m e m b e r s of the m a n a g e r i a l s taff took sh i f t s in e v e r y

section. A f t e r w o r k i n g for some t i m e t hey m e t to discuss w h y the one was a h e a d a n d t h e o t h e r beh ind . Thus they he lped al l t he o t h e r shops to see t h e i r o w n p r o b l e m s more clearly, a n d move a h e a d m o r e quickly.

This m e t h o d he lped o v e r c o m e ineff ic iency in the cas t - ing w o r k s h o p w h i c h h a d long been a bo t t l e -neck in the factory .

Th e s y s t e m was app l i ed to m i n e s l a s t N o v e m b e r in the H o s h a n Coll iery, K w a n g s i C h u a n g A u t o n o m o u s Region. A specia l sec t ion in the pi ts was se t as ide for work by l ead ing func t iona r i e s , i nc lud ing t h e d i r ec to r and P a r t y s e c r e t a r y of the mine . Each spends four to s ix h o u r s a week d igg ing a n d t r a n s p o r t i n g coal, so as to u n d e r s t a n d more a b o u t p roduc t ion .

In S h a n g h a i , t h e m a n a g e r s of m a n y fac to r i e s took on jobs in the w o r k s h o p s for so m a n y hour s each week. So good w e r e the r e su l t s t h a t the S h a n g h a i City C o m m i t t e e of the C o m m u n i s t Pa r ty , on F e b r u a r y 12, i n s t r u c t e d all P a r t y sec re ta r i e s a n d d e p u t y secre ta r ies , factor,,, d i rec to r s a n d v ice-d i rec tors , t r a d e u n i o n c h a i r m e n and the Com- m u n i s t You th L e a g u e sec re t a r i e s in fac tor ies and en t e r - pr i ses to set as ide a h a l f - d a y each w e e k for p roduc t ive work. All a re r equ i red , w i t h i n a def in i te period, to m a s t e r a skil l a n d the scient i f ic k n o w l e d g e connec ted w i th t he i r r e spec t ive factor ies .

F u n c t i o n a r i e s of t h e - m u n i c i p a l a n d d i s t r i c t P a r t y com- m i t t e e s are also to p a r t i c i p a t e in ac tua l p roduc t ion in bas ic un i t s u n d e r t h e i r charge .

Experimental Hospital To i m p r o v e ways of work , t h e M i n i s t r y of Pub l i c

H e a l t h in P e k i n g h a s dec ided to se t up "expe r i - m e n t a l p lo ts" u n d e r i ts o w n jur i sd ic t ion . The Minis te r , V ice -Min i s t e r s , a n d m e m b e r s of i ts l ead ing P a r t y o rgan wil l e acb l eave t h e i r offices for four m o n t h s of e v e r y yea r to m a k e field s tud ies in a r ea s of e n d e m i c disease, pub l ic h e a l t h o rgan iza t ions at t h e g ra s s - roo t s a n d the med ica l colleges. Heads of d e p a r t m e n t s and b u r e a u chiefs, wi l l go to w o r k in basic un i t s by ro ta t ion . " E x p e r i m e n t a l p lo t s" wil l be e s t a b l i s h e d in a coun ty in H u n a n P r o v i n c e in sou th Ch ina , in n o r t h C h i n a , a n d the h i l ly reg ions of S h e n s i P rov ince , w h e r e d e p a r t m e n t h e a d s a n d b u r e a u chiefs of the m i n i s t r y wil l t e m p o r a r i l y head the local publ ic h e a l t h sec t ions or hospi ta ls . I n Pek ing , Ci ty Hosp i t a l No. 6 is to be an " e x p e r i m e n t a l w o r k s h o p " for l ead ing personne l .

Experimental Fishing Boats To give b e t t e r l e a d e r s h i p in the f i sher ies the Com-

m u n i s t P a r t y a n d g o v e r n m e n t officials of Chapu , on t he coast of K w a n g t u n g P rov ince , a re p u t t i n g ou t to sea in " e x p e r i m e n t a l f i sh ing boa t s . " T h e i r a i m is to f ind ways to get a b igger ca tch t h a n the local f i sh ing co-ops and t hen s p r e a d the n e w me thods .

and , s eco nd , t h e l i n k i n g of t h e l e a d e r s h i p w i t h t h e m a s s e s . "

To c a r r y o u t a p l a n t h o s e i n l e a d i n g p o s i t i o n s s h o u l d g i v e p r a c t i c a l a n d spec i f i c l e a d e r s h i p , f i r s t d o i t i n o n e p lace ,

in o r d e r to s h o w o t h e r s h o w i t s h o u l d b e d o n e , a n d t h e n

s p r e a d i t to o t h e r p l aces . W i t h o u t spec i f i c l e a d e r s h i p

t h e r e c a n b e n o r e a l l e a d e r s h i p . H u n g a n is a g o o d e x a m p l e of c o n c r e t e l e a d e r s h i p .

B y b r i n g i n g t o g e t h e r t h e m o d e r n , s c i e n t i f i c k n o w l e d g e

of t h e a g r i c u l t u r a l t e c h n i c i a n s , t h e e x p e r i e n c e of v e t e r a n

p e a s a n t s a n d t h e p r o p e r , d o w n - t o - e a r t h g u i d a n c e of t h e f u n c t i o n a r y , o ld c o n s e r v a t i v e i d e a s w e r e c a s t a s ide , n e w t e c h n i q u e s w e r e i n t r o d u c e d , a n d c r o p y i e l d s i n c r e a s e d . By

w o r k i n g c l o s e l y w i t h t h e p e a s a n t s , t h e f u n c t i o n a r y is a b l e

to l i s t e n to t h e v o i c e s of t h e p e o p l e , d r a w o n t h e i r col- l e c t i v e w i s d o m , a n d t h u s a v o i d s u b j e c t i v i s m . I t is t h e " m a s s l i n e " i n a c t i o n .

W i t h i n t h e r a n k s of N e w C h i n a ' s f u n c t i o n a r i e s t h e r e

a r e m a n y w h o h a v e g o n e t h r o u g h t h e f i r e s of t h e r e v o l u -

15

tion. They are well-tempered, loyal to the socialist cause. Great attention is now focussed on the need for people who are both "Red" and "expert." To build socialism in China large numbers of such people who are not only politically and ideologically loyal to the socialist cause but are equally well-versed in technical know-how must be trained.

The Hungan functionaries have shown the way to be experts. By working on their experimental plots they came to grips with farming and farming technique and are now able to telI people how to do things better.

It is no surprise that the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Par ty attaches great importance to this. In a notice issued on February 14, calling on all Party organizations to discuss and learn from the experience of Hungan County, it says: "The cultivation of experimental farm plots is a method by which bureaucratism and subjectivism can be thoroughly overcome. It can clean up 'bureaucratic airs' and enables cadres to go to

the masses and lead them It can show cadres the way to become both 'Red' and 'expert, ' and to bring about the integration of politics and technique. The entire mem- bership of our Par ty should effect the integration of pol- i t ics and technique. We shouldn' t be 'practical people' who have lost their bearings, nor should we be empty- headed politicians." "Therefore," the notice continues, "the spread of the experience of cultivating experimental farm plots to all fields of work throughout the country is one of the fundamental measures for the fulfilment of the tasks of the rectification of the Party. Aside from those cadres who are engaged in agricultural work and who should widely cultivate experimental farms, other comrades who are working in the fields of industry, com- munications and transport, finance and trade, culture and education, and comrades in leading positions should seriously study the method of cultivating experimental farm plots, in connection with the characteristics of their work and draw up the required conclusions in order to clean up 'bureaucratic airs' and gradually become both 'Red' and 'expert. ' "

Vanguard Area

Northeast China Heavy Industry Base

A considerable portion of the industrial plants built in old China were in the north-eastern provinces. After

liberation the existing industrial foundation there was put to work to help the rapid development of production all over the country. Early in the period of the restoration of the national economy (1949-52), while rehabilitating the industries in that region which had been badly damaged by the Kuomintang, the People's Government also prepared for large-scale new industrial construction there During China's First Five-Year Plan (1953-57), north-east China became a centre of such building in which the state invested heavily, organizing the whole population to give it support.

