modul galus chem 2014

8/14/2019 Modul Galus Chem 2014

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MODUL CHEMISTRY 2014

0

SUCCESS

INCHEMISTRY

SPM 2014

SMK DR MEGAT KHAS

KEEP FIGHTING TILL THE END NEVER GIVE UP!!!


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SE T 1

ATOMIC STRUCTURE EMPRICAL FORMULAE


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EXPERIMENT INVOLVING HEATING AND COOLING CURVE-NAPHTHALENE

SPM ZONE

EXPERIMENT NAPHTALENE- study the precaution during experiment:Favourite question:

i- What is the purposed of using water bath in the experiment- because naphthalene is flammable- to ensure an even heating

ii- How to ensure the naphthalene undergoes even heating- stir the naphthalene continuously

iii. How to avoid supercooling

- Stir the substance/ naphthalene continuously

GRAPH OF HEATING AND COOLING CURVE Favourite question:

i- State the meaning of Melting poin t?is temperature at which solid changes to liquid

ii- Why temperature remains constant from t 1 to t 2 Heat absorbed to overcome the intermolecularforces

iii- State the melting point/ What is the melting point of naphthalene78 (refer to the graph given)

iv State the physical state between t 1 to t 2solid and liquid ( refer to graph given)

v. Why temperature remains constant from t 1 to t 2Heat loss to the surroundings is exactly balanced by the heat enegy liberated as theparticles attract one another to form a solid.

vi. Type of particlesv- Draw the arrangement of particles of naphthalene at point t 3 and t 2

Temperature /


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ATOM, MOLECULES AND ION Favourite question:

i- State the type of particlesatom/ molecules / ion

ii.- What is physical state of magnesium at room temperaturesolid

iii- State the type of particles of magnesium at room temperatureatom

SPM ZONE

The sub atomic particles in atom : proton, electron, neutron The meaning of proton : The number of protons in its atoms The meaning of nucleon number: The total number of neutrons and protons in its atom. State the meaning of isotopes

the atom with same number of protons but different number of neutrons/ neucleon

The uses of isotopes:- iodine 131- used in thyroid disease (medicine)cobalt 60- cancer treatment

- carbon 14 to estimate age of fossil (archaeology) phosporus-32: as fertilizer (agricultural)uranium 235 : nuclear in power stations

State the meaning of valence electronare electron in the outermost occupied shell

i. Write the electron arrangement of P2.5

ii. Draw the electron arrangement of atom PAtom Proton

Number Nucleon number

P 7 14Q 10 20R 17 35S 17 37T 19 39

iii.Draw the electron arrangement of ion P

iv- State the number of neutron of atom P7


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TRIAL CHEMISTRY SPM

1 Diagram 1 shows the cooling curve of acetamide beginning from 90 o C.Rajah 1 menunjukkan graf penyejukan asetamida bermula daripada 90 oC .

DIAGRAM 1RAJAH 1

Based on Diagram 1, answer the following questions.Berdasarkan Rajah 1, jawab soalan-soalan berikut.

(a) What is the type of particles in acetamide? Apakah jenis zarah dalam asetamida?

. [1 mark ]

(b) State the time when acetamide starts to freeze.Nyatakan masa apabila asetamida mula membeku.

. [1 mark ]

(c) State the freezing point of acetamide.Nyatakan takat beku bagi asetamida.

.

Temperature / C

Time / min Masa / min

T

t1 t2

A

C

t3


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(d) Why does the temperature of acetamide remains constant from t 1 to t 2?Mengapa suhu asetamida tidak berubah dari t 1 hingga t 2?

. .

(e) Draw the arrangement of particles of acetamide at points A and C in the spaces provided.Lukiskan susunan zarah bagi asetamida pada titik A dan C di ruangan yang disediakan.

[2 marks ](f) State the physical state of acetamide at these points:

Nyatakan keadaan fizik asetamida pada masa:

(i) 0 to t 1:

(ii) t 2 to t 3:

[2 marks ]

Point ATitik A

Point CTitik C


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The table below shows four substances with their respective chemical formula.

Substance Chemical formulaIodine I 2

Potassium chloride KClNaphthalene C 10H8

Magnesium Mg

(a) State one substance from the table above that exists as [3 marks]

(i) atoms.

_________________________________________________________________

(ii) molecules.

_________________________________________________________________

(iii) ions.

_______________________________________________________________________


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3 Diagram 3.1 shows the heating curve of solid naphthalene, C 10H8.

Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan lengkung pemanasan pepejal naftalena, C 10H8.

(a ) (i) Name the process involved in this experiment.

Namakan proses yang terlibat dalam eksperimen ini.

..............................................................................................................[1 mark ]

[1 markah ](ii) State the type of particle present in naphthalene, C 10H8.

Nyatakan jenis zarah yang terdapat dalam naftalena, C 10H8 .

.........................................................................................................

[1 mark ][1 markah ]

(b) Explain why there is no change in temperature from B to C

Terangkan mengapa tiada perubahan suhu dari B ke C

...................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................

[2 marks ][2 markah ]

Temperature/ 0C

Time / s0

T1

D

C

B

AT0

Diagram 2.1

Rajah 2.1


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(c) State how the movement of naphthalene particles changes from C to D duringheating.

Nyatakan bagaimana pergerakan zarah-zarah naftalena berubah semasa pemanasan dari C ke D.

.................................................................................................................


(d ) Diagram 2.2 shows the atomic model proposed by Neils Bohr.

Rajah 2.2 menunjukkan model atom yang dicadangkan oleh Neils Bohr.

i ) Name X and Y.

Namakan X dan Y.

X : ...................................... Y : ..........................................[1 mark]

[1 markah ]

ii) Which subatomic particles are involved in a chemical reaction?

Zarah-zarah sub-atom yang manakah terlibat dalam tindak balas kimia ?

.......................................................................................................

[1 mark][1 markah]

X

Y

Diagram 2.2

Rajah 2.2


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(e) Table 2 shows the number of protons and neutrons of four different atoms.

Jadual 2 menunjukkan bilangan proton dan neutron bagi empat atom yang

berlainan.

i) Which atoms are isotopes?

Atom-atom yang manakah adalah isotop?

.................................................................................................

[1 mark][1 markah ]

ii) Give a reason for your answer in (e) (i).

Berikan satu sebab bagi jawapan anda di (e) (i).

.....................................................................................................................

.....................................................................................................................

[2 marks][2 markah ]

Atom Number of protonsBilangan proton

Number of neutronsBilangan neutron

W 16 17

X 16 16

Y 3 4

Z 19 20

TRIAL KELANTAN SPM 20071. Table 1 shows proton number and nucleon number for atom W, X and Y.

Jadual 1 menunjukkan nombor proton dan nombor nukleon bagi atom W, X dan Y.

Atom Proton number /Nombor Proton

Nucleon number /Nombor Nukleon

W 11 23

X 17 35

Y 17 37

TABLE / JADUAL 1


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(a) (i) What is meant by proton number? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan nombor proton ?

............................................................... ......................................... [1 mark ]

(ii) What is the number of neutron in atom W ? Apakah bilangan neutron dalam atom W?

................................................................................... [1 mark ]

(b) Which atoms are isotopes? Explain why. Atom atom yang manakah adalah isotop? Jelaskan mengapa.

..................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................... [2 marks ]

(c) Write the electron arrangement of atom X .Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom X .

............................................................................................................. [1 mark ]

(d)(i) Draw the electron arrangement of atom Y. In your diagram , show the number of protons andthe number of neutrons in the nucleus.

Lukiskan susunan elektron atom Y. Dalam rajah anda, tunjukkan bilangan proton danbilangan neutron dalam nukleus .

[2 marks ]

(ii) What is the number of valence electron of atom Y? Apakah bilangan elektron valen bagi atom Y?

...........................................................................................................................[1 mark ]

Write the formula of ion Y.Tuliskan formula ion Y.

................................................................................................................................[1 mark ]

(e) Write the symbol of atom X in the form of X A

Z .

Tuliskan simbol bagi atom X dalam bentuk X A

Z .

