LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES As you continue on your journey you are expected to
1 compare and contrast similar information presented in different texts2 establish connections of events and how these lead to the ending of a
material3 give the appropriate communicative style for an intimate situation4 analyze literature as a means of valuing other people and their various
circumstances in life5 distinguish the features present in poetry and prose employ varied verbal
and non-verbal strategies to create impact on the audience while delivering lines in a Readerrsquos Theater or in a Chamber Theater
6 use adverbs in narration
TASK 1 Methinksbull Explore Shakespearersquos thoughts about greatness Think about what he
means by the quote in the thought bubblebull Write your answers in your notebook
Be not afraid of
greatness some are
born great some
achieve greatness
and others havehellip
greatness thrust upon
them
Task 2 Connecting Lives bull Consider this situation A student received academic recognition from the
school How do you think a supportive parent would speak to the child Would others such as a friend or a teacher speak to the child in the same manner Copy and use the table below to create possible dialogues between the following student-parent student-friend and student-teacher
Questions to answer1 What is the degree of formality in each conversation Place a check mark on the column which corresponds with your answer
2 How does our relationship with others influence the way we communicate with them
Degree of Formality LOW HIGH
Student-Parent
Student-Friend
Student-Teacher
READING TEXT 1 Motive Question How do we celebrate the ldquogreatnessrdquo of the people we know
Auld Lang Syne LyricsEnglish Version
Should old acquaintance be forgot and never brought to mind Should old acquaintance be forgot and auld lang syne For auld lang syne my dear for auld lang syne wersquoll take a cup of kindness yet for auld lang syne
And surely yoursquoll buy your pint cup and surely Irsquoll buy mine And wersquoll take a cup orsquo kindness yet for auld lang syne We two have run about the slopes and picked the daisies fine But wersquove wandered many a weary foot since auld lang syne
We two have paddled in the stream from morning sun till dine But seas between us broad have roared since auld lang syne And therersquos a hand my trusty friend And give us a hand orsquo thine And wersquoll take a right good-will draught for auld lang syne
Questions to answer 1 When is Auld Lang Syne usually sung 2 Who is being referred to in the song 3 What makes the personarsquos friends unforgettable 4 What experiences have they gone through 5 Why do Filipinos love to sing this song during New Yearrsquos celebration
READING TEXT 2 Motive Question
Who do we consider truly greatI Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great Stephen Spender I think
continually of those who were truly great Who from the womb remembered the soulrsquos history Through corridors of light where the hours are suns Endless and singing Whose lovely ambition Was that their lips still touched with fire Should tell of the Spirit clothed from head to foot in song And who hoarded
from the Spring branches The desires falling across their bodies like blossoms What is precious is never to forget The essential delight of the blood drawn
from ageless springs Breaking through rocks in worlds before our earth Never to deny its pleasure in the morning simple light Nor its grave evening demand for love Never to allow gradually the traffic to smother With noise and fog the flowering of the spirit Near the snow near the sun in the highest fields See
how these names are fecircted by the waving grass And by the streamers of white cloud And whispers of wind in the listening sky The names of those who in
their lives fought for life Who wore at their hearts the firersquos center Born of the sun they traveled a short while towards the sun And left the vivid air signed
with their honor
Questions to answer 1 What distinct quality of those who are great does the persona mention in the first stanza 2 Based on the 2nd stanza what should not be forgotten 3 What legacy do great people leave behind them
TASK 3 Finding Similarities and Differencesbull A Copy and study the statements below Check the statement
that refers to bothpoems If the statement refers to the first poem write 1 Otherwise write 2
1 Nature pays tribute to persons of valor2 The persona recounts old memories of friendship3 The text is marked with vivid imagery4 Personification is utilized by the author5 The text talks about what endures through time
bull B Read the poems again Note the similarities and differences between the two in terms of the use of figurative language and its content Copy and use the Venn diagram to note your answer
Text 2
Text 1
Dramatic poetry is marked by the expression of feelings or emotions Do the two poems fall under this genre Justify
your answer
TASK 4 Greatness Deliveredbull Listen as your teacher read the poem Observe how facial expression and
gestures are used to deliver the lines with impact Copy and fill out the table below to record your observation
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
GESTURES
TASK 5 Greatness Revisited Learn more about greatness through the life of Martin Luther King Jr While listening watch out for signposts that signal the main idea of the speaker in any of the links below Fill out the table then answer the questions that follow Do this in your notebook
SPEAKER SIGNPOST AND KEY WORDS
MAIN IDEA
TOPIC
PURPOSE
AUDIENCE
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR
>
OPRAH WINFREY
>
Questions to answer1 Who was Martin Luther King Jr2 According to him who has the potential to be great3 How does Oprah Winfrey pay tribute to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr4 How does she persuade her audience to take the path towards greatness5 How do the signposts and key words aid you in determining the main idea of the speech6 How do these details aid you in comprehending the speech better
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES As you continue on your journey you are expected to
1 compare and contrast similar information presented in different texts2 establish connections of events and how these lead to the ending of a
material3 give the appropriate communicative style for an intimate situation4 analyze literature as a means of valuing other people and their various
circumstances in life5 distinguish the features present in poetry and prose employ varied verbal
and non-verbal strategies to create impact on the audience while delivering lines in a Readerrsquos Theater or in a Chamber Theater
6 use adverbs in narration
TASK 1 Methinksbull Explore Shakespearersquos thoughts about greatness Think about what he
means by the quote in the thought bubblebull Write your answers in your notebook
Be not afraid of
greatness some are
born great some
achieve greatness
and others havehellip
greatness thrust upon
them
Task 2 Connecting Lives bull Consider this situation A student received academic recognition from the
school How do you think a supportive parent would speak to the child Would others such as a friend or a teacher speak to the child in the same manner Copy and use the table below to create possible dialogues between the following student-parent student-friend and student-teacher
Questions to answer1 What is the degree of formality in each conversation Place a check mark on the column which corresponds with your answer
2 How does our relationship with others influence the way we communicate with them
Degree of Formality LOW HIGH
Student-Parent
Student-Friend
Student-Teacher
READING TEXT 1 Motive Question How do we celebrate the ldquogreatnessrdquo of the people we know
Auld Lang Syne LyricsEnglish Version
Should old acquaintance be forgot and never brought to mind Should old acquaintance be forgot and auld lang syne For auld lang syne my dear for auld lang syne wersquoll take a cup of kindness yet for auld lang syne
And surely yoursquoll buy your pint cup and surely Irsquoll buy mine And wersquoll take a cup orsquo kindness yet for auld lang syne We two have run about the slopes and picked the daisies fine But wersquove wandered many a weary foot since auld lang syne
We two have paddled in the stream from morning sun till dine But seas between us broad have roared since auld lang syne And therersquos a hand my trusty friend And give us a hand orsquo thine And wersquoll take a right good-will draught for auld lang syne
Questions to answer 1 When is Auld Lang Syne usually sung 2 Who is being referred to in the song 3 What makes the personarsquos friends unforgettable 4 What experiences have they gone through 5 Why do Filipinos love to sing this song during New Yearrsquos celebration
READING TEXT 2 Motive Question
Who do we consider truly greatI Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great Stephen Spender I think
continually of those who were truly great Who from the womb remembered the soulrsquos history Through corridors of light where the hours are suns Endless and singing Whose lovely ambition Was that their lips still touched with fire Should tell of the Spirit clothed from head to foot in song And who hoarded
from the Spring branches The desires falling across their bodies like blossoms What is precious is never to forget The essential delight of the blood drawn
from ageless springs Breaking through rocks in worlds before our earth Never to deny its pleasure in the morning simple light Nor its grave evening demand for love Never to allow gradually the traffic to smother With noise and fog the flowering of the spirit Near the snow near the sun in the highest fields See
how these names are fecircted by the waving grass And by the streamers of white cloud And whispers of wind in the listening sky The names of those who in
their lives fought for life Who wore at their hearts the firersquos center Born of the sun they traveled a short while towards the sun And left the vivid air signed
with their honor
Questions to answer 1 What distinct quality of those who are great does the persona mention in the first stanza 2 Based on the 2nd stanza what should not be forgotten 3 What legacy do great people leave behind them
TASK 3 Finding Similarities and Differencesbull A Copy and study the statements below Check the statement
that refers to bothpoems If the statement refers to the first poem write 1 Otherwise write 2
1 Nature pays tribute to persons of valor2 The persona recounts old memories of friendship3 The text is marked with vivid imagery4 Personification is utilized by the author5 The text talks about what endures through time
bull B Read the poems again Note the similarities and differences between the two in terms of the use of figurative language and its content Copy and use the Venn diagram to note your answer
Text 2
Text 1
Dramatic poetry is marked by the expression of feelings or emotions Do the two poems fall under this genre Justify