N e w Giant Units

In north-east China, over 150 big industrial units, in the above-norm investment category,* were constructed. They included China's first seamless steel tube mill, motor car works, and heavy rolling mill, expanded facilities for the Fengman Hydro-electric Power Station, and the new Haichow open-cast colliery. All went into production during the First Five-Year Plan. And many other big factories and mines will be completed early in the Second Five-Year Plan.

* The n o r m of i n v e s t m e n t in cap i t a l c o n s t r u c t i o n for h e a v y i n d u s t r y r a n g e s b e t w e e n five to t en mi l l ion ~ y u a n a n d t h a t for l igh t i ndus t ry , b e t w e e n t h r e e to five mi l l ion yuan .

_Lcoc_ )

Map b y S u Lt

As a result of the establishment of new branches of industry and the expansion and modernization of existing ones, north-east China's industry is no longer of the colonial type, as in the past. Today this economic region turns out a variety of metal products, complete equipment for many types of industrial plants, basic chemicals and all kinds of fuels from the rich local resources. Be-

16

fore liberation the impor tan t industries were in Liaoning Province, in the south of the region; in the First Five-Year Plan, Kirin Province in its central area, and Heilungkiang in the north also assumed industrial importance.

Iron and Steel

In the First Five-Year Plan, nor th-eas t China's iron and s t ee l ' ou tpu t grew very quickly, as did that of steel products and high grade alloy steels which the country badly needed. In 1957, it produced 3.7 t imes as much pig iron as in 1952; 3.7 times as much steel; about four times as many steel products.

Forty-one big new or renovated units were added to the s tate-owned Anshan Iron and Steel Works, centre of the nor th-eas tern industrial base, between 1953 and 1957. They included six automat ic blast furnaces, ten coke ovens, two steel plants, eight rolling mills and seven ore-dressing and sintering plants. As a resul t of their completion and improvements in production techniques at Anshan, China's output of iron and steel products increased greatly in quant i ty and var ie ty in her First F ive-Year Plan. This helped the nat ion carry out its p rog ramme in geological prospecting, the construction of factories, mines, railways and bridges and current production.

The non-ferrous metals industry, a lways a weak link in China in the past, also made considerable progress in the north-east .

On the basis of the development in metals , branches of the engineering industry of t remendous significance to the technical re -equipment of China',~ nat ional economy have grown up in the north-east .

The heavy engineering plants of Liaoning Province can now make mining, ore-dressing and metallurgical equipment, giant forges and presses and heavy vehicles used in factories and mines. Dur ing the First Five-Year Plan, industries in this province produced the essential equipment for three of Anshan 's new automat ic blast furnaces. When the giant Fularki Heavy Machinery Works in Heilungkiang Province is completed under the Second Five-Year Plan, complete equipment produced in the region will include that for giant rolling mills.

In the current plan period, the up- to-date No. 1 Motor Car Works in Changchun will broaden its range to include many types of vehicles, including lorries, ambulances and passenger models. A large number of new steam locomotives made in Dairen, and of up- to-date wagons and coaches f rom the Tsitsihar Works will be running on China's railways. Shipbuilding in Dairen is being expanded, and the yards there will turn out 10,000-ton ocean-going vessels.

In Shenyang, factories manufac tur ing wire, cables, t ransformers, switch-gears, etc. were completed in 1957. Together with new plants in Harb in , which make electric- power generat ing equipment, they enable China to build giant thermo- and hydro-electric power stations wi thout resorting to imports.

The chemical industry centre at Kirin, relying on by- products of the iron and steel works in the nor th-eas t for its raw materials, went into production in 1 9 5 7 - mark ing an important change in the country ' s si tuation in this regard. I t will be fur ther expanded, creating a comprehensive base for basic chemicals used in the manufac tu re of fertilizers, plastics, synthetic fibres, synthetic rubber

Making steel ingots Etching by Chert HstaO.-nan

and high grade dyestui~s and laying a ~oundation for the organic synthet ic chemical industry in China.

Fuel and Power Industries

Alongside the iron and steel and other heavy industries, the fuel industry in the nor th-eastern provinces was also great ly expanded in the past five years. The Fushun, Fuhsin, Hokang and Shuangyashan collieries have great ly increased their output. In the First Five- Year Plan, more than ten power stations were built in Fengman, Fushun, Fuhsin and Kirin among other places. The Liaoning Thermo-electr ic Power P l a n t - - b i g g e s t of its kind in China - - i s now under construction. The north- eastern synthetic petroleum industry produces a large par t of China's crude oil.

The building mater ia ls industry in the region has made much progress, conforming to the needs of large-scale economic construction there.

The Kiamusze Comprehensive Paper Mill, now completed, is able to provide all sorts of paper for industrial use.

The t imber and sugar industries of the nor th-east have also grown considerably.

The total industrial output (by value) of the north- east region, not including that of handicrafts, had increased by 144 per cent in 1957 as compared with 1952, an average annual ra te of growth of 19.5 per cent.

With the fulf i lment of the First Five-Year Plan, nor th-east China has turned into a powerful industrial base for the nation. In the Second Five-Year Plan, it will supply the main iron and steel products, machines and other heavy industrial goods needed for the building of new industrial bases in central, north, nor th-west and south-west C h i n a - - s p e e d i n g u p the industrialization of the whole country.

17

CHINESE PRESS OPINION

Refuting Robcrtson "Rober t son ' s claim tha t the U.S. 'mi l i t a ry

posture ' in Asia is d i rec ted aga ins t China alone is an obvious smokesc reen , " R e n -

7nin Ribao s ta ted in a March 23 com- me n ta ry which point by point re fu ted the a t tacks m a d e on the Chinese Peop le ' s Republ ic by U.S. Ass i s t an t Sec re t a ry of S ta te Wal ter Rober t son in Wash ing ton on March 29.

"One has only to r ev i ew d e v e l o p m e n t s af ter World War II," the c o m m e n t a r y said, "to see h o w of ten the Uni t ed S ta tes h a s invaded the countr ies of Asia and in t e rvened in the i r domes t ic affairs. I t spent 6,000 mil l ion U.S. dol lars a rming the reac t ionary Chiang Ka i - shek cl ique f or civil w a r in China; it gave severa l thousand mil l ion more dol lars to he lp the F rench colonial ists in the i r war in Indo- China and ano the r 1,500 mil l ion dol lars to help the Dutch colonial is ts in the i r a t tack on the Indones ian people. I ts a im is to turn these areas into an A m e r i c a n sphere of inf luence and A m e r i c a n colonies.

"To main ta in this s ame 'mi l i t a ry posture, ' the Uni ted S ta tes has pa t ched up the SEATO and Bagdad blocs which a re not only d i rec ted aga ins t the social is t countr ies but have, in fact, become in- s t rumen t s of its la rge-sca le colonial aggression in Asia. This is p roved by Washington ' s p lan to use the Bagdad bloc to invade Syria and its use of SEATO to in ter fere in the in te rna l affairs of Indo- nesia. The Uni ted S ta tes has es tab l i shed a mul t i tude of mi l i t a ry bases and s ta- t ioned t roops p e r m a n e n t l y in many Asian countr ies ; it also of ten holds mi l i t a ry and naval manoeuvres in Asia and the Pacific. All this is a t h rea t to the Asian countr ies , first of all to the count r ies unde r U.S. 'protect ion, ' and also to o the r As ian countr ies adher ing to the policy of in- dependence and peace. The fact t ha t most of the U.S. weapons g iven the Indones ian rebels were smuggled in via the Chiang Ka i - shek clique in Ta iwan is convincing proof tha t the Uni ted S ta tes ' 'mi l i ta ry pos ture ' in Asia, including its mi l i t a ry act ivi t ies in Taiwan, is d i rec ted not only aga ins t the Chinese people but also aga ins t the people of all o the r Asian countr ies ."