....................................................................................................................[1 mark ]


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TRIAL PAHANG SPM

. a)Atom Number of protons

Bilangan protonNumber of neutrons

Bilangan neutron

S 16 17T 16 18U 17 18V 18 17

Table 1

(i) What is meant by the proton number and nucleon number of an atom? Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan nombor proton dan nombor nukleon bagi atom?

Proton numberNombor proton

..............................................................................................[1 mark ]

Nucleon numberNombor nucleon

[1 mark ]

(ii) Represent atom S in the form of A

Z X

Tuliskan atom S dengan perwakilan atom unsur A

Z X

[1 mark ]

(iii) Which of the atoms are isotopes? Atom-atom yang manakah isotop?

[1 mark ]

(iv) State a reason for your answer in (d)(iii)Nyatakan alasan bagi jawapan anda di (d)(iii)

[1 mark ]


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EMPRICAL FORMULAE: EXPERIMENT OF MAGNESIUM OXIDE AND COPPER OXIDE

EXPERIMENT 1 EXPERIMENT II

i- Why must magnesium ribbon be cleaned with sandpaper?

To remove the oxide layer on the surface of magnesium oxide

ii- Explain why the crucible must be closed immediately when the magnesium ribbon starts to burn?To prevent the white fumes of Magnesium oxides from escaping

iii- Explain why the crucible lid must be opened at intervals during the experiment?To allow oxygen in the air to enter into the crucible for complete combustion

iv. How to make sure all the magnesium has reacted completelywith oxygen?Repeating the heating, cooling and weighing process until a constant mass is achieved

v. Why the empirical formula of cooper oxide can not determined using this technique?because the copper oxide is less reactive metal

Mass(g)Mass of crucible + lid 54.6Mass of crucible + lid + magnesiumribbon

59.4

Mass of crucible + lid + magnesiumoxide

62.6

vi- Calculate the mass of magnesium59.4 54.6 = 4.8 g

vii. Calculate the mass of oxygen62.6 59.4 = 3.2 g

copperoxide

Dryhydrogen

gas


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EMPRICAL FORMULA AND MOLECULAR FORMULA

EXPERIMENT 1i-. Suggest two substances to produce the hydrogen gas in this experiment

Zinc and Hydrochloric acid

ii- Name the substance used to dry hydrogen gasCalcium chloride

iii- The combustion tube must be filled up with hydrogen gas. Describe how to confirm that hydrogengashas filled up the combustion tube.Let the dry hydrogen gas flow into the combustion tube for few minutes. The collected gas is testedwith glowing wooden splinter until no pop sound is heard indicating that hydrogen gas has beenremoved.

iv- Explain why the hydrogen gas is still passed through the apparatus during the cooling of thecombustion tube.

To prevent the metal formed from being oxidized by hydrogen in air

Mass of combustion tube + asbestos crucible = 54.63 gMass of combustion tube + asbestos crucible + M oxide = 58.30 gMass of combustion tube + asbestos crucible + M = 56.70 g[Relative atomic mass: M,207; O,16]

a) Calculate the mass ofi) M ii) Oxygen

56.70 54.63 = 2.07 g 58.30 56.70 = 1.6g

b) Calculate the mole ratio of atom M and oxygen

atom M = 2.07 g = 0.1 mol atom oxygen = 1.6 g = 0.1 mol207 16

c) Determine the empirical formula of M oxidesimplest ratio M = 0.1 = 1 simplest ratio O = 0.1 =1

0.1 0.1MO

Asbestoscrucible

copperoxide

Dryhydrogen

gas


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i- State the meaning of Emprical Formula The chemical formula which shows the simplest ratio of the number of atoms for each elementin a compound

ii- State the meaning of Molecular formulae

Formula that shows the actual number of each types of atom in a molecule for each elementin a compound

iii Determine the empirical formular of the following

i-

Emprical Formula = CO 2H

ii- Determine the molecular formula of this compound.(Emprical formula ) n= Relative Molecular mass

(CO2H)n = 90(12+2(16)+1) n = 90(12+32+1) n =90

45 n = 90n= 90 =2

45Molecular formula = (CO 2H)2

= C2O4H2

Element Carbon Oxygen HydrogenMass (g)

26.67 71.11 2.22Number of moles

26.6712

71.1116

2.221

Ratio of number ofmoles 2.22 4.44 2.22

Simplest Ratio 2.22 = 12.22

4.44 = 22.22

2.22 =12.22

Mass of carbon: 26.67 g Jisim karbon

Mass of oxygen: 71.11 g Jisim oksigen

Mass of hydrogen: 2.22 g Jisim hydrogenRelative molecular mass: 90

Jisim molekul relative

Relative atomic mass of H = 1, C = 12 and O = 16

carbon: 40.00% Karbon

Hydrogen: 6.66 % Hidrogen

Oxygen: 53.33 %hydrogen

Relative molecular mass: 180 Jisim molekul relative

Relative atomic mass of H = 1, C = 12 and O = 16


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iii.

Emprical Formula =

ii- Determine the molecular formula of this compound.

TRIAL PAHANG SPM 2011

(b) An organic compound Q consists of 64.87% of carbon, 13.51% of hydrogen and 21.62% ofoxygen.[Relative atomic mass: H,1 ; C,12 ;O, 16]Suatu sebatian organik Q mengandungi karbon 64.87%, hidrogen 13.51% dan oksigen 21.62%.[ Jisim atom relatif : H,1 ; C,12 ; O, 16]

(i) Determine the empirical formula of compound Q.Tentukan formula empirik bagi sebatian Q.

[3 marks]

(ii) If the relative molecular mass of compound Q is 74, find the molecular formula of compound Q. Jika jisim molekul relatif bagi sebatian Q adalah 74, cari formula molekul bagi sebatian Q.

Element Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen

Mass (g)40.00 6.66 53.33

Number of moles

Ratio of number ofmoles


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(c) Determine the empirical formula of magnesium oxide formed.Tentukan formula empirik magnesium oksida yang terbentuk.

[1 mark][1 markah ]

(d) Write the chemical equation between magnesium and oxygen in this experiment.Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas magnesium dan uksigen dalam eksperimen ini.

[1 mark]

[1 markah]

(e) Why must magnesium ribbon be cleaned with sandpaper?Mengapakah magnesium perlu dibersihkan dengan kertas pasir ?

.

[1 mark]

[1 Markah ]

(f) Explain whyTerangkan mengapa

(i) the crucible must be closed immediately when the magnesium ribbon starts to burn?Mangkuk pijar perlu ditutup serta merta apabila pita magnesium mula terbakar ?

......................................................................[1 mark]

[1 Markah] (ii) the crucible lid must be opened at intervals during the experiment?

Penutup mangkuk pijar dibuka sekali sekala semasa eksperimen ?

[1 mark]

[1 Markah]

(g) How to make sure all the magnesium has reacted completely with oxygen?

Bagaimana memastikan semua magnesium telah lengkap bertindak balas dengan oksigen ?

.. [1 mark]

[1 Markah]


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2.

TRIAL CHEMISTRY KEDAH SPM 2008

Diagram 2 shows the apparatus set-up to determine the empirical formula of oxide metal M.Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi oksida logam M.

DIAGRAM 2

(a) (i) Name two chemicals used to prepare hydrogen gas in the laboratory.

Namakan dua bahan yang digunakan untuk menyediakan gas hidrogen dalammakmal.

.......................................................................................................................[2 marks ]

(ii) Write a chemical equation for the reaction in (a)(i).Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas di (a)(i).

... [1 mark ]

(b) Table 2 shows the result of the experiment: Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen itu:

Mass of combustion tube + asbestos paper Jisim tiub pembakaran + kertas asbestos

39.25 g

Mass of combustion tube + asbestos paper + M oxide before heating Jisim tiub pembakaran + kertas asbestos + oksida M sebelum pembakaran

47.95 g

Mass of combustion tube + asbestos paper + product after heating Jisim tiub pembakaran + kertas asbestos + hasil selepas pembakaran

44.75 g

[Relative atomic mass of O=16, M=55]

(i) Determine the empirical formula of M oxide.Tentukan formula empirik bagi oksida M.