your answer
TASK 4 Greatness Deliveredbull Listen as your teacher read the poem Observe how facial expression and
gestures are used to deliver the lines with impact Copy and fill out the table below to record your observation
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
GESTURES
TASK 5 Greatness Revisited Learn more about greatness through the life of Martin Luther King Jr While listening watch out for signposts that signal the main idea of the speaker in any of the links below Fill out the table then answer the questions that follow Do this in your notebook
SPEAKER SIGNPOST AND KEY WORDS
MAIN IDEA
TOPIC
PURPOSE
AUDIENCE
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR
>
OPRAH WINFREY
>
Questions to answer1 Who was Martin Luther King Jr2 According to him who has the potential to be great3 How does Oprah Winfrey pay tribute to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr4 How does she persuade her audience to take the path towards greatness5 How do the signposts and key words aid you in determining the main idea of the speech6 How do these details aid you in comprehending the speech better
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
TASK 1 Methinksbull Explore Shakespearersquos thoughts about greatness Think about what he
means by the quote in the thought bubblebull Write your answers in your notebook
Be not afraid of
greatness some are
born great some
achieve greatness
and others havehellip
greatness thrust upon
them
Task 2 Connecting Lives bull Consider this situation A student received academic recognition from the
school How do you think a supportive parent would speak to the child Would others such as a friend or a teacher speak to the child in the same manner Copy and use the table below to create possible dialogues between the following student-parent student-friend and student-teacher
Questions to answer1 What is the degree of formality in each conversation Place a check mark on the column which corresponds with your answer
2 How does our relationship with others influence the way we communicate with them
Degree of Formality LOW HIGH
Student-Parent
Student-Friend
Student-Teacher
READING TEXT 1 Motive Question How do we celebrate the ldquogreatnessrdquo of the people we know
Auld Lang Syne LyricsEnglish Version
Should old acquaintance be forgot and never brought to mind Should old acquaintance be forgot and auld lang syne For auld lang syne my dear for auld lang syne wersquoll take a cup of kindness yet for auld lang syne
And surely yoursquoll buy your pint cup and surely Irsquoll buy mine And wersquoll take a cup orsquo kindness yet for auld lang syne We two have run about the slopes and picked the daisies fine But wersquove wandered many a weary foot since auld lang syne
We two have paddled in the stream from morning sun till dine But seas between us broad have roared since auld lang syne And therersquos a hand my trusty friend And give us a hand orsquo thine And wersquoll take a right good-will draught for auld lang syne
Questions to answer 1 When is Auld Lang Syne usually sung 2 Who is being referred to in the song 3 What makes the personarsquos friends unforgettable 4 What experiences have they gone through 5 Why do Filipinos love to sing this song during New Yearrsquos celebration
READING TEXT 2 Motive Question
Who do we consider truly greatI Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great Stephen Spender I think
continually of those who were truly great Who from the womb remembered the soulrsquos history Through corridors of light where the hours are suns Endless and singing Whose lovely ambition Was that their lips still touched with fire Should tell of the Spirit clothed from head to foot in song And who hoarded
from the Spring branches The desires falling across their bodies like blossoms What is precious is never to forget The essential delight of the blood drawn
from ageless springs Breaking through rocks in worlds before our earth Never to deny its pleasure in the morning simple light Nor its grave evening demand for love Never to allow gradually the traffic to smother With noise and fog the flowering of the spirit Near the snow near the sun in the highest fields See
how these names are fecircted by the waving grass And by the streamers of white cloud And whispers of wind in the listening sky The names of those who in
their lives fought for life Who wore at their hearts the firersquos center Born of the sun they traveled a short while towards the sun And left the vivid air signed
with their honor
Questions to answer 1 What distinct quality of those who are great does the persona mention in the first stanza 2 Based on the 2nd stanza what should not be forgotten 3 What legacy do great people leave behind them
TASK 3 Finding Similarities and Differencesbull A Copy and study the statements below Check the statement
that refers to bothpoems If the statement refers to the first poem write 1 Otherwise write 2
1 Nature pays tribute to persons of valor2 The persona recounts old memories of friendship3 The text is marked with vivid imagery4 Personification is utilized by the author5 The text talks about what endures through time
bull B Read the poems again Note the similarities and differences between the two in terms of the use of figurative language and its content Copy and use the Venn diagram to note your answer
Text 2
Text 1
Dramatic poetry is marked by the expression of feelings or emotions Do the two poems fall under this genre Justify
your answer
TASK 4 Greatness Deliveredbull Listen as your teacher read the poem Observe how facial expression and
gestures are used to deliver the lines with impact Copy and fill out the table below to record your observation
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
GESTURES
TASK 5 Greatness Revisited Learn more about greatness through the life of Martin Luther King Jr While listening watch out for signposts that signal the main idea of the speaker in any of the links below Fill out the table then answer the questions that follow Do this in your notebook
SPEAKER SIGNPOST AND KEY WORDS
MAIN IDEA
TOPIC
PURPOSE
AUDIENCE
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR
>
OPRAH WINFREY
>
Questions to answer1 Who was Martin Luther King Jr2 According to him who has the potential to be great3 How does Oprah Winfrey pay tribute to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr4 How does she persuade her audience to take the path towards greatness5 How do the signposts and key words aid you in determining the main idea of the speech6 How do these details aid you in comprehending the speech better
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
Task 2 Connecting Lives bull Consider this situation A student received academic recognition from the
school How do you think a supportive parent would speak to the child Would others such as a friend or a teacher speak to the child in the same manner Copy and use the table below to create possible dialogues between the following student-parent student-friend and student-teacher
Questions to answer1 What is the degree of formality in each conversation Place a check mark on the column which corresponds with your answer
2 How does our relationship with others influence the way we communicate with them
Degree of Formality LOW HIGH
Student-Parent
Student-Friend
Student-Teacher
READING TEXT 1 Motive Question How do we celebrate the ldquogreatnessrdquo of the people we know
Auld Lang Syne LyricsEnglish Version
Should old acquaintance be forgot and never brought to mind Should old acquaintance be forgot and auld lang syne For auld lang syne my dear for auld lang syne wersquoll take a cup of kindness yet for auld lang syne
And surely yoursquoll buy your pint cup and surely Irsquoll buy mine And wersquoll take a cup orsquo kindness yet for auld lang syne We two have run about the slopes and picked the daisies fine But wersquove wandered many a weary foot since auld lang syne
We two have paddled in the stream from morning sun till dine But seas between us broad have roared since auld lang syne And therersquos a hand my trusty friend And give us a hand orsquo thine And wersquoll take a right good-will draught for auld lang syne
Questions to answer 1 When is Auld Lang Syne usually sung 2 Who is being referred to in the song 3 What makes the personarsquos friends unforgettable 4 What experiences have they gone through 5 Why do Filipinos love to sing this song during New Yearrsquos celebration
READING TEXT 2 Motive Question
Who do we consider truly greatI Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great Stephen Spender I think
continually of those who were truly great Who from the womb remembered the soulrsquos history Through corridors of light where the hours are suns Endless and singing Whose lovely ambition Was that their lips still touched with fire Should tell of the Spirit clothed from head to foot in song And who hoarded
from the Spring branches The desires falling across their bodies like blossoms What is precious is never to forget The essential delight of the blood drawn
from ageless springs Breaking through rocks in worlds before our earth Never to deny its pleasure in the morning simple light Nor its grave evening demand for love Never to allow gradually the traffic to smother With noise and fog the flowering of the spirit Near the snow near the sun in the highest fields See
how these names are fecircted by the waving grass And by the streamers of white cloud And whispers of wind in the listening sky The names of those who in
their lives fought for life Who wore at their hearts the firersquos center Born of the sun they traveled a short while towards the sun And left the vivid air signed
with their honor
Questions to answer 1 What distinct quality of those who are great does the persona mention in the first stanza 2 Based on the 2nd stanza what should not be forgotten 3 What legacy do great people leave behind them
TASK 3 Finding Similarities and Differencesbull A Copy and study the statements below Check the statement
that refers to bothpoems If the statement refers to the first poem write 1 Otherwise write 2
1 Nature pays tribute to persons of valor2 The persona recounts old memories of friendship3 The text is marked with vivid imagery4 Personification is utilized by the author5 The text talks about what endures through time
bull B Read the poems again Note the similarities and differences between the two in terms of the use of figurative language and its content Copy and use the Venn diagram to note your answer
Text 2
Text 1
Dramatic poetry is marked by the expression of feelings or emotions Do the two poems fall under this genre Justify
your answer
TASK 4 Greatness Deliveredbull Listen as your teacher read the poem Observe how facial expression and
gestures are used to deliver the lines with impact Copy and fill out the table below to record your observation
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
GESTURES