"Rober tson ' s wi ld charge tha t China const i tutes ' the only th rea t to the inde- pendence of the As ian nat ions ' is shee r calumny," the pape r cont inued. "S ince the very first day of he r inaugura t ion , the People 's Republ ic of China has c o n -

s is tent ly carr ied out a good-ne ighbour policy of peace. China is one of the in i t ia tors and a fa i th - ful fo l lower of the five pr inc ip les of peaceful co- ex i s tence ; she has a lways respec ted the indepen- dence of the Asian coun- t r ies . . . . Even U.S. Con-

g r e s s m a n Saund, fo l lowing his visi t to Sou th -ea s t Asia last year , had to admi t tha t he had found no ev idence of a 'Com- mun i s t t h r ea t ' in Sou th -eas t Asia. not even in Indones ia ."

Refe r r ing to Rober t son ' s a t tack on the Ch inese people in connec t ion wi th the K o r e a n quest ion, the p a p e r s ta ted tha t "on the i r own ini t ia t ive the Chinese Peo- ple 's Vo lun tee r s have a l ready begun the i r w i t h d r a w a l f r o m Nor th Korea . This

J u s t a bit of " a n t i - s u b v e r s i o n " w o r k Ke Chao-chuan ~n "Gongren Ribao"

peace move is acc la imed th roughou t the world. Now the As ian peoples a re asking: When will A m e r i c a n t roops leave South Korea?"

In Hitler's Footsteps "The A d e n a u e r r eg ime is fo l lowing in

Hi t le r ' s foots teps ," dec la red Da Gong Bao

(March 27), c o m m e n t i n g on the Bunde- s tag 's decis ion to a r m the Wes t G e r m a n forces wi th a tomic weapons .

"This West G e r m a n move sounds a w a r n i n g to all who love peace.

"Adenaue r , flouting wor ld opinion, has t u rned a cold shou lder to the Rapacki p lan for a denuc lea r ized Europe and the people 's d e m a n d for a s u m m i t conference . All this is because he w a n t s Wes t Ger - m a n y to have atomic a r m a m e n t s . "

R e n m i n Ribao (March 22) descr ibed Bonn 's ins i s tence tha t the G e r m a n ques-

lion be d iscussed at the summi t as "'echoing an old tune f rom Washington."

"The unif icat ion of G e r m a n y is a do- mest ic issue for the G e r m a n s themselves . It can only be ach ieved by the two G e r m a n s ta tes th rough negot ia t ion," the p a p e r added.

Whither Britain ? "Harold Macmi l l an has said m a n y nice

th ings about the sum mi t conference," Da Gong Bao noted on March 21, "but now Whi teha l l has tu rned round and announced full suppor t for the Amer ican s t and on the agenda issue, a l t h o u g h it is well a w a r e tha t this Amer ican pro- posal ac tua l ly puts obstacles in the way of conven ing the conference . . . . In- c reased vigi lance by the people is obviously cal led for."

Po in t ing out t ha t Macmi l lan ' s recent t a l k ' abou t " d e t e r r e n t s t reng th" and waging a tomic w a r aga ins t the Soviet Union will not win the Conserva t ive P a r t y the popu la r i ty w h i c h recen t by- e lect ions show it to "be losing, the pape r dec la red : "Facts have proved tha t the a r m a m e n t s ' d r ive and w a r p repa ra t ions can only w o r s e n the economic s i tua t ion and aggrava te the poli t ical crisis in Br i t - ain. Br i t i sh publ ic opinion has po in ted out tha t w i thou t peace, the coun t ry is doomed. For he r own good if for no th ing else, Br i t a in should take pos i t ive s teps to br ing about the s u m m i t confe rence . "

U.S. Obstructs Journalists U.S. obs t ruc t ion is the real reason why

an e x c h a n g e of Chinese and Amer i can co r r e sponden t s does not take place, de- c la red R e n m i n Ribao's c o m m e n t a t o r on M a r c h 23. He was re fu t ing the a l lega- t ion by a S ta te D e p a r t m e n t official t ha t China was to b l a m e for fa i lure t o br ing abou t such visits.

Trac ing the h i s to ry of this case, the c o m m e n t a t o r reca l led tha t " In Augus t 1956, and on success ive occasions China app roved appl ica t ions by Amer i can cor- r e sponden t s to visi t China. But they w e r e p r e v e n t e d f rom coming by the passpor t ban imposed by the U.S. G o v e r n m e n t wh ich wi shed to keep the Amer i can people in the d a r k about the t rue s ta te of affairs in China. In Augus t 1957, the U.S. S ta te D e p a r t m e n t , unde r cri t ical fire both at home and abroad, finally announced tha t it would issue passpor ts to a l imi ted n u m b e r of Amer i can journa l i s t s on an ' expe r i m en t a l basis, ' s ta t ing publ ic ly at the s ame t ime tha t it in tended to m a k e use of these co r r e sponden t s to collect in te l l igence in China. The Sta te Depa r t - m e n t also a r rogan t ly laid it down as a condi t ion for approva l of the A m e r i c a n co r r e sponden t s ' visit tha t China should not d e m a n d rec iproci ty . . . .

18

"In an effort to p r o m o t e m u t u a l u n d e r - s t and ing b e t w e e n the Ch inese and A m e r i c a n peoples , the C h i n e s e r e p r e s e n t - a t ive a t the s e v e n t i e t h Sino-U.S. a m b a s - sador ia l m e e t i n g in G e n e v a p roposed an a g r e e m e n t 'to g ive p e rmi s s ion , on an equal and rec iprocal basis , for cor re - s p o n d e n t s of the o t he r s ide to e n t e r t he i r respec t ive coun t r i e s for n e w s coverage , ' bu t th is too wa s re jec ted by the U n i t e d Sta tes ."

Renmin Ribao's c o m m e n t a t o r c h a r a c t e r - ized as " m e a n i n g l e s s " the S t a t e D e p a r t - m e n t ' s e x t e n s i o n of the va l id i ty of pa s spo r t s of A m e r i c a n c o r r e s p o n d e n t s w i s h i n g to vis i t C h i n a and its ta lk abou t w e l c o m i n g vis i ts by C h i n e s e j ou rna l i s t s , un l e s s it c h a n g e s its a r b i t r a r y and a r r o g a n t a t t i t ud e a n d se t t les the ques - tion of m u t u a l vis i ts in a cco rdance w i th i n t e rna t iona l u s a g e a nd the p r inc ip les of equa l i ty a n d reciproci ty .

Okinawans' Victory "Despi te the i r desp icab le t r icks, the

U.S. occupa t ion a u t ho r i t i e s fa i led to s top the a d v a n c e Of t he d e m o c r a t i c forces in the r ecen t O k i n a w a n elect ions ," wro t e Renmin Ribao's c o m m e n t a t o r (March 26).

In the i r a t t e m p t to u n d e r m i n e t he elec- t ion c a m p a i g n s of d e m o c r a t i c g roups in O k i n a w a a n d offset an t i -U.S , s e n t i m e n t s the A m e r i c a n a u t h o r i t i e s on the i s l and resor ted to all k i nd s of u n d e r h a n d m a n o e u v r e s . One of t he i r m o s t s h a m e - less f r a u d s was to b r o a d c a s t a n e w s bul le t in in the n a m e of Rad io P e k i n g , s t a t i ng t h a t a s p o k e s m a n of the C h i n e s e Fore ign Min i s t ry had dec la red t h a t C h i n a would " n e v e r g ive up its s o v e r e i g n r igh t s over the R y u k y u I s l ands . "

Re fu t i ng this s l a n d e r and de f in ing Ch ina ' s posi t ion w i t h r e g a r d to O k i n a w a , the c o m m e n t a t o r r e fe r red to P r e m i e r Chou En- la i ' s s t a t e m e n t on the U.S.- Br i t i sh Dr a f t Pe a c e T r e a t y w i th J a p a n

and the Sa n F ranc i sco C o n f e r e n c e on

U.S."3ood offlces

Stepping stones

THE PASSING SHOW

Mind You Don't Catch Cold! Answer ing quest ions of Amer ican correspondents on the economic s i tua-

tion in his country, the West German Economic Minister, Ludwig Erhard, said in Washington he was ra ther pleased that the "too hectic cl imate" in the West German economy had "cooled down a little."