[3 marks ]

Dry hydrogen gasGas hidrogen kering

M oxideOksida M

Combustion tubeTiub pembakaran Asbestos paper

Kertas asbestos


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(c) State one precaution that must be taken when carrying out the experiment.Nyatakan satu langkah berjaga-jaga yang mesti diambil semasa menjalankan eksperimenitu.

.................................................................................................................................[1 mark ]

(d) Can the empirical formula of magnesium oxide be determined by the same method?Explain your answer.Bolehkah formula empirik bagi magnesium oksida ditentukan dengan kaedah yang sama?Terangkan jawapan anda.

.................................................................................................................................

.................................................................................................................................

[2 marks ]

TRIAL JOHOR SPM 20082 Diagram 2 shows the set up of an experiment to determine the empirical formula of copper(II) oxide.

Rajah 2 di bawah menunjukkan susunan radas bagi eksperimen yang dijalankan untuk menentukan formulaempirik kuprum(II) oksida.

H2

HeatPanaskan

Anhydrous calciumchloride, CaCl 2

Kalsium klorida kontang

DIAGRAM 2(a) The empty box in Diagram 2 is the set up of apparatus to prepare the hydrogen gas. Complete the diagram.

Di dalam kotak kosong pada Rajah 2 di atas merupakan susunan radas untuk menyediakan gas hidrogen.Lengkapkan Rajah 2 tersebut.

[2 marks ]

(b) State the function of the anhydrous calcium chloride? [ 1 mark]Nyatakan fungsi kalsium klorida kontang ?

..........................................

Copper(II) oxide Ku rum II oksida


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(f) Give an example of another metal, which the empirical formula of that metal oxide can be determined by thesame method.Berikan satu contoh logam lain di mana formula empirik bagi logam oksidanya boleh ditentukan dengankaedah yang sama seperti di atas.

.. [1 mark ]

TRIAL JOHOR2 Diagram 2 shows the set -up apparatus of an experiment to determine the empirical formula of

copper (II) oxide.Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan radas eksperimen untuk menentukan formula empirik bagi kuprum (II)oksida .

Diagram 2

(a) What is the meaning of chemical formula? Apakah maksud formula kimia?

................................... ............. [1 mark ]

(b) (i) Name an acid and metal that can be used to prepare hydrogen gas in this experiment.Namakan suatu asid dan logam yang boleh digunakan untuk menyediakan gashidrogen dalam eksperimen ini . [1 mark]

..................................................(ii) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between the acid and the metal in

(b) (i).Tuliskan persamaan kimia yang berimbang untuk tindak balas yang berlaku di antaraasid dan logam di (b) (i).

........................................

Copper(II) oxide Kuprum(II) oksida

Heat Panaskan

Anhydrous calcium chloride, CaCl 2 Kalsium klorida kontang, CaCl 2

Hydrogen gasGas hidrogen

Porcelain dish Mangkuk porselin


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(c) State one precaution that must be taken before the copper (II) oxide is heated.Nyatakan satu langkah berjaga-jaga yang perlu diambil sebelum kupum(II) oksidadipanaskan.

.... [1 mark ]

[1 markah ](d) Table 2 shows the results of an experiment carried out by a student.

Jadual 2 menunjukkan keputusan eksperimen yang dilakukan oleh pelajar.

Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish Jisim tiub pembakaran + mangkuk porselin

30.24g

Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper (II) oxide Jisim tiub pembakaran + mangkuk porselin + kuprum(II) oksida

32.26g

Mass of combustion tube + porcelain dish + copper

Jisim tiub pembakaran + mangkuk porselin + kuprum

31.86g

(i) Calculate the number of moles of copper in this reaction.[Relative atomic mass : Cu = 64]Kirakan bilangan mol kuprum dalam tindak balas ini.[Jisim atom relatif :i Cu= 64]


(ii) Calculate the number of moles of oxygen in this reaction.[Relative atomic mass : O = 16]Kirakan bilangan mol kuprum dalam tindak balas ini.[Jisim atom relative: O= 16]


(iii) Determine the empirical formula of copper (II) oxide.Tentukan formula empirik kuprum (II) oksida . [2 marks]


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(e) Name another metal oxide which uses the same method to determine the empirical formula.Namakan suatu oksida logam yang lain di mana formula empiriknya ditentukan dengankaedah yang sama.

..


(f) M is a reactive metal. Suggest a method to determine the empirical formula of the oxide ofM.M merupakan suatu logam reaktif. Cadangkan satu kaedah untuk menentukan formulaempirik bagi oksida M.

...........................................................................................................................................[1 mark ]

[1 markah ]


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SE T 2 PERIODIC TABLE

CHEMICAL BONDING


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PERIODIC TABLE

AB C D

E F G

i- State one element that exist as metal?B

ii- State element that exist as mono atomA

iii- Choose an element that is a halogen/diatomicD or G

iv- shaded the Transition Elements in the table above

vi- State the name that represent vertical columnGroup

vii- State the name represent horizontal columnPeriod

viii- State one special characteristic of transition elementsformed coloured ion / used as catalyst

x- State the element that can form ionic compoundB and D / E and C

xi- State the element that can form covalent compoundC and D / C and G

xii- State the element that can form amphoteric oxidesF

xiii- Arrange A, B,C,D,E, F, and G according to the increase in size of the atomsA, D, C.B, G, F, E

xiiii- State the element that react vigorously with waterB

x- Write the chemical equation when element in (xiii) react with waterB + H2O BOH + H2

xi. State the formulae ion for EE2+


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POSITION OF ELEMENT IN GROUPFavourite question:

- Group 17 since it has 7 valence electron occupied in outermost shell- Period 3 since it has 3 shell occupied by electron

GROUP 18Favourite question:

i- Why group 18 is chemically inert/ not reactive?because group 18 has stable octet arrangement which is do not share, lose or release electron

ii- State the uses of element in group 18Helium to fill weather ballonsNeon to fill advertising light bulbsArgon uses to fill electric bulbs


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TRIAL JOHOR SPM 2013

3 Diagram 3 shows part of the Periodic Table of the Elements. D, E, G, L, M, and J do not represent theactual symbol of the elements.Rajah 3 menunjukkan sebahagian daripada Jadual Berkala Unsur. D, E, K, L, M dan J tidak mewakili

simbol sebenar unsur-unsur berkenaan.

Using the letters in the Periodic Table of the Elements in Diagram 3, answer the following questions.Dengan menggunakan huruf-huruf yang terdapat dalam Jadual Berkala pada Rajah 3, jawab soalan-soalan berikut .

(a) (i) State the position of element E in the Periodic Table.Nyatakan kedudukan unsur E dalam Jadual Berkala .

[2 marks ]

[2 markah ]

(ii) Choose the element which exhibit different oxidation numbers in its compounds. Pilihunsur yang mempunyai pelbagai nombor pengoksidaan di dalam sebatiannya.

..... [1 mark ]

[1 markah ](b) Element D combines with element L to form a compound.

Unsur D bergabung dengan unsur L untuk membentuk suatu sebatian .

(i) Write the chemical formula of this compound.Tuliskan formula kimia bagi sebatian ini.

.....................................................................[1 mark ]

[1 markah ](ii) State one physical property of this compound.

Nyatakan satu sifat fizik sebatian ini.

[1 mark

L

D

M

G

J

E


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(c) D and E have the same chemical properties.D dan E mempunyai sifat-sifat kimia yang sama .

(i) Which element is more reactive?Unsur yang manakah yang lebih reaktif?

...........................................................................................................................................[1 mark ]

[1 markah ](ii) Explain your answer in (c) (i).

Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (c) (i).

[2 marks ]

[2 markah ](d) (i) Which element exists as diatomic molecules?Unsur yang manakah membentuk molekul dwiatom?


(ii) Name the chemical bond in these diatomic molecules.Namakan ikatan kimia dalam molekul dwiatom ini.

..................................................................[1 mark ]

[1 markah ]


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1 Diagram 1 shows the position of several elements P, Q, R, S, T, U and W.

Rajah 1 menunujukkan kedudukan beberapa unsur-unsur P, Q, R, S, T, U and W.

P

Q T V U

R S W

DIAGRAM 1RAJAH 1

Using the symbols P, Q, R, S, T, U and W, answer the following questions.Dengan menggunakan simbol P, Q, R, S, T, U dan W, jawab soalan-soalan berikut.