TASK 5 Greatness Revisited Learn more about greatness through the life of Martin Luther King Jr While listening watch out for signposts that signal the main idea of the speaker in any of the links below Fill out the table then answer the questions that follow Do this in your notebook
SPEAKER SIGNPOST AND KEY WORDS
MAIN IDEA
TOPIC
PURPOSE
AUDIENCE
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR
>
OPRAH WINFREY
>
Questions to answer1 Who was Martin Luther King Jr2 According to him who has the potential to be great3 How does Oprah Winfrey pay tribute to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr4 How does she persuade her audience to take the path towards greatness5 How do the signposts and key words aid you in determining the main idea of the speech6 How do these details aid you in comprehending the speech better
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
Questions to answer1 What is the degree of formality in each conversation Place a check mark on the column which corresponds with your answer
2 How does our relationship with others influence the way we communicate with them
Degree of Formality LOW HIGH
Student-Parent
Student-Friend
Student-Teacher
READING TEXT 1 Motive Question How do we celebrate the ldquogreatnessrdquo of the people we know
Auld Lang Syne LyricsEnglish Version
Should old acquaintance be forgot and never brought to mind Should old acquaintance be forgot and auld lang syne For auld lang syne my dear for auld lang syne wersquoll take a cup of kindness yet for auld lang syne
And surely yoursquoll buy your pint cup and surely Irsquoll buy mine And wersquoll take a cup orsquo kindness yet for auld lang syne We two have run about the slopes and picked the daisies fine But wersquove wandered many a weary foot since auld lang syne
We two have paddled in the stream from morning sun till dine But seas between us broad have roared since auld lang syne And therersquos a hand my trusty friend And give us a hand orsquo thine And wersquoll take a right good-will draught for auld lang syne
Questions to answer 1 When is Auld Lang Syne usually sung 2 Who is being referred to in the song 3 What makes the personarsquos friends unforgettable 4 What experiences have they gone through 5 Why do Filipinos love to sing this song during New Yearrsquos celebration
READING TEXT 2 Motive Question
Who do we consider truly greatI Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great Stephen Spender I think
continually of those who were truly great Who from the womb remembered the soulrsquos history Through corridors of light where the hours are suns Endless and singing Whose lovely ambition Was that their lips still touched with fire Should tell of the Spirit clothed from head to foot in song And who hoarded
from the Spring branches The desires falling across their bodies like blossoms What is precious is never to forget The essential delight of the blood drawn
from ageless springs Breaking through rocks in worlds before our earth Never to deny its pleasure in the morning simple light Nor its grave evening demand for love Never to allow gradually the traffic to smother With noise and fog the flowering of the spirit Near the snow near the sun in the highest fields See
how these names are fecircted by the waving grass And by the streamers of white cloud And whispers of wind in the listening sky The names of those who in
their lives fought for life Who wore at their hearts the firersquos center Born of the sun they traveled a short while towards the sun And left the vivid air signed
with their honor
Questions to answer 1 What distinct quality of those who are great does the persona mention in the first stanza 2 Based on the 2nd stanza what should not be forgotten 3 What legacy do great people leave behind them
TASK 3 Finding Similarities and Differencesbull A Copy and study the statements below Check the statement
that refers to bothpoems If the statement refers to the first poem write 1 Otherwise write 2
1 Nature pays tribute to persons of valor2 The persona recounts old memories of friendship3 The text is marked with vivid imagery4 Personification is utilized by the author5 The text talks about what endures through time
bull B Read the poems again Note the similarities and differences between the two in terms of the use of figurative language and its content Copy and use the Venn diagram to note your answer
Text 2
Text 1
Dramatic poetry is marked by the expression of feelings or emotions Do the two poems fall under this genre Justify
your answer
TASK 4 Greatness Deliveredbull Listen as your teacher read the poem Observe how facial expression and
gestures are used to deliver the lines with impact Copy and fill out the table below to record your observation
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
GESTURES
TASK 5 Greatness Revisited Learn more about greatness through the life of Martin Luther King Jr While listening watch out for signposts that signal the main idea of the speaker in any of the links below Fill out the table then answer the questions that follow Do this in your notebook
SPEAKER SIGNPOST AND KEY WORDS
MAIN IDEA
TOPIC
PURPOSE
AUDIENCE
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR
>
OPRAH WINFREY
>
Questions to answer1 Who was Martin Luther King Jr2 According to him who has the potential to be great3 How does Oprah Winfrey pay tribute to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr4 How does she persuade her audience to take the path towards greatness5 How do the signposts and key words aid you in determining the main idea of the speech6 How do these details aid you in comprehending the speech better
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
READING TEXT 1 Motive Question How do we celebrate the ldquogreatnessrdquo of the people we know
Auld Lang Syne LyricsEnglish Version
Should old acquaintance be forgot and never brought to mind Should old acquaintance be forgot and auld lang syne For auld lang syne my dear for auld lang syne wersquoll take a cup of kindness yet for auld lang syne
And surely yoursquoll buy your pint cup and surely Irsquoll buy mine And wersquoll take a cup orsquo kindness yet for auld lang syne We two have run about the slopes and picked the daisies fine But wersquove wandered many a weary foot since auld lang syne
We two have paddled in the stream from morning sun till dine But seas between us broad have roared since auld lang syne And therersquos a hand my trusty friend And give us a hand orsquo thine And wersquoll take a right good-will draught for auld lang syne
Questions to answer 1 When is Auld Lang Syne usually sung 2 Who is being referred to in the song 3 What makes the personarsquos friends unforgettable 4 What experiences have they gone through 5 Why do Filipinos love to sing this song during New Yearrsquos celebration
READING TEXT 2 Motive Question
Who do we consider truly greatI Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great Stephen Spender I think
continually of those who were truly great Who from the womb remembered the soulrsquos history Through corridors of light where the hours are suns Endless and singing Whose lovely ambition Was that their lips still touched with fire Should tell of the Spirit clothed from head to foot in song And who hoarded
from the Spring branches The desires falling across their bodies like blossoms What is precious is never to forget The essential delight of the blood drawn
from ageless springs Breaking through rocks in worlds before our earth Never to deny its pleasure in the morning simple light Nor its grave evening demand for love Never to allow gradually the traffic to smother With noise and fog the flowering of the spirit Near the snow near the sun in the highest fields See
how these names are fecircted by the waving grass And by the streamers of white cloud And whispers of wind in the listening sky The names of those who in
their lives fought for life Who wore at their hearts the firersquos center Born of the sun they traveled a short while towards the sun And left the vivid air signed
with their honor
Questions to answer 1 What distinct quality of those who are great does the persona mention in the first stanza 2 Based on the 2nd stanza what should not be forgotten 3 What legacy do great people leave behind them
TASK 3 Finding Similarities and Differencesbull A Copy and study the statements below Check the statement
that refers to bothpoems If the statement refers to the first poem write 1 Otherwise write 2
1 Nature pays tribute to persons of valor2 The persona recounts old memories of friendship3 The text is marked with vivid imagery4 Personification is utilized by the author5 The text talks about what endures through time
bull B Read the poems again Note the similarities and differences between the two in terms of the use of figurative language and its content Copy and use the Venn diagram to note your answer
Text 2
Text 1
Dramatic poetry is marked by the expression of feelings or emotions Do the two poems fall under this genre Justify
your answer
TASK 4 Greatness Deliveredbull Listen as your teacher read the poem Observe how facial expression and
gestures are used to deliver the lines with impact Copy and fill out the table below to record your observation
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
GESTURES
TASK 5 Greatness Revisited Learn more about greatness through the life of Martin Luther King Jr While listening watch out for signposts that signal the main idea of the speaker in any of the links below Fill out the table then answer the questions that follow Do this in your notebook
SPEAKER SIGNPOST AND KEY WORDS
MAIN IDEA
TOPIC
PURPOSE
AUDIENCE
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR
>
OPRAH WINFREY
>
Questions to answer1 Who was Martin Luther King Jr2 According to him who has the potential to be great3 How does Oprah Winfrey pay tribute to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr4 How does she persuade her audience to take the path towards greatness5 How do the signposts and key words aid you in determining the main idea of the speech6 How do these details aid you in comprehending the speech better
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
Questions to answer 1 When is Auld Lang Syne usually sung 2 Who is being referred to in the song 3 What makes the personarsquos friends unforgettable 4 What experiences have they gone through 5 Why do Filipinos love to sing this song during New Yearrsquos celebration
READING TEXT 2 Motive Question
Who do we consider truly greatI Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great Stephen Spender I think
continually of those who were truly great Who from the womb remembered the soulrsquos history Through corridors of light where the hours are suns Endless and singing Whose lovely ambition Was that their lips still touched with fire Should tell of the Spirit clothed from head to foot in song And who hoarded
from the Spring branches The desires falling across their bodies like blossoms What is precious is never to forget The essential delight of the blood drawn