J an u a ry this year saw a drop of 7 per cent in export orders for West German factories; production of machine- tools went down 19 per cent for the first t ime since the last war; moun ta in s of unsold coal are piling up in the industr ia l Ruhr, and the unemploymen t figure climbed to 1,325,000.

Cool ?

Free World... At least 40 million people in the United S t a t e s - - n e a r l y one-four th of

the p o p u l a t i o n - - h a v e been invest igated for one reason or another , said Donal MacNamara , Dean of the New York Inst i tute of Criminology, in an in terview with the N e w York Pos~ on March 5. "More than 250,000 people are employed in the private invest igat ing field and the n u mb er is r is ing steadily," added this expert of 25 years ' s tanding in the field of prying into other people 's affairs. He listed among this a rmy of snoopers, the FBI, police, intell igence securi ty agencies, congressional and state legislative committees, private employers, an t i -communis t organizat ions and many others.

"Wire-tapping, l is tening at keyholes, peeking through t ransoms, taking pictures surrepti t iously, following people in relay teams" are some of the " techniques" used.

The Amer icans have a word for it: "Don't look now, but I think you're being followed!"

1 A u g u s t 15, 1951 in w h i c h he po in ted out t ha t the s e p a r a t i o n of t h e se i s l ands ( the R y u k y u s an d Bonins ) " f ro m J a p a n has n e v e r been p ro v i d ed for in a n y p r ev i o u s i n t e r n a t i o n a l a g r e e m e n t . " To s h o w w h e r e the s y m p a t h i e s of the C h i n e s e people lie, t he c o m m e n t a t o r ci ted the s u p p o r t w h i c h the Ch inese p ress g ives to the d e m a n d for O k i n a w a ' s r e t u r n to J a p a n .

Mi KU in "We~, H u t B a o "

Show-off at Bangkok T h e publ ic d i sp lay of a " M a t a d o r "

gu ided mis s i l e by the U.S. Ai r Force in

B a n g k o k on t h e T h a i Roya l Ai r Force

Day w a s r id icu led by Renmin Ribao

(March 26) as a " show-of f w h i c h will

f r i g h t e n no one."

T h e U n i t ed S t a t e s h a s long p lo t ted to

t u r n T h a i l a n d into its a t omic ba s e in

S o u t h - e a s t As ia , t h e p a p e r asser ted .

T h o u g h it fa i led to rea l ize th i s a t the

M a n i l a Confe rence , it h a s not ceased to

p u t p r e s s u r e on T h a i l a n d , the exh ib i t i on

of the " M a t a d o r " be ing its l a t e s t effort.

"Th i s U.S. s c h e m e h a s a l r e a d y evoked

s t r o n g oppos i t ion in T h a i l a n d , " Renmin

Ribao repor ted . "Both be fore and a f te r t h e M a n i l a Confe rence , m a n y publ ic

f igures in T h a i l a n d h a v e e x p r e s s e d s t r ong

oppos i t ion to the e s t a b l i s h m e n t of any

type of U.S. rocke t base on Tha i te r - r i to ry . . . . T h e y dec la re t h a t w h a t T h a i -

l and needs is no t w a r but f r i end ly

r e l a t ions wi th o t h e r peoples.

" T o d a y in As ia a n d e l s e w h e r e in the

world , t h e r e is a v igorous c a m p a i g n a g a i n s t W a s h i n g t o n ' s p r e p a r a t i o n s for n u c l e a r war ."

19

C H I N A A N D THE

WORLD

Sino.Hungarian Trade Not long ago, Budapest received a long

distance phone call from Peking. It was for a supply of sugar beet seeds urgently needed to raise a bigger sugar crop in China this year. Though the order came rather late, the Hungarian trade a~thor- ities rushed arrangements and three days later, carloads of seeds were on their way to China. This was typical of the prompt service Hungary gives to trade transactions with China.

In the Sino-Hungarian trade protocol concluded in Peking on March 21, Hungary undertakes to fill bigger orders for Diesel engines, water pumps and tractors to help China's big leap forward this year in industry and agriculture. Following up a Hungarian suggestion, China has also placed orders for deep well-drilling machines and equipment for pumping stations suited to China's mountain regions.

During the past eight years, Hungary has sent China a large amount of equipment and goods including complete installations for power stations and radio transmitting stations, tractors and combine-harvesters, lorries, buses and Diesel locomotives, micro-wave and other radio equipment and scientific apparatus. Chinese shops are also selling Hungarian medical instruments, pharmaceuticals, cotton textiles, granulated sugar and other consumer goods.

Driven by Hungarian technicians, a convoy of Hungarian lorries arrived in Lhasa in the summer of 1956. They had been specially designed for driving on the high plateau and mountain roads of the Kangting~Tibet Highway. Many other Hungarian specialists have come to work in China to help train technicians in the use of Hungarian equipment.

China, on her part, is supplying Hun- gary with large quantities of raw materials for heavy and light industries, min- erals, canned foods and fruits. In the dark days when the counter-revolutionaries were causing trouble in Hungary, China gave unstinted political and economic support to the Hungarian people.

These two-way contacts are typical of the close co-operation existing between the socialist countries.

Canton Fair Visitors and customers will see a

greater variety and quantity of goods than ever before at the Canton Export Com- modities Fair which opens on April 15. Thir teen thousand types of goods will be on display. They include animal products, tea, foodstuffs, chemicals, household goods, silks and other textiles, metals, instruments, machine-tools and other engineering products. Many items will be goods which China only recently began to

produce.

Started in 1958, the Fair is a twice yearly event at which transactions worth scores of millions of pounds sterling are negotiated. Foreign buyers at the Fair choose not only from the samples ex- hibited, but can discuss their specific needs, prices and specifications with Chinese technical and business represent- atives on the spot.

A new feature this year is that Chinese representative~ will also be on hand to discuss transactions with foreign traders for imports into China.

Business firms in more than 30 countries are already in touch with Fair

authorities.

A Chinese iron and steel mission is now holding discussions in Tokyo with seven major Japanese iron and steel companies and trade organizations re- garding implementation of the Sino- Japanese steel barter agreement signed in

Peking in February.

Joint Se|ontifle Researoh Electrical Equipment An agreement

for joint research on electric power equipment employed in the damp, tropical parts of China was signed at a recent international conference in Peking.

The Soviet Union, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia and the German Demo ~ cratic Republic, which signed the agreement with China, will send to this country samples of various types of electro- technical equipment and related chemical- engineering and petroleum products to be used by experts of the six countries for testing and research. Findings will be shared by all signatories. Other socialist countries not present at the conference may join in the research programme upon agreement with the Chinese Government.

Ocean Survey A joint Chinese-Soviet- Korean oceanographical survey of fishery resources in the East China and Yellow Seas has now been completed.

Sailing on five ships m t h r e e Chinese and two Sovie t - - sc ien t i s t s of the three countries spent three months investigat- ing physical conditions and marine life in

these waters and their chemical composi- tion. Winter fishing grounds were dis- covered during the expedition.

The work was done in accordance with the agreement for joint fishery, oceano- graphy and limnology research in the western Pacific signed in Peking in 1956.

Chinese Artists in Japan The 64-member Chinese song and

dance troupe which is to perform in Japan early this month is one of the most distinguished Chinese artistic groups to visit that country since the 1956 tour of the Peking opera company led by Mei Lan-fang.

It is headed by Lu Chi, the well-known composer and Chairman of the Union of Chinese Musicians; its programme of dances, songs and instrumental music in- cludes solos on the ku chin, an ancient Chinese musical instrument, by Cha Fu- hsi, musical adviser to the troupe.