(a) State the element which you would classify under Group 2Nyatakan unsur yang boleh dikelaskan di bawah Kumpulan 2

...[1

[1 ma(b) Write the electron arrangement of atom V.

Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom V.

..[1

[ ma(c) Which of the elements has the biggest atomic radius?

Unsur yang manakah mempunyai jejari atom paling besar?

.[1 ma[1ma

(d) (i) Compare the electronegativity of elements Q, T, V and U.Bandingkan keelektronegatifan bagi Q, T, V dan U.

..[1

[1 ma


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(ii) Explain your answer in (b)(i).Terang jawapan anda di (b)(i).

[2 m

[2 ma(e) State the ion formed by Q.

Nyatakan ion yang terbentuk oleh Q .

............................................................................[1

[1 ma(f) Compare the reactivity of Q and R.

Bandingkan kereaktifan di antara Q dan R.

..[1

[ma(g) Why is W chemically unreactive?

Kenapa W tidak reaktif secara kimia?

...............................................................................[1

[1 ma(h) Give one special characteristic of S.

Beri satu ciri istimewa bagi S.

...[1

[ 1 ma


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3. Diagram 2 shows part of the Periodic Table of Elements. A, B, C, D, E, F, G and H do not represent theactual symbol of the elements.

AB C D

E F G

DIAGRAM 2Using the letters in the Periodic Table of Elements in Diagram 2, answer thefollowing questions.

(a) (i) Write the electron arrangement of atom F.

................................................[1 mark ]

(ii) Give the formula of ion F.

................................................[1 mark ]

(b) Arrange the elements A, B, C, D, E, F and G according to the atomic size inascending order.

...................................................[1 mark ]

(c) Element A exists as a monoatomic gas. Explain why.

...................................................

...............................................[1 mark ]

(d) Element D is more reactive than element G. Explain why.

.................................................................

.................................................................[2 marks]

(e) E reacts with D to form a compound.(i) What is the type of the compound formed?

. ................................................................[1 mark ]


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(ii) Draw the diagram of electron arrangement for the compound formed.

TRIAL TERENGGANU

4.Diagram 2 shows the symbols of atom for element U, V, W and X.Rajah 2 menunjukkan simbol- simbol atom bagi unsur U, V, W dan X.

U73

V126

W199

X2010

DIAGRAM / RAJAH 2(a) Write the electron arrangement of atom W.

Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom W.

..............................................................................................................................[1 mark ]

(b) (i) Element U, V, W and X are placed in the same period in the Periodic Table.State the period.Unsur U, V, W dan X berada dalam kala yang sama dalam Jadual Berkala.Nyatakan kala itu.

.....................................................................................................................[1 mark ](ii) Compare the atomic size of element V and X.

Bandingkan saiz atom unsur V dan X.

.....................................................................................................................[1 mark ](iii) Explain your answer in (b) (ii)

Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (b) (ii).

...................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................[2 marks ]

(c) Element V can react with element W to form a compound.Unsur V boleh bertindak balas dengan unsur W membentuk satu sebatian.

(i) Write the chemical formula for the compound.Tuliskan formula kimia bagi sebatian itu.

..................................................................................................................[1 mark ]


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2 Figure 2.1 shows the chemical symbols which represent elements R, S and T.(Rajah 2.1 menunjukkan simbol kimia yang mewakili unsur-unsur R, S dan T.)

R S T

FIGURE 2.1

(a) (i) Write the electron arrangement of atom T.(Tuliskan susunan elektron bagi atom T.)

... [1 mark ]

(ii) State the period and the group for element T in the Periodic Table.(Nyatakan kala dan kumpulan bagi unsur T dalam Jadual Berkala.)

Period (Kala) : .

Group (Kumpulan) : ..............................[2 marks ]

(b) Atoms of R and S can react to form a compound.(Atom R dan atom S boleh bertindak balas untuk membentuk satu sebatian.)

(i) Name the type of bond in the compound formed between atoms R and S.(Nyatakan jenis ikatan dalam sebatian yang terbentuk antara atom R dan atomS.)

.. [1 mark ](ii) Give one physical property of the compound in (b)(i).

(Beri satu sifat fizik bagi sebatian di (b)(i).)

. [1 mark ]

(c) Atoms of R and T can also react to form a compound. Draw the electron arrangementfor the compound formed.(Atom R dan atom T juga boleh bertindak balas untuk membentuk satu sebatian.Lukiskan susunan elektron bagi sebatian yang terbentuk.)

17 6 19

35 12 39


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CHAPTER 5 Favourite question: Formation of ionic and covalent compound

ElementUnsur

Electron arrangementSusunan elektron

W 2.4

X 2.6

Y 2.8.1

Z 2.8.2

Using the information in Table 10.2, choose any two elements and explain how ioniccompund and covalent compound are formed.

i- ionic compound .( Z and X// Y and X)

Z = 2.8.2 X = 2.6Formula ion : Z +2 Formula ion : X -2

Z+2 X-2

Z2X2 ZX

1. Atom Z releases two electrons to atom X2. and achieve a stable octet electron arrangement.3. Z 2+ formed//Z positive ion formed4. Atom X receives two electrons and achieve a stable octet electron arrangement.5. X 2- formed// X negative ion formed.6. Z 2+ and X 2- are attracted by a strong electrostatic forces // ionic bond7. Z and X form ionic compound with formula ZX

ii- covalent bond (W and X)

W = 2.4 X = 2.6Formula ion : W -4 Formula ion = X -2

W-4 X-2

W2X4 WX21.atom W needs 4 electrons to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement2. Atom X needs 2 electrons to achieve a stable octet electron arrangement3. One atom of W contribute four electrons to be shared with two atoms X4. Two atoms X will contribute two electrons each to be share with one atom W5. One atom W shares four pairs of electrons with two atoms X, forming two double covalent bonds //The formula of the compound is WX 2/ or can deduce from the diagram


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i- State the physical properties of ionic compound -conduct electricity in molten and aqueous solution- soluble in water- has higher melting point and boiling point- insoluble in organic solvent

ii- State the properties of covalent compound -can not conduct electricity in both molten and aqueous solution- insoluble in water- has low melting point and boiling point-vaporize easily(meruap)- soluble in organic solvent

Tolong ingat 2 properties sahaja bagi setiap ionic and covalent compound !!!

iii- State the meaning of anion

the ion which has negative charge

iv- State the meaning of cationthe ion which has positive charge


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TRIAL KEDAH SPM(a) Figure 9 shows the symbols which represent elements X and Y

Element X and Y react to form ionic bond. Describe the formation of an ionic compound[ 8 marks]

[ 8 marks]


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b) Table 10.1 shows the electron arrangement diagram of compound X and Y . Jadual 10. menunjukkan gambarajah susunan elektron bagi sebatian X dan Y.

CompoundSebatian

Electron arrangement diagramGambarajah susunan elektron

X

Y

(i) Based on Table 10.1, determine the types of compound X and Y. Berdasarkan Jadual 10.1, tentukan jenis sebatian X dan Y.

[2 marks]

Compound X and compound Y have different physical properties.

Choose one of the physical properties that can differentiate between compound X and YExplain the difference in the physical properties between compound X and Y.

Sebatian X dan sebatian Y mempunyai sifat fizik yang berbeza.Plih satu sifat fizik tersebut yang dapat membezakan antara sebatian X and Y.Terangkan perbezaan sifat fizik tersebut di antara sebatian X dan Y.

[2 marks]

+

P + R -

_

R

RR Q

R

Table 10.1Jadual 10.1


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c) Table 10.2 shows the electron arrangement for atoms W, X, Y and Z. d) Jadual 10.2 menunjukkan susunan elektron bagi atom-atom W, X, Y and Z.