from ageless springs Breaking through rocks in worlds before our earth Never to deny its pleasure in the morning simple light Nor its grave evening demand for love Never to allow gradually the traffic to smother With noise and fog the flowering of the spirit Near the snow near the sun in the highest fields See
how these names are fecircted by the waving grass And by the streamers of white cloud And whispers of wind in the listening sky The names of those who in
their lives fought for life Who wore at their hearts the firersquos center Born of the sun they traveled a short while towards the sun And left the vivid air signed
with their honor
Questions to answer 1 What distinct quality of those who are great does the persona mention in the first stanza 2 Based on the 2nd stanza what should not be forgotten 3 What legacy do great people leave behind them
TASK 3 Finding Similarities and Differencesbull A Copy and study the statements below Check the statement
that refers to bothpoems If the statement refers to the first poem write 1 Otherwise write 2
1 Nature pays tribute to persons of valor2 The persona recounts old memories of friendship3 The text is marked with vivid imagery4 Personification is utilized by the author5 The text talks about what endures through time
bull B Read the poems again Note the similarities and differences between the two in terms of the use of figurative language and its content Copy and use the Venn diagram to note your answer
Text 2
Text 1
Dramatic poetry is marked by the expression of feelings or emotions Do the two poems fall under this genre Justify
your answer
TASK 4 Greatness Deliveredbull Listen as your teacher read the poem Observe how facial expression and
gestures are used to deliver the lines with impact Copy and fill out the table below to record your observation
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
GESTURES
TASK 5 Greatness Revisited Learn more about greatness through the life of Martin Luther King Jr While listening watch out for signposts that signal the main idea of the speaker in any of the links below Fill out the table then answer the questions that follow Do this in your notebook
SPEAKER SIGNPOST AND KEY WORDS
MAIN IDEA
TOPIC
PURPOSE
AUDIENCE
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR
>
OPRAH WINFREY
>
Questions to answer1 Who was Martin Luther King Jr2 According to him who has the potential to be great3 How does Oprah Winfrey pay tribute to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr4 How does she persuade her audience to take the path towards greatness5 How do the signposts and key words aid you in determining the main idea of the speech6 How do these details aid you in comprehending the speech better
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
READING TEXT 2 Motive Question
Who do we consider truly greatI Think Continually of Those Who Were Truly Great Stephen Spender I think
continually of those who were truly great Who from the womb remembered the soulrsquos history Through corridors of light where the hours are suns Endless and singing Whose lovely ambition Was that their lips still touched with fire Should tell of the Spirit clothed from head to foot in song And who hoarded
from the Spring branches The desires falling across their bodies like blossoms What is precious is never to forget The essential delight of the blood drawn
from ageless springs Breaking through rocks in worlds before our earth Never to deny its pleasure in the morning simple light Nor its grave evening demand for love Never to allow gradually the traffic to smother With noise and fog the flowering of the spirit Near the snow near the sun in the highest fields See
how these names are fecircted by the waving grass And by the streamers of white cloud And whispers of wind in the listening sky The names of those who in
their lives fought for life Who wore at their hearts the firersquos center Born of the sun they traveled a short while towards the sun And left the vivid air signed
with their honor
Questions to answer 1 What distinct quality of those who are great does the persona mention in the first stanza 2 Based on the 2nd stanza what should not be forgotten 3 What legacy do great people leave behind them
TASK 3 Finding Similarities and Differencesbull A Copy and study the statements below Check the statement
that refers to bothpoems If the statement refers to the first poem write 1 Otherwise write 2
1 Nature pays tribute to persons of valor2 The persona recounts old memories of friendship3 The text is marked with vivid imagery4 Personification is utilized by the author5 The text talks about what endures through time
bull B Read the poems again Note the similarities and differences between the two in terms of the use of figurative language and its content Copy and use the Venn diagram to note your answer
Text 2
Text 1
Dramatic poetry is marked by the expression of feelings or emotions Do the two poems fall under this genre Justify
your answer
TASK 4 Greatness Deliveredbull Listen as your teacher read the poem Observe how facial expression and
gestures are used to deliver the lines with impact Copy and fill out the table below to record your observation
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
GESTURES
TASK 5 Greatness Revisited Learn more about greatness through the life of Martin Luther King Jr While listening watch out for signposts that signal the main idea of the speaker in any of the links below Fill out the table then answer the questions that follow Do this in your notebook
SPEAKER SIGNPOST AND KEY WORDS
MAIN IDEA
TOPIC
PURPOSE
AUDIENCE
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR
>
OPRAH WINFREY
>
Questions to answer1 Who was Martin Luther King Jr2 According to him who has the potential to be great3 How does Oprah Winfrey pay tribute to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr4 How does she persuade her audience to take the path towards greatness5 How do the signposts and key words aid you in determining the main idea of the speech6 How do these details aid you in comprehending the speech better
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
Questions to answer 1 What distinct quality of those who are great does the persona mention in the first stanza 2 Based on the 2nd stanza what should not be forgotten 3 What legacy do great people leave behind them
TASK 3 Finding Similarities and Differencesbull A Copy and study the statements below Check the statement
that refers to bothpoems If the statement refers to the first poem write 1 Otherwise write 2
1 Nature pays tribute to persons of valor2 The persona recounts old memories of friendship3 The text is marked with vivid imagery4 Personification is utilized by the author5 The text talks about what endures through time
bull B Read the poems again Note the similarities and differences between the two in terms of the use of figurative language and its content Copy and use the Venn diagram to note your answer
Text 2
Text 1
Dramatic poetry is marked by the expression of feelings or emotions Do the two poems fall under this genre Justify
your answer
TASK 4 Greatness Deliveredbull Listen as your teacher read the poem Observe how facial expression and
gestures are used to deliver the lines with impact Copy and fill out the table below to record your observation
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
GESTURES
TASK 5 Greatness Revisited Learn more about greatness through the life of Martin Luther King Jr While listening watch out for signposts that signal the main idea of the speaker in any of the links below Fill out the table then answer the questions that follow Do this in your notebook
SPEAKER SIGNPOST AND KEY WORDS
MAIN IDEA
TOPIC
PURPOSE
AUDIENCE
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR
>
OPRAH WINFREY
>
Questions to answer1 Who was Martin Luther King Jr2 According to him who has the potential to be great3 How does Oprah Winfrey pay tribute to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr4 How does she persuade her audience to take the path towards greatness5 How do the signposts and key words aid you in determining the main idea of the speech6 How do these details aid you in comprehending the speech better
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
TASK 3 Finding Similarities and Differencesbull A Copy and study the statements below Check the statement
that refers to bothpoems If the statement refers to the first poem write 1 Otherwise write 2
1 Nature pays tribute to persons of valor2 The persona recounts old memories of friendship3 The text is marked with vivid imagery4 Personification is utilized by the author5 The text talks about what endures through time
bull B Read the poems again Note the similarities and differences between the two in terms of the use of figurative language and its content Copy and use the Venn diagram to note your answer
Text 2
Text 1
Dramatic poetry is marked by the expression of feelings or emotions Do the two poems fall under this genre Justify
your answer
TASK 4 Greatness Deliveredbull Listen as your teacher read the poem Observe how facial expression and
gestures are used to deliver the lines with impact Copy and fill out the table below to record your observation
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
GESTURES
TASK 5 Greatness Revisited Learn more about greatness through the life of Martin Luther King Jr While listening watch out for signposts that signal the main idea of the speaker in any of the links below Fill out the table then answer the questions that follow Do this in your notebook
SPEAKER SIGNPOST AND KEY WORDS
MAIN IDEA
TOPIC
PURPOSE
AUDIENCE
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR
>
OPRAH WINFREY
>
Questions to answer1 Who was Martin Luther King Jr2 According to him who has the potential to be great3 How does Oprah Winfrey pay tribute to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr4 How does she persuade her audience to take the path towards greatness5 How do the signposts and key words aid you in determining the main idea of the speech6 How do these details aid you in comprehending the speech better
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
bull B Read the poems again Note the similarities and differences between the two in terms of the use of figurative language and its content Copy and use the Venn diagram to note your answer
Text 2
Text 1
Dramatic poetry is marked by the expression of feelings or emotions Do the two poems fall under this genre Justify
your answer
TASK 4 Greatness Deliveredbull Listen as your teacher read the poem Observe how facial expression and
gestures are used to deliver the lines with impact Copy and fill out the table below to record your observation
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
GESTURES
TASK 5 Greatness Revisited Learn more about greatness through the life of Martin Luther King Jr While listening watch out for signposts that signal the main idea of the speaker in any of the links below Fill out the table then answer the questions that follow Do this in your notebook