The 50-day tour is jointly sponsored by the Mainiehi Shimbun, one of the largest Japanese newsl~apers, the Japan~ China Cultural Exchange Association and Japan-China Friendship Association. Per- formances will be given in Tokyo, Shi- zuoka, Nagoya, Osaka, Kobe, Fukuoka, and Yawata.

Chinese Art in U.S.S.R. A Russian translation of Shih Ching

(Book of Odes}, China's oldest col- lection of poems, has just been published by the Soviet Academy of Sciences.

Three of the four volumes of SelecZed Chinese Poems in Russian, edited by a leading Chinese poet, Kuo Mo-jo and the Soviet sinologist Fedorenko, are now also available in the Soviet Union. The fourth volume now in preparation in- cludes eighteen poems by Chairman Mao Tse~tung.

The Chinese play Thunderstorm by Tsao Yu was staged for the first t ime at the Moscow Pushkin Theatre on March 22. The classical drama West Chamber and the fairy tale Indigo Flower have already had successful Moscow runs.

To date, editions totalling some 23 million copies of books by modern and classical Chinese writers and selections of Chinese folk l i terature have been published in the Soviet Union. Books by Lu Hsun, Mao Tun and Kuo Mo-jo have the largest sales.

Thirty-six Chinese feature films have been released in the Soviet Union since 1950. The White-Haired Girl, most pop- ular of them all, was seen by 15 million

people.

20

C I N E M A llllllmllmllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll

New Films Festival C i n e m a s in Ch ina ' s b igger ci t ies a r e

c u r r e n t l y r u n n i n g fes t iva l s of n e w f i lms p roduced l a s t y e a r in h o m e studios. Pe - k ing ' s l a s t ed f r o m M a r c h 22 to 31. T h e t w e n t y - o n e fes t iva l f e a tu r e s , d o c u m e n - tar ies , scientif ic and educa t i ona l sho r t s s t r i ke a c o n t e m p o r a r y no te on m a n y t hemes : r e v o l u t i o n a r y gue r i l l a w a r f a r e d u r i n g t he W a r of L ibe ra t i on , r u n n i n g to e a r t h A m e r i c a n a n d K u o m i n t a n g sub - ve r s ion on t he m a i n l a n d , p r o b l e m s of t he younge r gene ra t ion , bu i l d ing co-op fa rms . i ndus t r i a l i za t ion and m u c h else.

The Dark Be]ore Dawn, an A u g u s t F i r s t F i lm S tud io p roduc t ion , t a k e s us back to t he days in 1946 w h e n C h i a n g Kai - shek , backed by t he A m e r i c a n s , p lunged t he coun t r y in to c iv i l w a r b a r e l y a y e a r a f t e r t h e e i g h t - y e a r s t r u g g l e aga ins t t he J a p a n e s e i n v a d e r s h a d b r o u g h t v ic to ry a n d peace to China . I t is the s to ry of a s m a l l gue r i l l a u n i t l e f t to p in d o w n t h e e n e m y in the T a p i e h Moun ta in s , w h i l e t he m a i n forces p re - pa r e for a counte r -of fens ive . T h e s i t u a - t ion soon gets g r i m for t he guer i l las , b u t they " s w i m a m o n g t h e people l ike f ish

in wa t e r , " a n d come t h r o u g h to be t h e r e a t the v ic tor ious end of the campa ign .

Soul ol the Sea (Hat Yen F i l m S tud io of S h a n g h a i ) is by m a n y cri t ics cons idered one of the bes t p i c tu re s p roduced l a s t y e a r for its cha rac t e r i za t i ons . I t shows t he K u o m i n t a n g r e a c t i o n a r i e s in all t h e i r sense less b ru t a l i t y , a r r o g a n c e a n d cup id- ity, a n d it is a good sea y a r n as wel l a b o u t r evo l t on t h e h i g h seas.

Be fo re sa i l ing f r o m S h a n g h a i w i t h the f leeing K u o m i n t a n g forces, C h e n C h u n - k u a n , a sa i lo r on the K u o m i n t a n g cor- v e t t e KuMng, h e a r s a b o u t t h e comrade ly t ies t h a t ex i s t b e t w e e n officers a n d m e n in the People ' s L i b e r a t i o n Army . He passes on th i s i n f o r m a t i o n to his m a t e s a n d i t m a k e s a big i m p r e s s i o n on t h e m p a r t i c u l a r l y w h e n they c o n t r a s t i t w i t h t h e i r o w n ]ot u n d e r the K u o m i n t a n g b r a s s h a t s . W h e n t h e y r e a c h Ta i wa n , t h e y see for t h e m s e l v e s h o w the people a r e t r e a t e d by t h e A m e r i c a n G.I.s a n d t h e K u o m i n t a n g . O u t r a g e d b y t h e i r ex - per iences , w h e n t h e i r sh ip is s en t to b lockade t h e Yangtse , they m u t i n y a n d t a k e i t in to l i b e r a t e d S h a n g h a i .

Two of t h e e igh t f e a t u r e fi lms in t h e f e s t iva l a re in colour. Flames on the Border ( C h a n g c h u n F i l m Studio) is se t a g a i n s t t h e co lour fu l b a c k g r o u n d of C h i n a ' s s o u t h - w e s t e r n b o r d e r reg ion w h e r e the Chingpos , one of t h e n a t i o n a l m i n o r i t i e s of Ch ina , l ive. To he lp t h e f a r m e r s i nc rease t h e i r crops, the People ' s

L i b e r a t i o n A r m y u n i t q u a r t e r e d in the a r e a offer to he lp t h e m bu i ld a reservoi r . Th i s offer seems too good to be t r u e to one of t h e Ch ingpo l eade r s m a d e suspi - c ious by long a c q u a i n t a n c e w i t h K u o m i n - t ang dupl ic i ty . His suspic ions a r e f a n n e d by a n a s t u t e K u o m i n t a n g specia l a g e n t a n d a n ug ly s i t u a t i o n is c r ea t ed b e t w e e n t h e local peop le a n d the L i b e r a t i o n Army . H o w t h e Ch ingpos f ind ou t w h o t h e i r r ea l f r i e n d s a r e t akes t h e f i lm to an exc i t ing c l imax .

Riding the Stormy Seas ( C h i a n g n a n F i lm Studio) , also in colour, is a f a s t - moving , c h e e r f u l t a l e of h o w t h r e e young gir ls jo in t h e f i rs t b a t c h of Ch inese w o m e n m e r c h a n t m a r i n e officers.

O t h e r f e a t u r e f i lms s h o w n d u r i n g the fes t iva l i nc lude Song o] the Phoenix ( C h i a n g n a n F i l m Studio) and The Joy]ul Sound of the Flute (Hat Yen F i lm Studio), b o t h a b o u t t h e c o - o p e r a t i v e m o v e m e n t in t h e c o u n t r y s i d e ; Secret Watch in Canton, a n o t h e r Ha t Yen fi lm w h i c h tel ls h o w agen t s s en t b y the U.S. and t he Kuo- m i n t a n g a r e t r a p p e d a n d b r o u g h t to jus t i ce ; a n d A Herdsman's Son Comes Home ( C h a n g c h u n F i lm Studio) w h i c h shows h o w t h e people of I n n e r Mongol i a a re bu i ld ing socia l ism.

A m o n g t h e d o c u m e n t a r i e s , scient if ic a n d e d u c a t i o n a l sho r t s is Sanmen Gorge, s h o wi n g the s t a r t of w o r k on t he d a m w h i c h is a f i rs t i n s t a l m e n t of t he g rea t p l a n to h a r n e s s t h e Yel low River .

Ballet J a p a n e s e T r o u p e in P e k i n g

The pe r fo rmance of The White-Haired Girl by the Japanese bal le t t roupe led by Mikiko Matsuyama gave us someth ing in t r ins ica l ly new. We saw wi th in teres t and pleasure excerpts of classical ba l l e t danced to music by Chopin, Tchaikovsky, Prokof lev and Asafiev, bu t we were par t icu lar ly del ighted and deeply moved w h e n we saw The White-Haired Girl. In this t rans la t ion of the famous Chinese opera into the idiom of the classical ballet , the Japanese art ists danced wi th a feeling, unde r s t and ing and v i ta l i ty tha t he ld our a t ten t ion f rom t ragic opening to t r i u m p h a n t finale.