ElementUnsur

Electron arrangementSusunan elektron

W 2.4

X 2.6

Y 2.8.1

Z 2.8.2

Using the information in Table 10.2, choose any two elements and explain howionic compund and covalent compound are formed.Gunakan maklumat dalam Jadual 10.2, pilih mana-mana dua unsur dan

\ terangkan bagaimana sebatian ion dan sebatian kovalen terbentuk

[10 marks]

Table 10.2Jadual 10.2


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SET 3 ELECTROCHEMISTRY


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CHAPTER 6Favourite question:

i- State the meaning of electrolytesthe chemical substances that can conduct electricity either in molten and aqueous solution

ii- State the meaning of electrolysisthe process whereby a compound is decomposed into its constituent elements when electric currentpasses through an electrolyte

iii- Why ionic compound can conduct electricity in molten and aqueous solutionbecause the ion are free to move to carry out the electric current

iv- Why in solid state ionic compound cannot conduct electricitybecause they are held in fixed position therefore the ion are not free to move

v- Why covalent compound cannot conduct electricity either in molten and aqueous solutionbecause they do not contains ion which cannot carry electric cu rrent

ANALYSING IN AQUEOUS SOLUTION

i- State the energy change in electrolysis cellElectrical change to chemical charge

ii-State the application of electrolysis in industries-Extraction of ores metal- Purification of metals- Electroplating of metals

iii.Why the colour of copper(II) sulphate is remain unchangedbecause the concentration of the blue Cu 2+ ion remain unchanged since anode dissolved to form Cu 2+ ion

iv. State three factor affected the aqueous solution-position of ions in electrochemical series

- concentration of ions- types of electrodes

v.Why the ion Cu +2 selectively discharge at cathode

since ion Cu+2

has lower position compared to H+ ion in electrochemical series

vi. Why the ion Cl - selectively discharged at anodesince ion Cl - has higher concentration compared to OH - ion in electrochemical series

vii. How to confirm the gas is oxygen?Put the glowing wooden splinter inside the mouth of test tube. Relight glowing wooden splinter.


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4 Diagram 4 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of sodium chloridesolution with carbon electrodes.

Rajah 4 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji elektrolisis larutan natrium kloridadengan menggunakan elektrod-elektrod karbon.

(a) What is the energy change in the electrolytic cell above?

Apakah perubahan tenaga dalam sel elektrolisis di atas

.........................................................................................................................................[1 mark ]

(b) Write the formulae of all ions present in sodium chloride solution.Tuliskan formula bagi semua ion yang hadir dalam larutan natrium klorida.

...................................................................................................................................... [1 mark ]

(c) (i) Name the gas collected at electrode P.

Namakan gas yang terkumpul pada elektrod P

............................... ................. .................................[1 mark ]

[1 markah]

0.001 mol dm -3 sodiumchloride solutionlarutan natrium klorida

-3

Test tubeTabung Uji

Electrode PElektrod P

A

Electrode QElektrod Q

Electrolytic CellSel Elektrolisis

Diagram 4Rajah 4


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(ii) How do you identify the gas collected in (c)(i)?

Bagaimanakah anda mengesahkan gas yang terkumpul di (c)(i)?

.............................................

.... [2 marks ]

[2 markah]

(d) (i) What is the product formed at electrode P if the experiment is repeated using2.0 mol dm -3 sodium chloride solution?

Apakah hasil yang akan terbentuk di elektrod P jika eksperimen ini di ulangidengan menggunakan larutan natrium klorida 2.0 mol dm -3?

.................................. ..

[1 mark ][1 markah] (ii) Explain your answer in (d)(i).

Terangkan jawapan anda di (d)(i).

....

.... .. [2 marks ]

[2 markah]

(iii) Write the half equation for the reaction at electrode P.

Tuliskan persamaan setengah bagi tindak balas di elektrod P.

....... [1 mark ]

[1 markah]

(e) Suggest one metal that can replace the carbon electrodes in this experiment to

obtain the same result as above.

Cadangkan satu logam yang boleh menggantikan elektrod karbon dalam eksperimentersebut untuk mendapatkan keputusan yang sama seperti di atas.

.................................................[1 mark ]

[1 markah]


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TRIAL SPM

2.Diagram 2 shows the set up of apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of silver nitrate solution withcarbon electrodes and copper(II) sulphate solution with copper electrodes.Rajah 2 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi satu eksperimen untuk mengkaji elektrolisis larutan argentumnitrat dengan elektrod karbon dan elektrolisis larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dengan elektrod-elektrodkuprum.

Cell 1 Cell 2Sel 1 Sel 2

Diagram 2Rajah 2

(a) What is the energy change in electrolysis? Apakah perubahan tenaga dalam elektrolisis?

[ 1 mark ]

(b) Write the formulae of all the ions present in silver nitrate solution.Tuliskan formula bagi semua ion yang terdapat dalam larutan argentum nitrat.

...............................................................................................................................................

[ 1 marks ]

(c) In the electrolysis of Cell 1Dalam elektrolisis Sel 1

(i) What is the observation at electrode B? Apakah pemerhatian pada elektrod B?

[ 1 mark ]

A

Copper electrode Elektrod kuprum

Copper(II) sulphatesolution

Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat

Carbon electrode Elektrod karbon

Silver nitrate solution Larutan argentumnitrat

A B C D


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(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction at electrode B.Tulis persamaan setengah yang berlaku pada elektrod B.

[ 1 mark ]

(d) In the electrolysis of Cell 2.Dalam elektrolisis Sel 2.

(i) What is the observation at electrode C? Apakah pemerhatian pada elektrod C ?

.....................................[1 mark ]

(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction at electrode C.Tulis persamaan setengah yang berlaku pada elektrod C.

[1 mark ](e ) What are the processes that occur at electrodes A and D?

Apakah proses yang berlaku pada elektrod A dan D?

Electrode A :

Electrode D : [2 mark s]

(f ) State which cell the concentration of electrolyte remains unchanged.Nyatakan sel manakah kepekatan elektrolitnya tidak berubah.

.............. [1 mark ]

(g ) State one application of electrolysis in industrial.Nyatakan satu aplikasi elektrolisis dalam industri..

.............. [1 mark ]


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TRIAL SPMDiagram 1 shows the set-up of apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of 0.0001 mol dm 3 ofhydrochloric acid and 1.0 mol dm 3 of potassium iodide using carbon electrodes.

Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk mengkaji elektrolisis 0.0001 mol dm 3 hidroklorik asid dan 1.0mol dm 3 kalium iodida dengan menggunakan elektrod karbon.

Diagram 1 [Rajah 1]

(a) (i) Identify all the electrodes which serve as anode and cathode.Kenalpastikan semua elektrod yang berfungsi sebagai anod dan katod

Anode [anod]:....................................................................................................................

Cathode [katod]:................................................................................................................[2 marks]

(ii) Name the product that is formed at electrode W.Namakan hasil yang terbentuk pada elektrod W .

... [1 mark]

(iii) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at electrode W.

Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di elektrod W.

[1mark]

Electrode Y[Elektrod Y]

Electrode X[Elektrod X]

Electrode W[Elektrod W

Electrode Z[Elektrod Z]

Potassium iodide solution[Larutan kalium iodida]

Hydrochloric acid[asid hidroklorik]


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(b) (i) State the observation at electrode Y.Nyatakan pemerhatian pada elektrod Y.

[1 mark]

(ii) Name the product formed in b(i)Namakan hasil yang terbentuk di b(i)

............................................................................................................................................[ 1 mark]

(iii) Suggest a test to confirm the product in b(ii). Cadangkan satu ujian untuk mengesahkan hasil yang terbentuk di b(ii).

...

..................................................[2 marks]

(c) In a separate experiment, the 0.0001 mol dm 3 of hydrochloric acid is replaced with 1.0moldm 3 of hydrochloric acid and electrolysis is carried out.Dalam experimen yang berlainan, asid hidroklorik yang berkepekatan 0.0001 mol dm 3

digantikan dengan asid hidroklorik yang berkepekatan 1.0 mol dm 3 dan elektrolisisdijalankan..

(i) State the product that will form at electrode W.Nyatakan hasil yang akan terbentuk pada elektrod W.

... [1 mark]

(ii) Explain your answer in c(i).Terangkan jawapan anda dalam c(i).

............................................................................................................................................

.....

[1 mark]


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TRIAL SPMDiagram 3.2 shows the set up of the apparatus used to electroplate an iron key with silver metal.Rajah 3.2 menunjukkan susunan radas yang digunakan untuk menyadur satu kunci besi denganlogam perak.