SPEAKER SIGNPOST AND KEY WORDS
MAIN IDEA
TOPIC
PURPOSE
AUDIENCE
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR
>
OPRAH WINFREY
>
Questions to answer1 Who was Martin Luther King Jr2 According to him who has the potential to be great3 How does Oprah Winfrey pay tribute to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr4 How does she persuade her audience to take the path towards greatness5 How do the signposts and key words aid you in determining the main idea of the speech6 How do these details aid you in comprehending the speech better
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
Dramatic poetry is marked by the expression of feelings or emotions Do the two poems fall under this genre Justify
your answer
TASK 4 Greatness Deliveredbull Listen as your teacher read the poem Observe how facial expression and
gestures are used to deliver the lines with impact Copy and fill out the table below to record your observation
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
GESTURES
TASK 5 Greatness Revisited Learn more about greatness through the life of Martin Luther King Jr While listening watch out for signposts that signal the main idea of the speaker in any of the links below Fill out the table then answer the questions that follow Do this in your notebook
SPEAKER SIGNPOST AND KEY WORDS
MAIN IDEA
TOPIC
PURPOSE
AUDIENCE
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR
>
OPRAH WINFREY
>
Questions to answer1 Who was Martin Luther King Jr2 According to him who has the potential to be great3 How does Oprah Winfrey pay tribute to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr4 How does she persuade her audience to take the path towards greatness5 How do the signposts and key words aid you in determining the main idea of the speech6 How do these details aid you in comprehending the speech better
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
TASK 4 Greatness Deliveredbull Listen as your teacher read the poem Observe how facial expression and
gestures are used to deliver the lines with impact Copy and fill out the table below to record your observation
FACIAL EXPRESSIONS
GESTURES
TASK 5 Greatness Revisited Learn more about greatness through the life of Martin Luther King Jr While listening watch out for signposts that signal the main idea of the speaker in any of the links below Fill out the table then answer the questions that follow Do this in your notebook
SPEAKER SIGNPOST AND KEY WORDS
MAIN IDEA
TOPIC
PURPOSE
AUDIENCE
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR
>
OPRAH WINFREY
>
Questions to answer1 Who was Martin Luther King Jr2 According to him who has the potential to be great3 How does Oprah Winfrey pay tribute to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr4 How does she persuade her audience to take the path towards greatness5 How do the signposts and key words aid you in determining the main idea of the speech6 How do these details aid you in comprehending the speech better
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
TASK 5 Greatness Revisited Learn more about greatness through the life of Martin Luther King Jr While listening watch out for signposts that signal the main idea of the speaker in any of the links below Fill out the table then answer the questions that follow Do this in your notebook
SPEAKER SIGNPOST AND KEY WORDS
MAIN IDEA
TOPIC
PURPOSE
AUDIENCE
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR
>
OPRAH WINFREY
>
Questions to answer1 Who was Martin Luther King Jr2 According to him who has the potential to be great3 How does Oprah Winfrey pay tribute to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr4 How does she persuade her audience to take the path towards greatness5 How do the signposts and key words aid you in determining the main idea of the speech6 How do these details aid you in comprehending the speech better
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
MARTIN LUTHER KING JR
>
OPRAH WINFREY
>
Questions to answer1 Who was Martin Luther King Jr2 According to him who has the potential to be great3 How does Oprah Winfrey pay tribute to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr4 How does she persuade her audience to take the path towards greatness5 How do the signposts and key words aid you in determining the main idea of the speech6 How do these details aid you in comprehending the speech better
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
OPRAH WINFREY
>
Questions to answer1 Who was Martin Luther King Jr2 According to him who has the potential to be great3 How does Oprah Winfrey pay tribute to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr4 How does she persuade her audience to take the path towards greatness5 How do the signposts and key words aid you in determining the main idea of the speech6 How do these details aid you in comprehending the speech better
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
Questions to answer1 Who was Martin Luther King Jr2 According to him who has the potential to be great3 How does Oprah Winfrey pay tribute to the greatness of Martin Luther King Jr4 How does she persuade her audience to take the path towards greatness5 How do the signposts and key words aid you in determining the main idea of the speech6 How do these details aid you in comprehending the speech better
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
TASK 6 Uncovering Greatnessbull Read this infographic excerpt and pay attention to the highlighted words
Also take note of the list of adverbs found below
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
Questions to answer1 What elements are used in the infographic2 Is knowledge easily understood when represented in an infographic Why3 Take note of the word Later What does it signify as used in the sentencein Infographic A4 Observe how the phrase in the White House is used in Infographic B What does the phrase signify
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
LANGUAGE IN FOCUSAdverbs of time signify when Adverbs of place indicate location For exampleLater that year MLK JR is awarded theNobel Peace PrizehellipLater is an adverb of time It signifies when the event took place
For exampleBut the life of Martin Luther King Jrinspired unprecedented equality ineducation the economy and in theWhite Housein the White House signifies wherethe situation occurred
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
TASK 7 Controlled PracticeA Determine whether or not the sentences below use the adverbs correctlyPlace a radic or times on the space provided before each sentence______1Martin Luther King Jr received in 1948 from Morehouse College his BAdegree______2 He enrolled in graduate studies at Boston College______3In 1954 at Montgomery Alabama he became the pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church______4 He was chosen by Time Magazine as the Man of the Year in 1963______5 He was on the evening of April 4 1968 assassinated in Tennessee
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
B Rewrite each sentence with the adverbs in itstheir correct position1 Martin Luther King Jrrsquos supporters waited patiently (for 10 ten minutes)2 He arrived at the auditorium (this morning)3 The crowd dispersed (at 4 orsquoclock)4 They congregated (yesterday at the stadium)5 He talked (for an hour at the rally)
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
TASK 8 GREATNESS RECOUNTEDREAD THIS PARAGRAPH AND DETERMINE ITS PARTS
GOOD DEEDI learned about the joy of helping others when I was in kindergarten
One of my classmates had forgotten his snack so he had nothing to eat during recess Nobody wanted to share with him because we were all very hungry and it was really his own fault that he would have to go without That day my mother had packed my favorite treat a chocolate and peanut butter cup I wanted it all for myself but my mother had often told me that I should share so I broke my chocolate and peanut butter cup in half and gave my forgetful classmate one half He nearly fell over in surprise Then he smiled the biggest smile I had ever seen and I suddenly felt the greatest happiness I had ever felt After that I always looked for chances to help people because it always made them and me feel good
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
Questions to answer1 What does the writer articulate in the first sentence2 How does the writer develop this idea in the sentences that follow3 How does the paragraph end What is signified in the last sentence4 What are the parts of the paragraph5 How does the character in the paragraph manifest greatness6 Compare this paragraph with the two poems in YOUR TEXT What makes it different from the two
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
TASK 9 Writeshop bull Recount your experience Was there an instance that you or a person you
know responded to the call of greatness Before you do that read more details about how to write a narrative paragraph A narrative paragraph tells a story It shows readers what happened at a particular place and time
A narrative paragraph tells a short story from beginning to end It provides insight into the writers life concerning an incident that made an impact on the writer In many cases the
emotions and lessons learned will reflect some of the readers feelings as well Such a
paragraph follows a specific chronological order of events which all leads up to a conclusion defining the lesson learned
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
CHOOSE THE EXPERIENCEbull Reflect on a personal experience that gave you a new life lesson You will need to take time to think about how to shape the narratives beginning It should begin with a single topic sentence that provides clear language telling what the paragraph will be about An adjective in the topic sentence will give the underlying emotion surrounding the life-changing moment This adjective might state that the experience caused you to feel sad enlightened or determined for example
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
FOCUS THE MESSAGE
bullWrite the topic sentence actually using a couple of sentences if needed to share with your reader the message that you way to convey Reveal the eye-opening lesson you learned about precious time spent with your grandfather for example
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
ENGAGE THE READERbullSubsequent sentences should support the adjective you chose to describe your feeling about the incident Tell the story from the beginning in the order that everything happened The ideal narrative paragraph will make your reader feel what you were feeling so use plenty of details and description in your writing
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
CREATE THE JOURNEYbull Develop the body of the paragraph after sharing initial information in seven or eight sentences Include a transitional sentence or two that lets the reader know when the perspective of the writer started to change You might state Everything changed the summer my grandfather was admitted to the hospital Moments with him became more special for me