Mikiko Matsuyama was t ra ined at the Nichi -Geki Thea t re and danced wi th the Tokyo Bal le t Company. She fo rmed he r own ba l l e t group in 1948. The influence of the Russian bal le t school is s t rongly felt in he r work. Af te r a t tending the Wor ld Peace Congress in Hels inki in 1955 she vis i ted the Soviet Union on he r way home and took a long look a t the bal le ts there . She vis i ted China t ha t same year.

On r e t u r n i n g to J a p a n she wove the var ious creat ive s t rands she had s tud ied into the reper to i re of he r t roupe. Its pe r fo rmance of Asafiev's The Fountain of Bakhchisarai was awarded a pr ize at the d rama fes t iva l sponsored by the Japanese 1Y£inistry of Educa t ion in 1957.

The ~ rog ramme presen ted in Pek ing reflects these interests of the troupe. Les Sylphides is a series of divertisse- ments, solos, pas de deux and pas de trois danced to Chopin 's music, a Prelude and Nocturne, Mazurkas and Waltzes supported by the whole corps de ballet. The excerp t f rom The Fountain of Bakhchisarai was danced wi th verve. Here, as in Les Sylphides, t he t roupe showed great ingenui ty in i ts production. Sets, l ighting, costumes were ful ly adequa te though modest when compared to the lavL4h scale of the

grea t ba l le t companies. So it was too wi th Peter and the Wolf, Prokofiev 's cha rming musica l fable.

Troupe and audience found each o ther complete ly wi th the opening bars of The White-Haired Girl. Firs t p roduced in F e b r u a r y 1955 at the Hibiya Publ ic Hall in Tokyo it gives the essence of the famous Chinese opera.

Miss Matsuyama immedia t e ly won our sympath ies as Hsi-erh, the heroine. In the concent ra ted act ion of bal le t we sensed and saw her gay, free, b r ave spirit , h e r love for Ta-chun , h e r fear and humi l i a t ion in the landlord 's house and h e r rad ian t happiness in r e u n i o n wi th her love . , Taneo Ishida made a fine Ta-chun. Yasuo Komor i was the very epi tome of a sensual, bruta l , a r rogan t landlord. The choreographer ' s imagina t ive use of yangko dance m o v e m e n t s in the vi l lagers ' dance evoked spon- taneous applause.

Pek ing audiences apprec ia ted the way this Chinese d rama was t r ans - posed into the new medium. Yang- ko became ballet , bu t re ta ined its na t iona l flavour; there was no in- congrui ty in seeing Hsi-erh, a Chi- nese peasant girl, en pointes, any more t h a n the re is in seeing Giselle, the F rench peasant girl, dance in this way.

The Matsuyama company gave twe lve pe r fo rmances in Pek ing and is n o w going to Chungking, W u h a n and Shangha i on a s ix -week tour. Y.M. ~~ m ~"

21

B O O K S I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I

12 in.), a n d w e r e m a d e for d e c o r a t i v e purposes . T h e s q u a r e ones we re de s igned for sc reens , w h i l e the r o u n d ones w e r e s o m e t i m e s used for sc reens bu t mos t ly for fans .

Al|um of Sung Paintings

The Sung d y n a s t y is r e g a r d e d by m a n y as the golden age of c lass ical Ch inese pa in t ing . Dur ing its t h r e e h u n d r e d a n d t w e n t y yea r s f rom 960 to 1279 A.D. a hos t of p a i n t e r s p roduced a n a s t o n i s h i n g n u m - be r of g r ea t works. The in f luence of t h e i r a r t is p o t e n t to th is day. T h e Sung Dynasty Album Paintings in two vo lumes , jo in t ly compi led by C h e n g Chen- to , C h a n g Heng and Hsu P a n g - t a and p u b - l i shed by the Ch inese Classic A r t P u b - l i sh ing House in Pek ing , wi l l be i n v a l u a b l e for those who wish to m a k e closer a c q u a i n t a n c e w i t h th is ar t . I t con ta ins a h u n d r e d r e p r o d u c t i o n s of t he s a m e size as t he or ig inals . F o r t y - f o u r a re a t t r i b u t e d to t h i r t y - t w o pa in te r s . The res t a re by a n o n y m o u s ar t i s ts . T h o u g h not al l c an be sa id to be the m o s t im- p o r t a n t works of the S u n g dynas ty , t hey do r e p r e s e n t the va r ious schools of t h a t per iod a n d give a r e v e a l i n g g l impse of the a c h i e v e m e n t s and g e n e r a l t r e n d s of Sung pa in t ing .

The first vo lume covers the per iod f rom the N o r t h e r n S u n g d y n a s t y to t he end of the r e ign of K u a n g T s u n g (960 to 1194 A.D.). The second con ta ins p a i n t i n g s f rom the t ime of t he E m p e r o r Ning Tsung to the end of the d y n a s t y (1195 to 1279 A.D.). All these " a l b u m " p a i n t - ings a re sma l l ( the a l b u m is 15 in. by

P l u m T r e e and Wi ld Ducks By Ma Yt~a~tfSouthern Sung dynasty, 1127-1279 A.D.)

The sub j e c t m a t t e r is v e r y var ied , r a n g i n g f r o m l a n d s c a p e s a n d g e n r e subjects to b i rds , insec ts a n d flowers. But , w h a t e v e r the t heme , i t is h a n d l e d w i t h

s u p e r l a t i v e skil l and sens i t iv i ty . M a n y of t he se m i n i a t u r e s t r a n s c e n d the i r ac tua l size, a n d give a n i m p r e s s i o n of spac iousness. Y a n g Wei ' s Peasants at Work shows a s t r e t c h of paddyf ie lds , a f a rms tead , d i s t a n t hil ls, a n e a r b y pond a n d a sma l l b r idge w i t h scores of p e a s a n t s busy h a r - v e s t i n g rice, d r a w i n g wa te r , t h r e sh ing ,

p o u n d i n g husks , c a r r y i n g g r a i n to t h e ba rn , or m a k i n g hays t acks , wh i l e t h e i r l a n d l o r d s s t a n d a t ease, e n j o y i n g the scene. Desp i te t h e i r d i m i n u t i v e size, e a c h f igure in th i s p a i n t i n g is a l ive per - son, a n d t h e w h o l e a v iv id c o m m e n t a r y o n the l i fe of the t ime. Me n and horses in C h e n C h u - c h u n g ' s Tending Horses by the Willow Stream a r e also m i n u t e b u t e v e r y ges tu re is t r ue to life. C h a n g Hsun - l i ' s Fishing Boat in Spring r ep ro - duces a l l t h e c h a r m of the lush va l ley of the Yangtse . M a Y u a n ' s Plum Tree and Wild Ducks is a n o t h e r wor ld in m i n i a t u r e . P l u m t rees by t h e r i ve r and rocks ; wi ld ducks p lay ing on the wate r , s p r e a d i n g r ipp les al l a r o u n d them. A d u c k w h i c h h a s f a l l en b e h i n d is f lapping i ts w ings in a f r a n t i c effor t to ca tch up w i t h t h e o thers .

Up to n o w the m a s t e r p i e c e s of Chinese p a i n t i n g h a v e not been easi ly access ible to the gen e r a l publ ic . A l t h o u g h t h e r e is

a fine col lec t ion of c lass ical pa in t i ngs in the P e k i n g P a l a c e M u s e u m a n d th is ha~ been open s ince l ibera t ion , people in o the r pa r t s of the c o u n t r y a n d m a n y a r t i s t s who wi shed to s tudy and copy t h e m h a v e h a r d l y had a c h a n c e to s e e them. H e n c e the m a n y reques t s f rom p a i n t - ers a n d a r t lovers for good r e p r o d u c - t ions. Loose - l ea f i acs imi les p u b l i s h e d by t h e M u s e u m a n d t h e me t i cu lous col-

ou red wood b lock copies m a d e by t h e J u n g P a o Chai S tud io h a v e to some ex- t en t a n s w e r e d these needs, b u t the a l b u m

u n d e r r e v i e w gives the gene ra l publ ic its f i rs t o p p o r t u n i t y to acqu i r e a ser ies of f ine r ep roduc t i ons of pa in t ings of a who le per iod, sy s t ema t i ca l l y se lec ted and wi th a s cho la r ly in t roduc t ion .