Based on Diagram 3.2 :Berdasarkan Rajah 3.2 :

(i) State the correct position of the iron key either electrodes P or Q.Nyatakan kedudukan yang betul bagi kunci besi samada elektrod P atau Q .

.......................... [1 mark ]

(ii) Name a suitable solution that can be used as electrolyte R.Namakan satu larutan yang sesuai digunakan sebagai elektrolit R.

.......................... [1 mark ]

(iii) Suggest one step that must be taken to get a better electroplated key.Cadangkan satu langkah yang perlu diambil untuk mendapatkan saduran yang baik

pada kunci tersebut.

.......................... [1 mark ]

Diagram / Rajah 3.2

A

P Q Electrolyte R Elektrolit R


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(c) Diagram 3.3 shows the set-up of apparatus of a purification process.Rajah 3.3 menunjukkan susunan radas bagi suatu proses penulenan.

(i) Identify the anode and the cathode.Kenal pasti anod dan katod .

X : ............

Y :............ [1 mark ]

(ii) During this process, the intensity of the blue colour of copper(II) sulphate remainsunchanged. Explain why.Semasa proses ini, didapati keamatan warna biru larutan kuprum (II) sulfat tidakberubah. Terangkan mengapa.

..................................................................

................................................................

.................................................................[2 marks ]

Impure copper plate Kepingan kuprum tak tulen

Pure copper plate Kepingan kuprum tulen

Copper(II) sulphate solution

Larutan kuprum (II) sulfat

A

Electrical source

Sumber tenaga elektrik

Diagram / Rajah 3.3

X Y


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TRIAL SPM JOHOR

1.The diagram below shows the apparatus set up to study the effect of concentration ofelectrolyte on the products of electrolysis

Experiment I : Electrolysis of very dilute sodium chloride solution

Experiment II : Electrolysis of concentrated sodium chloride solutionIn Experiment I (i) What can be observed at the anode ?

[ 1 mark]

(ii) Write an equation to represent the reaction that takes place at the anode.

[ 1 mark]

(iii) What is the redox process that takes place at the anode ?

. [ 1 mark]

In Experiment II,(i) Which electrode will give a different compared to Experiment I ?

. [ 1 mark]

(ii) Name the product formed at the electrode in (b) (i).

.. [ 1 mark]

(iii) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place in (b) (i).

[ 1 mark]


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(ii) If the zinc plate is replaced by a copper plate, describe what will happenthe voltmeter reading.Explain your answer.

Jika plat zink diganti dengan plat kuprum,nyatakan apa yang berlaku

pada bacaan voltmeter.Jelaskan jawapan anda

.. [2 marks]

TRIAL SPM

2.Diagram 3.1 shows the set-up of apparatus for two types of cell.(Rajah 3.1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk dua jenis sel.)

Cell P Cell QDIAGRAM 3.1

(a) State the energy changes in cell P and cell Q.(Nyatakan perubahan tenaga dalam sel P dan sel Q.)

Cell P:...

Cell Q:... [2 marks ]

(b) Write the half-equation for the reaction that occurs at the magnesium rod in cell P.(Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku di rod magnesium dalam sel P.)

[2 marks ]


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(c) Mark the direction of the flow of electrons in cell P.(Tandakan arah aliran electron dalam Sel P)

[1 mark ]

(d) (i) What happens to the voltmeter reading when the magnesium rod in cell P is replaced byzinc rod?(Apakah yang berlaku kepada bacaan voltmeter apabila rod magnesium dalam sel Pdigantikan dengan rod zink?)

[1 mark ]

(ii) Explain your answer in d(i).(Terangkan jawapan anda di d(i).)

[1 mark ]

(e) (i) Label the anode in cell Q. (Labelkan anod dalam sel Q)[1 mark ]

(ii) What is observed at the copper anode in cell Q?(Apakah yang diperhatikan pada anod kuprum dalam sel Q?)

[1 mark ]

(f) What happens to the intensity of colour of the solution in cell Q? Explain your answer.(Apakah yang berlaku kepada keamatan warna larutan dalam sel Q? Terangkan jawapan anda..)

[2 marks ]


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TRIAL SPM PERLIS

6. Diagram 1 shows the set up of the apparatus to investigate the electrolysis of 1.0 mol dm -3 potassiumiodide solution.

a) i) What is meant by anion?

[1 mark]

ii) Which electrode is cathode ?

[1 mark]

b) i) State all the ions present in potassium iodide solution.

[1 mark]

ii) State the ion that will be discharged at

Electrode X: ..

Electrode Y: .. [2 marks]

Potassium iodide solution

A

Carbonelectrode X

Carbonelectrode Y

DIAGRAM 1


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(c) (i) What is the observation at electrode X?

[1 mark]

(ii) Write the half equation for the reaction at electrode X.

[1 mark]

(d) (i) Name the gas collected at electrode Y.

.. [1 mark]

(e) If 0.0001 mol dm -3 potassium iodide solution is used as electrolyte

(i) What is produced at electrode X at the beginning of the experiment?

[1 mark]

(ii) Write the half equation in (e)(i)

......................................[1 mark]


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TRIAL SPM MELAKA

5. Diagram 5 shows two types of cells.Rajah 5 menunjukkan dua jenis sel.

(g) Write the ionic formulae of all cations in copper (II) sulphate solution.Tuliskan formula ion bagi semua kation dalam larutan kuprum(II) sulfat.

..............................................................[1 mark ]

(h) State the energy changes in cell P and cell Q.Nyatakan perubahan tenaga dalam sel P dan sel Q.

Cell P:...Sel P [1 mark ]

Cell Q : ....Sel Q [1 mark ]

(i) Write the half equation for the reaction that occurs at the cathode in cell P.Tuliskan setengah persamaan bagi tindak balas yang berlaku pada katod dalam sel P.

[2 marks ]

CopperPlate

Kepingankuprum

DIAGRAM 5 RAJAH 5

Battery Bateri VoltmeterVolmeter

ZincPlate

Kepingan zink

CopperPlate

Kepingankuprum

Copper(II) sulphate solution Larutan kuprum(II) sulfat

P Q


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(j) (i) Is there any colour change of the copper(II) sulphate solution in cell P? Adakah terdapat perubahan warna pada larutan kuprum(II) sulfat dalam sel P?

...........................................................

(ii) Explain your answer in (d)(i).Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (d)(i)

...............................................................

.............................................................[2 marks ]

(k) State the negative terminal in cell Q.Nyatakan terminal negatif dalam sel Q.

..

[1 mark ]

(l) If the zinc plate is replaced with a magnesium plate, what will happen to the voltmeter readingin cell Q?

Jika kepingan zink digantikan dengan kepingan magnesium, apakah yang berlaku kepadabacaan voltmeter dalam sel Q?

........................................................[1 mark ]

(ii) Explain your answer in (d)(i).Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (d)(i)

......................................................

.....................................................[2 marks ]

(m) State the negative terminal in cell Q.Nyatakan terminal negatif dalam sel Q.

[1 mark ]

(n) If the zinc plate is replaced with a magnesium plate, what will happen to the voltmeter readingin cell Q?

Jika kepingan zink digantikan dengan kepingan magnesium, apakah yang berlaku kepadabacaan voltmeter dalam sel Q?