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
PULL AT THE READERS HEARTbullThe narrative will seem more personal to the reader if you challenge the reader to respond emotionally to what happened This can come through dialogue or providing a general thought-provoking question along these lines I asked myself How much more time I would have to spend with this man who was so special to me
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
REVEAL THE IMPACTbullAllow the closing sentence to emphasize the main idea of the story letting the reader know how the event changed the writer forever For example a closing sentence might state Every time I submitted a childrens story to a publisher in my adult life I knew my grandfathers deep impression on my life was alive in each story
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
BRAINSTORMINGGet started by jotting down ideas following the question
prompts below
Who are involvedWhat happenedWhen did it happenWhy did it happenHow did it happen
DraftingBrainstorm Use your ideas to craft your narrative paragraph
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
Revising ChecklistUse the following checklist to revise your paragraph
Is the paragraph interesting What makes it soIs the topic sentence clearly stated at the beginning of the paragraph If there is no topic sentence suggest one
Do the rest of the sentences support the topicsentence
Is there a concluding sentence If there is nonesuggest one
Are adverbs used to signify time and place Ifthere are none suggest where they could beappropriately incorporated
Self- Assessment ChecklistAnswer the questions below
What was easy for meWhat have I learned
How do I improve my work
What other adverbs can I use in my narrativeparagraph
CONNECTORSEnglish connectors meaning and use
Ana Moral
LESSON 2
BASIC VOCABULARYBefore we start with the list of connectors make sure you are familiar with the following terms
SENTENCE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE NOUN PHRASE
SENTENCE (=ldquooracioacutenrdquo)
A sentence is a group of words which has at least a SUBJECT and a VERB and which can stand on its own ndash it can be INDEPENDENT
He ca l led
Sb V
All three conditions must be there Eg if it cannot stand on its own it is not a sentence
hellip when he called hellip hellip because he called hellip
These are NOT sentences they canrsquot stand alone
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
A subordinate clause is a group of words which also contain at least a SUBJECT and a VERB but which cannot stand on its own ndash it is DEPENDENT
hellip because he ca l led
connector Sb V
It needs a main clause to complete its meaning It is only a fragmen of a complex sentence
Complex sentence
Main clauseShe was happy
Subordinate clausebecause he called
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
NOUN PHRASE (=ldquogrupo nominalrdquo)A phrase (= a group of words) whose head is a NOUN a PRONOUN or a GERUND acting as a noun It can be accompanied by determiners adjectives or other modifiers and it always functions as the SUBJECT or the OBJECT of a sentence
these wonderful actors hellip
determiner adjective noun (head)
Noun Phrase (NP)
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
TYPES OF CONNECTORS1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE AND REASON4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE6 CONNECTORS OF TIME AND SEQUENCE7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION9 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING GENERAL STATEMENTS10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY11 CONNECTORS TO GIVE EXAMPLES12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING CONCLUSION
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION(to add information or points on a topic)
In addition to (ldquoademaacutes derdquo) as well as (ldquoasiacute comordquo) apart from (ldquoaparte derdquo) except for (ldquoexceptordquo) besides (ldquoademaacutes derdquo)
+ noun phrase In addition to obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Besides obesity fast food causes serious health problems NP Fast food causes obesity as well as serious health problems NP
bull In addition (ldquoademaacutesrdquo)bull Moreover bull Furthermore (ldquoademaacutes es maacutesrdquo)bull Whatrsquos more bull Besides
+ sentence (note the comma) Fast food causes obesity In addition it may also cause serious health problems sentence Fast food causes obesity Besides it may also cause serious health problems sentence
bull and (ldquoy)bull also (ldquotambieacutenrdquo)bull too (ldquotambieacuten ademaacutesrdquo)
(these are conjuntions within sentence) Fast food causes obesity It may also cause serious health problems Fast food causes obesity and it may cause serious health problems too
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(to show opposing information)
In spite of Despite (ldquoa pesar derdquo)
+ noun phrase In spite of the calories I love burgers Despite the calories I love burgers NP NP
bullAlthough (ldquoaunquerdquo)bull Even though (ldquoincluso aunquerdquo)bull Even if (ldquoincluso sirdquo)bull Whilebull Whereas (ldquomientras mientras querdquo)
+ subordinate clause Although burguers contain a lot of fat theyrsquore delicious subordinate clause main clause
bull However (ldquosin embargordquo)bull Nevertheless (ldquode todas formasrdquo)bull On the contrary (ldquopor el contrariordquo)bull On the one hand (ldquopor un ladordquo)bull On the other hand (ldquopor otro ladordquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Burgers are tasty However they contain a lot of fat sentence I know fast food is not healthy On the contrary it may cause serious health problems sentence
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST(cont)
but (ldquo perordquo) Yet (ldquoa pesar derdquo) Still (ldquoauacuten asiacuterdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) I know burguers are unhealthy Yet I eat a lot of them SENTENCE
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
because of (ldquodebido ardquo) due to owing to (ldquodebido ardquo) thanks to (ldquogracias ardquo) as a result of (ldquocomo consecuencia derdquo)
+ noun phrase My brother is on a diet due to his obesity problems NP He expects to lose 15 kilos as a result of the diet NP
bull because (ldquoporquerdquo)bull sincebull as (ldquopuesto que ya querdquo)bull seeing that
+ subordinate clause Since he had serious health problems he went on a diet subordinate clause main clause He went on a diet because he had serious health problems main clause subordinate clause
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT As a result (ldquopor ello como consecuenciardquo) Consequently As a consequence ( ldquopor ello como consecuencia rdquo) Therefore Thus (ldquopor lo tanto asiacuterdquo) For this reason (ldquopor este motivordquo) That is why (ldquo es por ello querdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
The flood destroyed the village As a result many people lost their homes sentence I think Therefore I am sentence
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE(to show finality intent)
in order to so as to (ldquopara con el propoacutesito derdquo) to
+ infinitive You must study in order to learn infinitive You must study so as not to be illiterate infinitive
bull in order that bull so that (ldquopara querdquo)
+ subordinate clause (with a MODAL VERB)
You must study so that you can become educated main clause subordinate clause He lent me his notes in order that I could study for hte exam main clause subordinate clause
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
In the beginning At first (ldquoal principiordquo) Firlst of all (ldquoLo primerordquo)
Then Next Later (ldquodespueacutes luego a continuacioacutenrdquo) After that Afterwards
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
Finally In the end (ldquofinalmente al finalrdquo) Eventually At last (ldquoal final por finrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
At first she thought he was an idiot sentence Then she started to get to know him better sentence Soon she began to change her mind sentence
Eventually she fell passionately in love with him sentence
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE(cont)
when (ldquocuandordquo) while as (ldquomientrasrdquo) before (ldquoantes derdquo) after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo) until (ldquohasta querdquo) as soon as (ldquoen cuanto querdquo) by the time (ldquopara cuandordquo)
+ subordinate clause Cinderella danced and danced until her feet hurt main clause subordinate clause
Before the clock stroke 12 she jumped into her coach subordinate clause main clause
After she had left she noticed she was missing a shoe subordinate clause main clause
By the time she got home her coach had turned into a pumpkin subordinate clause main clause
bull before (ldquoantes derdquo)bull after (ldquodespueacutes derdquo)bull until (ldquohastardquo)bull during (durante a lo largo de)
+ noun phrase Cinderella had to arrived home before midnight NP The prince looked for Cinderella after the dance NP
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY Similarly Likewise (ldquoigualmente asiacutemismo ldquo) In the same way
+ sentence (note the comma)
Children donrsquot pay for the museum Likewise pensioners are expempt sentence
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
Personally (ldquopersonalmenterdquo) In my opinion (ldquoen mi opinioacutenrdquo) As I see it In my view (ldquodesde mi punto de vistardquo)
+ sentence (note the comma) Personally I prefer watching films in the original version sentence As I see it subtitles are better than dubbing sentence
Other useful expressions
bull I (strongly) believe (that) (ldquocreo que estoy convencido derdquo)
bull I feel (thatbull I think (that) (ldquocreo que pienso querdquo)
bull It seems to me (that)(ldquome parece querdquo)
bull It is clear that (ldquoestaacute claro querdquo)
I strongly believe that foreign films should not be dubbed It is clear that the original voices are absolutely unique
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
In general On the whole (ldquoen generalrdquo) Generally As a rule (ldquocomo regla generalrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
I passed my driving test yesterday and my sister lent me her car On the whole it was a great day sentence
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
In fact As a matter of fact (ldquode hechordquo) Actually (ldquoen realidadrdquo) The truth is (that) (ldquolo cierto es querdquo)
+ sentence
The film was good In fact it was one of the bet Irsquove ever seen sentence
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
such as like (ldquocomo como por ejemplordquo) particularly in particular (ldquoen especial sobre todordquo) especially specifically