C h e n g Chen- to , w e l l - k n o w n for his work in the h i s to ry of Ch i n e s e a r t and l i t e r - a tu re , p rov ides a fo r eword giving a b r i e f h i s t o r y of C h i n e s e p a i n t i n g in gene ra l w i t h a de t a i l ed ana lys i s of i ts deve lop- m e n t in S u n g t imes. He is also respon- s ib le for the a n n o t a t e d l is t of pa in t ings . S u p p l e m e n t s c o n t a i n i n g t he t ab le of contents , f o r e w o r d a n d a n n o t a t e d l is t in Engl ish , Russ ian , F r e n c h or G e r m a n a re a v a i l a b l e fo r b u y e r s abroad.

Reprints of Modern Literature T h e M a y t h e F o u r t h M o v e m e n t in 1919

w a s a t u r n i n g po in t in t he h i s t o ry of m o d e r n China . I t m a r k e d the b e g i n n i n g of a n e w s tage in the C h i n e s e people 's s t rugg le for l i be ra t ion . I n the yea r s t h a t fo l lowed, the c o u n t r y w as sv~ept b y a n e w c u l t u r a l m o v e m e n t t h a t p roduced m a n y f ine novels , s h o r t s tor ies , p lays a n d

poems ref lec t ing t h e a s p i r a t i o n s of the people in t h e i r r e v o l u t i o n a r y s t rugg le a g a i n s t f e u d a l i s m a n d imper i a l i sm , and the consc iousness t h a t th i s s t r u g g l e was l i nked w i t h the des t in ies of t h e w o r k i n g class. Most of t he se works , h o w e v e r , h a v e long b e e n ou t of p r i n t a n d a r e d i f - ficult to ob ta in . B u t m a n y of t h e m a re of key i m p o r t a n c e in a n y s t u d y of m o d e r n Ch inese l i t e r a tu re . I t is for th i s reason , a n d as p a r t of t h e policy of " l e t t i ng a h u n d r e d f lowers b lossom," t h a t the Peo- p le ' s L i t e r a t u r e P u b l i s h i n g House in P e k i n g is b r i ng ing ou t r e p r i n t s of the be s t p roduc t s of t h e M a y the F o u r t h

M o v e m e n t and af ter .

T h e Collected Works of Chu Chiu-pai, t h e n o t e d cr i t ic a n d one of the p ioneers of C h i n a ' s n e w l i t e r a tu re , h a v e a l r eady been p u b l i s h e d in four volumes . T h e f i rs t four v o l u me s of the Complete W o r k s of Lu Hsun, s t a n d a r d - b e a r e r of t h e new c u l t u r a l m o v e m e n t , h a v e a l r e a d y been b r o u g h t out, w i t h t h e r e s t to fol low shor t ly . Th e Collected Works of Kuo Mo-jo , r u n n i n g in to t w e l v e o r f ou r t een vo lumes , wi l l b e p u b l i s h e d in fu l l in t h e n e x t t h r e e years . Kuo Mo-jo, P r e s i d e n t of t h e Ch i n e s e A c a d e m y of Sciences , is k n o w n as a n h i s to r ian , poe t a n d p lay - wr igh t . F ive v o l u me s of h is col lec ted

w o r k s h a v e a l r eady appeared .

Th e col lected works of Mao T u n a n d P a Chin , two of the b e s t - k n o w n nove l i s t s of Ch ina , wil l also be p u b l i s h e d by t he People ' s L i t e r a t u r e P u b l i s h i n g House. Mao T u n ' s col lected ~ o r k s wil l come to

22

twelve volumes , a n d P a Ch in ' s to four - teen; they wi l l all be p u b l i s h e d be fo re

the end of 1959.

The Map Tun col lec t ion inc ludes all his l i t e r a ry works p roduced in t he pas t th i r ty years , r e -ed i t ed by the a u t h o r himself . They a r e compi led chrono log i - cal ly and classified u n d e r d i f fe ren t h e a d s : novels, plays, p rose wr i t i ngs a n d l i t e r a r y cri t icism. Each v o l u m e ca r r i e s a pho to - g raph of the a u t h o r and a r e p r o d u c t i o n of a page of his o r ig ina l m a n u s c r i p t .

The novels wil l be p u b l i s h e d in s even volumes. T he f i rs t con ta ins Eclipse (a t r i logy compr i s ing Illusion, Wavering and Pursuit); t h e second Rainbow, Three Companions and The Road. The th i rd

wil l be his m a s t e r p i e c e Midnight. Th e f o u r t h Many-sided Relations a n d The Story of the First Stage. Th e fifth con- t a ins Corrosion, a n d Frosted Maple Leaves As Red As Spring Flowers. His s h o r t s tor ies wil l t a k e up the s ix th a n d s e v e n t h volumes .

T h e P a Ch in col lect ion wi l l inc lude the a u t h o r ' s wr i t i ngs s ince 1927, a n d wi l l also be compi led chronologica l ly . T h e f o u r t e e n vo lumes wil l t o t a l a b o u t f ou r mi l l ion words. Th e first v o l u m e con ta ins four l o n g - s h o r t s tor ies : Ruin, New Life, The Dead Sun a n d The Dream o5 the Sea. T h e second c o n t a i n s a n o t h e r four l o n g - s h o r t s tor ies , a n d t h e t h i r d the Trilogy ol Love, c o m p r i s i n g Fog, Rain and Electricity. Th e fou r th , f if th a n d

s i x t h vo lumes will e ach be a fu l l - l eng th nove l : Family, Spring a n d Autumn. P a C h i n h a s t a k e n a p e r s o n a l h a n d in t he ed i t i ng a n d m a d e some i m p o r t a n t c h a n g e s b o t h in l a n g u a g e and in content .

T h e w o r k s of o t h e r nove l i s t s l ike Lap Sheh , C h a n g Tien-yi , Yeh S h e n g - t a o and Yu T a - f u a re be ing col lected a n d edi ted, a n d some of t h e m wil l be ou t n e x t year . N e w ed i t ions of the col lected works of Ch u Tzu-ch ing , a no t ed essayist , and the comple t e w o r k s of W e n ¥ i - to , t he poe t a n d s c h o l a r w h o wa s m u r d e r e d by the K u o m i n t a n g in 1945, wil l be publ i shed . Se lec ted w o r k s by t h e nove l i s t s W a n g Tung-chap , S h e n T s u n g - w e n , Hsu T i - shan a n d o t h e r s wi l l also be p u b l i s h e d by t he People ' s L i t e r a t u r e P u b l i s h i n g House.

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P E K I N G O P E R A

• T H E W H I T E - H A I R E D G I R L A s p e c i a l p r e s e n t a t i o n o f o n e o f C h l n a ' s m o s t f a m o u s m o d e r n o p e r a s i n P e k i n g o p e r a f o r m . I t i s b a s e d o n t h e a c t u a l s t o r y o f a p e a s a n t g i r l w h o , f o r c e d to f lee f r o m l a n d l o r d o p p r e s s i o n to a m o u n t a i n w i l d e r n e s s , l e a v e s h e r r e t r e a t a f t e r l i b e r a t i o n , T h e a l l - s t a r c a s t i n c l u d e s T u C h i n - f a n g , L i S h a o - c h u n , Y u a n S h i h - h a i and Y e h S h e n g - l a n .