......................................................[1 mark ]


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SET 4

ACID AND BASE


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CHAPTER 7Favourite question:

i. What is meant by strong acid?Strong acid is acid that ionized completely in water to produced a high concentration of hydrogen ions

ii. Give the examples of strong acidHydrochloric acid (HCl), Nitric acid (HNO 3) and Sulphuric acid (H 2SO4)

iii. What is meant by weak acid?Acid that ionized partially in water to produced low concentration of hydrogen ion

iv. Give the examples of weak acidEthanoic acid

V. What is meant by strong alkali?Strong alkali ia alkali that ionized completely in water to produced a high concentration of hydroxideion

vi. Give examples of strong alkaliSodium Hydroxide (NaOH), Potassium Hydroxide (KOH)

vii. What is meant by weak alkaliAlkali that ionized partially in water to produced low hydroxide ion

viii. Give examples of weak alkaliAmmonia

EXPERIMENT INVOLVING NEUTRALISATION PROCESS Favourite question:

v. Name the reaction that take places in experimentNeutralisation process

vi. Name the technique/ method using in this experimentTitration method

vii.State the colour change of the phenolphthalein in the conical flask at the end point

pink to colourless

viii. Name the another substance that can be used to replace phenolphthaleinmethyl orange

x. What is meant by end pointis the point in the titration at which the indicator changes colour


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Calculation :Exp IVolume acid used = Final reading initial reading

= 39.70- 17.30 cm3

= 22.40 cm 3 Exp IIVolume acid used = 39.20 17.00 cm 3

= 22.20 cm 3

Exp IIIVolume acid used = 39.70 17.70 cm 3

= 22.00 cm 3

xi. Calculate the average volume of sulphuric acid used in this reaction

22.40 + 22.20 + 22.00 cm 3 = 22.20 cm 3

3

xiii. Write the chemical equation1HCl +1NaOH NaCl + H2O

xiv. Calculate the Molarity (M) of Sodium Hydroxide

Macid Vacid = 1 MalkaliValkali 1

(0.1) (22.20) = 1Malkali(25.00) 1

Molarity/ M alkali (25.00) (1) = (0.1) (22.20)Molarity / M alkali = 2.22 = 0.0888 mol dm

-3

25.00

hydrochloric acid0.1mol dm -3

25.00 cm sodiumhydroxide


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xv. The experiment is repeated with 0.1 mol dm -3 sulphuric acid to replaced hydrocholoric acid.Predictthe volume of sulphuric acid needed to neutralized 25.00 cm 3 sodium hydroxide

Volume = volume HCl acid = 22.20 = 11.10 cm 3

2 2

xvi. Explain your answer in xvSulphuric acid is diprotic acid and Hydrochloric acid is monoprotic acid. So sulphuric acid hastwice the number of hydrogen ions compared to HCl acid

CONCEPT OF pH ACID AND ALKALI Favorite question

Hydrochloric acid Concentration of Hydrcholoric acidMol dm -3

pH

A 0.001 3B 0.01 2C 0.1 1D 1 0

i. Based on table state the relationship between the concentration of hydrochloric acid and pH valueThe higher concentration of hydrochloric acid the lower pH value

ii. Explain your answer in a (i)-The pH value is used to measure the concentration of H + ions- the higher the number of H + ion per unit volume solution , the lower the pH value

iii. Arrange the hydrocholoric acid according to increasing orderA,B,C,D

Alkali Concentration mol dm -3 pHSodium Hydroxide 0.1 13Ammonia Solution 0.1 10

iv. Explain why the two alkalis have different pH values?- Sodium hydroxide is a strong alkali- Ammonia is a weak alkali- Sodium hydroxide ionized completely in water to produced higher concentration of ion OH -

- Ammonia ionized partially in water to produced low concentration of OH -

- The concentration of ion OH - in sodium Hydroxide in higher than Ammonia- When the concentration of OH - ion is higher the pH value is higher.


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TRIAL KEDAH SPM 2009

1. An experiment was carried out to investigate neutralisation reaction between 1.0 mol dm -3 sulphuricacid and 20.00 cm 3 of sodium hydroxide solution. 3 drops of phenolphthalein are added to the solution.The acid is slowly added to the sodium hydroxide solution until end point. Table below shows the result

of the experiment.

Satu eksperimen telah dijalankan untuk mengkaji t indak balas peneutralan di antara 1.0 moldm -3 asidsulfurik dan 20.00 cm 3 larutan natrium hidroksida. 3 titis fenolftalein telah ditambahkan ke dalam larutantersebut. Larutan asid ditambahkan sedikit demi sedikit sehingga mencapai takat akhir. Jadual di bawahmenunjukkan keputusan eksperimen tersebut.

Set of experiment 1 2 3

Initial burette reading, cm 3.Bacaan awal buret, cm 3

0.50 20.60 1.20

Final burette reading, cm 3.Bacaan akhir buret, cm 3

20.60 40.60 20.10

Volume of acid used, cm 3 Isipadu asid digunakan, cm 3

20.10 20.00 19.90

Table 1a) What is the meaning of end point?

Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan takat akhir?

.........................................................................[1 mark]

b) State the colour change of phenolphthalein when it reaches end point of titration.Nyatakan perubahan warna fenolftalein apabila mencapai takat akhir pentitratan.

...............................................................[1 mark]

[1 markah ]

c) Write the chemical equation for the reaction.Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas di atas.

.................................................................

[1 mark][1 markah ]

d) (i) Find the average volume of sulphuric acid used?Cari isipadu purata asid sulfurik asid yang digunakan?

................................. [1 mark][1 markah ]


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(ii)

Calculate the molarity of sodium hydroxide solution used in this experiment.Kira kepekatan larutan natrium hidroksida yang digunakan dalam eksperimen ini.


e) Draw labelled diagram of set up apparatus to carry out the experiment.

Lukis gambarajah berlabel susunan radas untuk menjalankan eksperimen ini.


f) If sulphuric acid is replaced with 1.0 moldm -3 hydrochloric acid to neutralise 20.00cm 3 sodiumhydroxide solution of the same concentration. It is shown that the volume of the acid needed isdouble the volume of sulphuric acid. Explain why?

Jika asid sulfurik digantikan dengan 1.0 moldm -3 asid hidroklorik untuk meneutralkan 20.00cm 3 larutan natrium hidroksida dengan kepekatan yang sama. Didapati isipadu asid yang diperlukanialah dua kali ganda daripada isipadu asid sulfurik. Terangkan mengapa?

...................................................

..................................................

.. ..................................................[2 marks]

[2 markah ]


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FINAL EXAM JOHOR 2011

1. Diagram 1 shows the apparatus set-up for the neutralisation reaction between a strongacid and a strong alkali.Rajah 1 menunjukkan susunan radas untuk tindak balas peneutralan antara satu asidkuat dan satu alkali kuat.

DIAGRAM 125.0 cm

3 of sodium hydroxide solution is poured into a conical flask. A few drops of

phenolphthalein are added into the solution. The solution in the conical flask is titratedwith 0.1 mol dm

-3 hydrochloric acid .

25.0 cm3

larutan natrium hidroksida dimasukkan ke dalam sebuah kelalang kon. Beberapatitik fenolftalein ditambah ke dalam larutan itu. Larutan dalam kelalang kon dititratkandengan 0.1 mol dm -3 asid hidroklorik.

(a) Hydrochloric acid is a strong acid. What is meant by a strong acid? Asid hidroklorik adalah asid kuat. Apakah yang dimaksudkan dengan asidkuat?

[2 marks ]

(b) Suggest an apparatus that can be used to measure 25.0 cm 3 of sodium hydroxidesolution accurately.Cadangkan satu radas yang dapat digunakan untuk menyukat 25.0 cm 3 larutannatrium hidroksida dengan tepat.

[1 mark ]

Hydrochloric acid, 0.1 mol dm -3 Asid hidroklorik, 0.1 mol dm -3

25 cm 3 sodium hydroxidesolution + phenolphthalein25 cm 3 larutan natrium hidroksida +

fenolftalein


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(c) State the colour change of the solution in the conical flask at the end point.Nyatakan perubahan warna larutan dalam kelalang kon pada takat akhir.

[1 mark ]

(d) (i) Write a chemical equation for the above reaction.Tulis persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas di atas.

[1 mark ]

(ii) In this experiment, 20.0 cm 3 hydrochloric acid is needed to neutralise 25.0 cm 3 of sodium hydroxide solution. Calculate the molarity of the sodium hydroxidesolution.

Dalam eksperimen ini, 20.0 cm3

asid hidroklorik diperlukan untuk meneutralkan25.0 cm 3 larutan natrium hidroksida. Hitungkan kemolaran larutan natriumhidroksida itu.