+ noun phrase(s) ndash preceded by comma There are several common eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia NP Anorexia affects many people particularly teenagers NP
bull for example bull for instance (ldquopor ejemplordquo)
+ noun phrase(s) or sentence Let us consider for instance the prpblem of anorexia NP Anorexia has many side effects It can for instance affect your personality sentence
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
To begin with In the first place (ldquoen primer lugarrdquo) First of all Firstly Secondly (ldquoen segundo lugarrdquo) Thirdly (ldquoen tercer lugarrdquo)
Finally (ldquofinalmenterdquo) Lastly (ldquopara acabar en uacuteltimo lugarrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In the first place we must be aware of the problem sentence Secondly we must discuss the problem in full sentence Finally we must try to reach an agreement sentence
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
In conclusion In short (ldquoen ressumen en conclusioacutenrdquo) To sum up To conclude (ldquopara resumir para concluirrdquo)
+ sentence (note the comma)
In short connentors are not that hard to learn sentence
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
RELATE THE EXPERIENCE OF THE PERSONA IN THE POEMS WITH THAT OF THE MODERNMANrsquoS SITUATION READ THE INFORMATIONAL TEXT BELOW FOCUS YOUR ATTENTION ON THEHIGHLIGHTED WORDS AND DETERMINE THEIR USE IN THE SENTENCE
KEY FINDINGSbull The Philippines faces an enormouschallenge of creating moreand better jobs in the countrybull With strong macroeconomicfundamentals the country is ina good position to accelerate reformsthat will help create goodjobsbull Meeting the jobs challenge requiresthat all sector work togetheron a package of reforms
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
ADDRESSING THE JOBS CHALLENGE REQUIRES MEETING A DUAL CHALLENGE EXPANDING FORMAL SECTOR EMPLOYMENT EVEN FASTER WHILE RAPIDLY RAISING THE INCOMES OF THOSE INFORMALLY EMPLOYED
How do the words rapidly and informally function in
the sentence aboveWhat kind of adverbs are
these
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
ADVERB
Adverbs are used to modify a verb an adjective or another adverb
[1] Mary sings beautifully [2] David is extremely clever [3] This car goes incredibly fast
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs Most adverbs of manner are formed by adding lsquo-
lyrsquo to an adjective but sometimes other spelling changes are needed
We cannot form adverbs from adjectives that end in lsquo-lyrsquo
Some adverbs have the same form as adjectives
We do not use adverbs after link verbs you use adjectives
Adverbs of manner are sometimes prepositional phrases or noun groups
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
Spelling rules for adding -ly
In most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For exampleAdjective
sad beautiful
quick soft
Adverb sadly beautifully
quickly softly
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
Adjectives ending in -ic
However when the adjective ends in ic the syllable al is usually added before the ly ending
For exampleAdjective Dramatic Specific Scientific
Adverb Dramatically
Specifically
Scientifically
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
Adjectives ending in le
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a consonant the final e is usually changed to y to form the ly ending
For exampleAdjective favourabl
ehumble simple
Adverb favourably humbly simply
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
When the adjective ends in le preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
For example
However in the case of the adjective whole the final e is removed before the ending ly is added
Adjective Agile Sole Adverb Agilely Solely
Adjective Whole Adeverb wholly
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
Adjectives ending in ll When the adjective ends in ll only y is
added For example
Adjectives ending in ueWhen the adjective ends in ue the final e is usually omitted before the ending ly is added For example
Adjective Dull Full Shrill Adverb Dully Fully Shrilly
Adjective Due TrueAdverb Duly Truly
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
Adjectives ending in y When the adjective ends in y preceded
by a consonant the y is usually changed to i before the ending ly is added For example
However in the case of the adjectives shy and sly ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective
Adjective
Busy Easy Happy
Adverb busily Easily Happily
Adjective Shy Sly Adverb Shyly Slyly
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
When the adjective ends in y preceded by a vowel in most cases ly is simply added to the positive form of the adjective For example
However in the case of the adjective gay y is changed to i before the ending ly is added
Adjective Coy Grey Adverb Coyly Greyly
Adjective GayAdverb Gaily
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
The adverb of manner well appears unrelated to the corresponding adjective good Good and well both have the comparative form better and the superlative form bestAdjective Good Adverb Well
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
It should be noted that in addition to being used as an adverb the word well can also be used as an adjective with the meaning healthy The adjective well is most often used as a predicate adjectiveeg Well used as an Adjective I hope you are wellWell used as an Adverb He did well on the examinationIn the first example well is a predicate adjective modifying the pronoun you In the second example well is an adverb of manner modifying the verb did
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
The following table gives examples of adverbs of manner location time and frequency which have the same forms as the corresponding adjectives
Adjective Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
Adverb Fast Hard
Little
Loud
Much
Straight
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
CONTROLLED PRACTICEChoose the best word to complete each sentence1 The worker walked (careful carefully) on the platform2 The man painted the room (skillful skillfully)3 Tomas does not really work (hard hardly)4 Sometimes he arrives (late lately) for work5 He is walking too (fast fastly)6 Mara works (hardly the hardest) in the cannery7The farmers have to finish their work (quick quickly)8 They have to speak (quiet quietly) or else the other crew members would be disturbed9 It was raining too (hard hardly) that work was cancelled10It is important to work (seriously serious) on tasks assigned to you
PROSE
PROSE
Introduction
Types of Prose Narrative
Elements of Prose
INTRODUCTION
bull From Latin word prosa part of the phrase prosa oratio meaning straightforward speech a natural flow of speech
bull Written or spoken language in its ordinary form without metrical structure
bull Written in full grammatical sentences which then constitutes paragraph
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
ELEMENTS OF PROSE FICTION
1 Plot2 Character and
characterization3 Setting 4 Point of View5 Theme
PLOT
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
PLOT
The structure ldquoframeworkrdquo or ldquoskeletonrdquo of the story
The story arc that holds all the events of a story in an orderly way (EM Froster)
The casual and logical structure that connects events (EM Froster)
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
PLOT (CONTINUED)
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
PLOT (CONTINUED)Introduction (Exposition)bull The beginning of the story
where characters and setting are established
Rising Actionbull Complications that arise when
the characters take steps to resolve their conflict
Climaxbull The turning point of the story
and is meant to be the moment of highest interest and emotion
Falling Actionbull The conflict is in the process of
being resolved or ldquounraveled
Resolution (Denouement)bull When the problemconflict is
resolved and the story ends
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION
bull Character a person or being in a story that performs the action of the plot
bull Characterization the process by which the writer reveals the personality of the character
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
Types of Character
Antagonist
Protagonist Dynamic
Static
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
bull Example He was a simple good-natured man he was moreover a kind neighbor and an obedient henpecked husband (lsquoRip Van Winklersquo by Washington Irving)
Direct characterization
bull Example I jumped up knocking over my chair and had reached the door when Mama called lsquoPick up that chair sit down again and say excuse mersquo (lsquoThe Scarlet Ibisrsquo by James Hurst)
Indirect characterization
CHARACTER AND CHARACTERIZATION (CONTINUED)
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
The historical time and place and the social circumstances in the lsquoworldrsquo of the literature
Geographic location
bull topographybull scenery
Cultural backdrop
bull way of lifebull gender
rolesbull beliefsbull values
Artificial environme
ntbull buildingsbull citiesbull villages
Properties
bull furniturebull clothing
SETTING
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
SETTINGLike as he is to look at so is his apartment in the dusk of the present afternoon Rusty out of date withdrawing from attention able to afford it Heavy broad-backed old-fashioned mahogany and horsehair chairs not easily lifted obsolete tables with spindle-legs and dusty baize covers presentation prints of the holders of great titles in the last generation or the last but one environ him A thick and dingy Turkey-carpet muffles the floor where he sits attended by two candles in old-fashioned silver candlesticks that give a very insufficient light to his large room
(Dickens Bleak House ch 10)
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
POINT OF VIEW
Point of view is how an author tells his or her reader about a character
bull Involving the use of either of the two pronouns ldquoIrdquo and ldquowe
First person
bull Employing the pronoun ldquoyourdquo
Second person
bull Entering the thought of every character
Third person omniscient
bull Entering the thought of one character
Third person limited
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
ldquoI have of latemdashbut wherefore I know notmdashlost all my mirth forgone all custom of exercises and indeed it goes so heavily with my disposition that this goodly frame the earth seems to me a sterile promontoryrdquo
lsquoHamletrsquo by Shakespeare
Harry had taken up his place at wizard school where he and his scar were famous but now the school year was over and he was back with the Dursleys for the summer back to being treated like a dog that had rolled in something smelly Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets
by JK Rowling
POINT OF VIEW
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
THEMEbull A main idea or an underlying meaning of a literary work that may be