April I a t Cht H s i a n g T h e a t r e

A p r i l 2 a t C h u n g h o T h e a t r e

A p r i l 4 a t P e o p l e ' s T h e a t r e

• U P R O A R I N T H E C A P I T A L F i v e C h i n e s e " R o b i n H o o d s " w r e a k h a v o c o n t h e e v i l - d o i n g s o f t h e c o r r u p t o f f i c i a l s i n the . c a p i t a l o f t h e S u n g d y n a s t y . L o t s o f a c r o b a t i c s b y China's l e a d i n g " ' w u s h e n g " ( w a r r i o r - t y p e ~ P e k i n g o p e r a a c t o r s C h a n g Y u n - c h i a n d C h a n g C h u n - h u a .

A p r i l 5 & 6 a t 7 p . m . , P e o p l e ' s T h e a t r e

P I N G C H U O P E R A

• C H A S T I S I N G T H E F A I T H L E S S H U S B A N D T h e s t o r y o f a h u s b a n d w h o l e a v e s h i s w i f e f o r a h i g h o f f i c i a l ' s d a u g h t e r , a n d d i s c o v e r s t h a t h i s n e w b r i d e i s n o n e o t h e r t ~ a n h i s f o r m e r w i f e ,

A p r i l 5 a t T a C h u n g T h e a t r e

• F A M I L Y A d a p t e d f r o m T s a o Y u ' s s t a g e v e r s i o n o f P a C h i n ' s f a m o u s n o v e l . T h e c o n - f l ict o f t h e o l d a n d t h e n e w a s r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e t y r a n n i c a l h e a d o f t h e K a o f a m i l y , a l o y a l s u p p o r t e r o f t h e o ld f e u d a l e t h i c s , a n d t h e y o u n g e r m e m b e r s o f h i s l a r g e f a m i l y , w h o b r e a k a w a y to s e e k a n e w l i fe . W i t h H s i a o P a t Y u S h u a n g .

A p r i l 6 a t 1 p . m . a n d 7 p . m . ,

April 7 a t 7 p . m . , T a C h u n g T h e a t r e

T H E A T R E

• T H E T E A - S H O P B y L a p S h e h . A n e w p l a y b y t h e w e l l - k n o w n p l a y w r i g h t s t a g e d f o r t h e f i r s t t i m e . T h e a t m o s p h e r e o f t h e o ld s o c i e t y i s s u b t l y r e f l e c t e d t h r o u g h t h e

d i v e r s e f a t e s o f h a b i t u d s o f a f a m o u s o l d P e k i n g t e a - s h o p . D i r e c t e d b y C h i a o C h u - y i n a n d H s l a S h u n . P r o d u c e d b y t h e P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s A r t T h e a t r e .

A p r i l 1-7 a t 7:15 p . m . , Capi ta l T h e a t r e

• T H E S T O R Y OF L I U C H I E H - M E I T h e t r u e s t o r y o f a p o o r p e a s a n t w h o c o m e s to r e a l i z e t h a t t h e c a p i t a l i s t r o a d i s t h e w r o n g road. Produced by the Hupeh Modern D r a m a T r o u p e .

A p r i l 1-7 a t C h i n a Y o u t h A r t T h e a t r e

P U P P E T T H E A T R E

O n t h e s a m e p r o g r a m m e :

• P I G S Y , t h e i m m o r t a l c h a r a c t e r f r o m P i l - g r i m a g e to t h e W e s t a n d h i s c o m i c a d v e n - t u r e s .

• L I T T L E S H E P H E R D , t h e s t o r y o f a v i l l a g e l a s s w h o m e e t s a s h e p h e r d a n d w h a t t r a n - s p i r e s .

• M I S T R E S S C L E V E R , t h e s t o r y o f a b e a u t i f u l f a i r y w h o m a r r i e s a p o o r w o o d - c u t t e r . W i t h c h o r a l a c c o m p a n i m e n t .

P r o d u c e d b y t h e C h i n a P u p p e t A r t T h e a t r e . A p r i l 1-5 a t t h e T i e n c h i a o T a R K u e t T h e a t r e

CONCERTS

Visiting Rumanian Artists

S. Slmaneti, soprano, Merited Artist of the People's Republic of Rumania and State P r i z e W i n n e r

V. J i a n u . f l u t i s t , M e r i t e d A r t i s t o f t h e P e o p l e ' s R e p u b l i c o f R u m a n i a a n d S t a t e P r i z e W i n n e r

P r o f e s s o r R. N e g r e n u , p i a n i s t a n d m u s i c c r i t l c

I n a p r o g r a m m e o f R u m a n i a n f o l k m u s i c , M o z a r t , G l u c k , P u c c i n i , v e r d i , e tc .

A p r i l 4 ( f o r p l a c e o f p e r f o r m a n c e c o n s u l t t h e Be~j ing R i b a o )

FILMS

• O L I V E R T W I S T J . A r t h u r R a n k ' s p r o d u c - t i o n o f D i c k e n s ' n o v e l n o w d u b b e d i n C h i n e s e b y t h e S h a n g h a i F i l m S t u d i o .

A p r i l 1-4 P e k i n g T h e a t r e , S o v i e t E x h i b i - t i o n C e n t r e C t n e m a . C h i l d r e n ' s C i n e m a A p r i l 6-7 C h t a o T a p K o u , K w a n g h o

T h e a t r e , T u n g s z u W o r k e r s ' C l u b

• T H E S O N G O F T H E P H O E N I X T h e s t o r y o f a " c h i l d - b r i d e " o f t h e o ld s o c i e t y w h o

b e c o m e s h e a d o f a c o - o p in t h e n e w . W i t h m a n y n e w C h i n e s e s o n g s .

A p r i l I-4 C h u n g Y a n g , S h e n g LI

A p r i l 5-7 Ta H u a , S o r t e r E x h i b i t i o n C e n t r e C i n e m a , H s i n C h l e h K o u . H s l n C h u n g K u o , P e k i n g W o r k e r s ' C l u b

• L O V E I N B E R L I N T h e l o v e s t o r y o f a n a u t o w o r k e r i n W e s t B e r l i n a n d a g i r l i n E a s t B e r l i n . a n d h o w t h e y s e t t l e t h e p r o b l e m of t h e i r f u t u r e h o m e ' s a d d r e s s . A D e f a F i l m p r o d u c t i o n f r o m t h e G e r m a n D e m o c r a t i c R e p u b l i c .

A p r i l 3-4 H s t n C h u n g K u o , K w a n g a n M e n . K w a n g h o T h e a t r e , P e k i n g W o r k e r s ' C l u b

• L E T M E D O I T A C z e c h c o m e d y a b o u t a p r i n t e r a n d h i s s o c i a l a c t i v i t i e s .

A p r i l 1-6 S o v i e t E x h i b i t i o n C e n t r e C i n e m a , H s i n C h i e h K o u , S h e ~ g Lf , C h u n g Y a n g

• B E L A M I C o ] o u r e d F r e n c h f i lm a d a p t e d f r o m M a u p a s s a n t ' s s h o r t s t o r y o f t h e s a m e name.

A p r i l 5-7 Ta H u a , Cheap T a b K o u , P e k i n g T h e a t r e

P E K I N G P L A N E T A R I U M

D a i l y s h o w i n g s : 12:00 1:30 p . m . 3:00

S u n . a n d H o l i d a y s : 9:00 a . m . 10:30 12:00 1:30 p . m . 3:00 4:30 6:00 7:30

T i c k e t s s o l d a t t h e d o o r e v e r y m o r n i n g f r o m 9:00

C O M I N G S P O R T S E V E N T S

• A P R I L I N T E R N A T I O N A L S P O R T S F I X - T U R E S I N P E K I N G - f r i e n d l y I n t e r n a t i o n a l s b e t w e e n C h i n e s e a n d 1) v i s i t i n g E u r o p e a n c h a m p i o n H u n g a r i a n t a b l e t e n n i s t e a m , 2) v i s i t i n g S o v i e t g y m n a s t s , 3) v i s i t i n g C e y l o n e s e F o o t b a l l T e a m , a n d 4) v i s i t i n g M o n g o l i a n F o o t b a l l T e a m .

F o r t i m e a n d p l a c e w a t c h o u r c o m i n g I s s u e s .

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