[2 marks ]

(e) (i) The experiment is repeated with 0.1 mol dm -3 sulphuric acid to replacehydrochloric acid. Predict the volume of sulphuric acid needed to neutralise25.0 cm 3 sodium hydroxide solution.Eksperimen itu diulang dengan menggunakan 0.1 mol dm -3 asid sulfurik bagimenggantikan asid hidroklorik. Ramalkan isipadu asid sulfurik yang diperlukanuntuk meneutralkan 25.0 cm 3 larutan natrium hidroksida.

[1 mark ](ii) Explain your answer in (e) (i).

Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (e)(i).

[2 marks ]


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(b) Solution I is used to neutralise 25 cm 3 of 0.1 mol dm -3 of sodium hydroxide, NaOHsolution.Larutan I digunakan untuk meneutralkan 25 cm 3 larutan natrium hidroksida, NaOH 0.1mol dm -3.

(i) Calculate the number of moles of sodium hydroxide, NaOH in the solution.Hitungkan bilangan mol natrium hidroksida, NaOH dalam larutan.

[1 mark][1 markah]

(ii) Calculate the volume of Solution I used to neutralise sodium hydroxide, NaOHsolution in cm 3.

Hitungkan isipadu Larutan I yang digunakan untuk meneutralkan larutannatrium hidroksida, NaOH dalam cm 3.

[3 marks][3 markah]

(iii) Draw an apparatus set-up for the titration of sodium hydroxide solution withsolution I.

Lukis susunan radas untuk pentitratan larutan natrium hidroksida denganLarutan I

[2 marks][2 markah]


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SET 5 MANUFACTURED

SUBSTANCE ININDUSTRY


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(b) Diagram 1.2 below shows the structural formula of a polymer.

Rajah 1.2 di bawah menunjukkan formula struktur bagi suatu polimer.

Diagram 1.2Rajah 1.2

Based on Diagram 1.2, answer the following questions: Berdasarkan Rajah 1.2, jawab soalan-soalan berikut:

(i) State the meaning of polymer.

Nyatakan maksud polimer.

...........................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................[1 mark]

[1 markah](ii) Draw and name the structural formula of its monomer.

Lukiskan dan namakan formula struktur bagi monomernya.

[2 marks]

(iii) State one use of the polymer in Diagram 1.2 in our daily life.Nyatakan satu kegunaan polimer pada Rajah 1.2 dalam kehidupan seharian kita.

............................................................................................................[1 mark]

C C

H

H

Cl

H

C C

H

H

Cl

H

C C

H

H

Cl

H

n


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2.

TRIAL KEDAH SPM

Diagram 5 shows the flow chart for the formation of salt A from the reaction between ammonia andsulphuric acid.

Rajah 5 menunjukkan carta alir pembentukan garam A daripada tindak balas antara ammonia danasid sulfurik.

Diagram 5Rajah 5

(a) Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen in Process Y to produce ammonia.Nitrogen bertindak balas dengan hidrogen dalam Proses Y untuk menghasilkan ammonia.

(i) Name Process Y.Namakan Proses Y.

..................................................................................................................................[1 mark ]

[1 markah ]

(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction that occurs in a(i).Tuliskan persamaan kimia bagi tindak balas yang berlaku dalam a(i).

..................................................................................................................................[1 marks ]

(iii) State the catalyst and the optimum temperature needed in the manufacture ofammonia.Nyatakan mangkin dan suhu optimum yang diperlukan dalam penghasilan ammonia.

Catalyst : Temperature : oCMangkin Suhu [2 marks ]

SulphurSulfur

Sulphur dioxideSulfur dioksida

Sulphur trioxideSulfur trioksida

Sulphuric acid Asid sulfurik

Nitrogen Nitrogen

Ammonia AmmoniaProcess Y

Pr oses Y

Salt AGaram A

Hydrogen Hidrogen


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TRIAL KELANTAN SPM

2.(a

Polypropene and polyvinyl chloride are examples of polymers. State the name of theirmonomers.Polipropena dan polivinil klorida adalah contoh polimer. Nyatakan nama monomer mereka.

Polypropene: ... Polipropena

Polyvinyl chloride :

Polivinil klorida [2 marks ]

b. Plastic bag used in our daily life is a type of synthetic polymer. State one advantage and one disadvantage of plastic bag.

Beg plastik yang digunakan dalam kehidupan seharian ialah sejenis polimer sintetik.Nyatakan satu kebaikan dan satu keburukan beg plastik.Advantage:Kebaikan:

....................................................

Disadvantage:Keburukan:

.............................................................. [2 marks ]

c. Bronze is an alloy formed from copper and tin.Gangsa adalah suatu aloi yang terbentuk daripada kuprum dan timah(i)State one use of bronze.

Nyatakan satu kegunaan gangsa.

...................................................................

[1 mark ](ii)State one aim of alloying .

Nyatakan satu tujuan pengaloian.

.................................................................[1 mark

]

Polymers are long chained molecules made by joining togetherthousands of smaller molecules called monomers .

Polimer adalah molekul berantai panjang yang terhasil daripada

cantuman beribu-ribu molekul kecil yang dipanggil monomer.


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(iii) Draw the arrangement of particles in bronze.Lukiskan susunan zarah-zarah dalam gangsa.

(iv) Bronze is harder than copper. Explain why.Gangsa adalah lebih keras daripada kuprum. Terangkan mengapa.

...........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................

..........................................................................................................................................[3 marks]

TRIAL CHEMISTRY SPM 2008

Diagram 2Rajah 2

The Digram 2 shows the formation of an alloy bronze.Rajah di atas menunjukkan pembentukkan aloi gangsa.

(a) (i) Name the components of bronze .Namakan komponen-komponen dalam gangsa .

............................................................................................ [1 mark]

AlloyBronze

Aloi Gangsa


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(ii) State which is harder by comparing the alloy and its pure metal.Nyatakan yang manakah lebih keras dengan membandingkan aloi denganlogam tulennya,

[ 1 mark](iii) Explain your answer in (a)(ii)

Terangkan jawapan anda dalam (a)(ii)

.......................................................................................................................

......................................................................................................................[2 marks].

(iv) State one uses of bronze.Nyatakan satu kegunaan gangsa

.................................................................................................................................. [1 mark]

TRIAL PERLIS SPM 2010

1.Table 1 shows the particulars of four different types of manufactured substances in industry.Rajah 1 menunjukkan butiran tentang empat jenis bahan buatan dalam industri.

Type of manufacturedsubstance

Jenis bahan buatan

ExampleContoh

ComponentKomponen

GlassKaca

BorosilicateBorosilikat

Silicon dioxide, sodium oxide, calciumoxide and Y.Silikon dioksida, natrium oksida,kalsium oksida dan Y.

PolymerPolimer

PolythenePolitena

EtheneEtena

Alloy Aloi

BrassLoyang

Copper and zincKuprum dan zink

Z BrickBata

Silicon dioxide, aluminium oxide, iron

(III) oxide.Silikon dioksida, aluminium oksida, ferum(III) oksida.

Table 1Jadual 1


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(a) Name the type of manufactured substance Z.Namakan jenis bahan buatan Z.

[1 mark]

(b)(i) Brass is harder than its pure copper. Explain.Loyang lebih keras daripada logam kuprum tulennya.Terangkan.

....

...................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................

[2 marks]

(ii) Draw a labelled diagram that shows the arrangement of particles in brass.Lukis gambar rajah berlabel yang menunjukkan susunan zarah-zarah dalam loyang.

[2 marks]

(c) Substance Y is part of components of borosilicate glass.Bahan Y adalah sebahagian daripada kaca borosilikat.

(i) Name the substance Y.Namakan bahan Y.

....... [1 mark]

(ii) State one characteristic of borosilicate glass compared to the othertypes of glasses.Nyatakan satu sifat kaca borosilikat berbanding dengan kaca jenis

yang lain.

....... [1 mark]


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(d) Diagram 1 shows the structural formula of polythene.Rajah 1 menunjukkan formula struktur bagi politena.

(i) Draw the structural formula of monomer of polythene.Lukis formula struktur monomer bagi politena.

[1 mark]

(ii) State one use of polythene.Nyatakan satu kegunaan politena.

.................................................................................................................[1 mark]

H H H H| | | |

C C C C| | | |

H H H H n

Diagram 1Rajah 1


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modul galus chem 2014

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