stated directly or indirectlybull Examples of themes
Love and friendship War
Crime and mystery Revenge
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
DIPHTHONGS
>
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
JARGONSbull Definition of Jargon
bullJargon is a literary term that is defined as a use of specific phrases and words by writers in a particular situation profession or trade These specialized terms are used to convey hidden meanings accepted and understood in that field Jargon examples are found in literary and non-literary pieces of writing
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
bull The use of jargon becomes essential in prose or verse or some technical pieces of writing when the writer intends to convey something only to the readers who are aware of these terms Therefore jargon was taken in early times as a trade language or as a language of a specific profession as it is somewhat unintelligible for other people who do not belong to that particular profession In fact specific terms were developed to meet the needs of the group of people working within the same field or occupation
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
JARGON AND SLANGbull Jargon sometimes is wrongly confused with slang and people often take it
in the same sense but a difference is always therebull Slang is a type of informal category of a certain language developed within
a certain community and consists of words or phrases whose literal meanings are different than the actual meanings Hence it is not understood by people outside of that community or circle Slang is more common in spoken language than written
bull Jargon on the other hand is broadly associated with a subject occupation or business that makes use of standard words or phrases frequently comprising of abbreviations eg HTH LOL However unlike slang its terms are developed and composed deliberately for the convenience of a specific section of society We can see the difference in two sentences given belowbull Did you hook up with him (Slang)bull Getting on a soapbox (Jargon)
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
LEGAL JARGON USED BY SHAKESPEARE
bull Why may not that be the skull of a lawyer Where be his quiddities now his quillities his cases his tenures and his tricks Why does he suffer this mad knave now to knock him about the sconce with a dirty shovel and will not tell him of his action of battery Hum This fellow might be inrsquos time a great buyer of land with his statutes his recognizances his fines his double vouchers his recoveries is this the fine of his fines and the recovery of his recoveries to have his fine pate full of fine dirt Will his vouchers vouch him no more of his purchases and double ones too than the length and breadth of a pair of indentures The very conveyances of his lands will scarcely lie in this box and must the inheritor himself have no more ha
You can see that the use of words specifically related to the field of law Lawyer tenure battery recognizances and statutes are legal words used at the time of Shakespeare
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
MEDICAL JARGONbull Certain medications can cause or worsen nasal symptoms
(especially congestion) These include the following birth control pills some drugs for high blood pressure (eg alpha blockers and beta blockers) antidepressants medications for erectile dysfunction and some medications for prostatic enlargement If rhinitis symptoms are bothersome and one of these medications is used ask the prescriber if the medication could be aggravating the condition
This passage is full of medical jargon such as nasal congestions alpha blockers and anti-depressants Perhaps only those in the medical community would fully understand all of them
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
JARGON IN FOCUS
>
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
DEFINITIONbull The conditional tense says that an action is reliant on something
else bull The conditionals are used to talk about real or unreal situations
they are sometimes called if-clauses bull Real Conditional describes real-life situations Unreal Conditional
describes unreal imaginary situations
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
TYPES OF CONDITIONALSThere are four basic conditionals that we use in Englishndash Zero Conditionalndash First Conditionalndash Second Conditionalndash Third Conditional
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
ZERO CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPresent simple Present simple
If you heat water to 100 degrees Celsius It boils Fact- universal
If I drink coffee I get a headache Fact- personal
Formation if + present simple + present simple
The Zero conditional is used for things that are always true as long as the condition is met
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
ZERO CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
FIRST CONDITIONALbull A First Conditional sentence is for future actions
dependent on the result of another future action or event where there is a reasonable possibility of the conditions for the action being satisfied
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
FIRST CONDITIONALFormationIf + present simple + willFor example If she gets good grades she will go to university
We are talking about the future but we use a present tense for the condition and will for the result In this case the person is sure about going to university
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
FIRST CONDITIONAL
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONIf she gets good grades she will go to university If the condition is met then she
definitely will go
If he gets good grades he may go to university He is not sure about going to university
If she gets good grades she should go to university The speaker is expressing his or her opinion giving advice
If he gets good grades he can go to university This means that it is possible
If she gets good grades she could go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
If he gets good grades he might go to university This means that it is possible but not that likely
We can use other modal verbs in the result part of the sentence For example
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
FIRST CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
SECOND CONDITIONALbull It can be used to talk about imaginary present situations where
we are imagining something different from what is really the case We can also use it to talk about things in the future that are unlikely to happen as the condition is unlikely to be met We use the past tense in the condition part and would for the result
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
SECOND CONDITIONALFormation If + past simple + would + base form
For Example If I were you Id tell her
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast simple Would + base form
If I had the time I would learn Italian ImpossibleI dont have the time so Im not going to learn Italian
If I won the lottery I would travel around the world UnlikelyTheres a very small chance of winning the lottery so the trip is unlikely
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
Slide 5
Slide 6
Slide 7
Slide 8
Slide 9
Slide 10
Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
Slide 14
Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
Slide 17
Slide 18
Slide 19
Slide 20
Slide 21
Slide 22
TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
SECOND CONDITIONALbull We can use other modal verbs in the past tense in the result part
of the sentenceIF CONDITION RESULT SITUATION
Past simple Would + base formIf
I had the timeI would learn Italian Although unlikely to happen the
speaker is sure that they would do it given the opportunity
If I had more time I might learn English Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
If I had more time I should learn some more about it Although unlikely to happen the speaker is saying that it would be a good idea but is not committed to it
If I had more time I could learn Hindi Although unlikely to happen it is only a possibility anyway
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
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OPRAH WINFREY
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TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
SECOND CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
Slide 3
Slide 4
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Slide 8
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Slide 11
Slide 12
Slide 13
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Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
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TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
1 CONNECTORS OF ADDITION (to add information or points on a to
2 CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (to show opposing information)
CONNECTORS OF CONTRAST (cont)
3 CONNECTORS OF CAUSE amp REASON
4 CONNECTORS OF RESULT
5 CONNECTORS OF PURPOSE (to show finality intent)
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE
6 CONNECTORS OF TIME amp SEQUENCE (cont)
7 CONNECTORS OF SIMILARITY
8 CONNECTORS OF OPINION
9 CONNECTORS INTRODUCING GENERAL STATEMENTS
10 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A REALITY
11 CONNECTORS FOR EXAMPLES
12 CONNECTORS TO LIST POINTS
13 CONNECTORS EXPRESSING A CONCLUSION
Slide 57
Slide 58
Relate the experience of the persona in the poems with that of
Addressing the jobs challenge requires meeting a dual challenge
LANGUAGE IN FOCUS
ADVERB OF MANNER
ADVERB
Formal Characteristics of Adverbs
Spelling rules for adding -ly
Adjectives ending in -ic
Adjectives ending in le
Slide 68
Adjectives ending in ll
Slide 70
Slide 71
Adverbs which do not use the ending ly
Slide 73
Slide 74
Controlled Practice
Prose
prose
INTRODUCTION
Types of prose
Elements of prose fiction
Plot
Plot (continued)
Plot (continued) (2)
Character and characterization
Character and characterization (continued)
Character and characterization (continued) (2)
setting
setting (2)
Point of view
Point of view (2)
theme
diphthongs
jargons
Slide 94
Jargon and Slang
Legal jargon used by Shakespeare
Medical jargon
Jargon in focus
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES
DEFINITION
TYPES OF CONDITIONALS
ZERO CONDITIONAL
ZERO CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL
FIRST CONDITIONAL (2)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (3)
FIRST CONDITIONAL (4)
SECOND CONDITIONAL
SECOND CONDITIONAL (2)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (3)
SECOND CONDITIONAL (4)
THIRD CONDITIONAL
THIRD CONDITIONAL (2)
Slide 114
THIRD CONDITIONALbull The third conditional is used when we are talking about the past
and imagining something different from what actually happened that means for imaginary past actions where the conditions for the action WERE NOT satisfied
THIRD CONDITIONALFormation If + past perfect + would have + past participle
IF CONDITION RESULT SITUATIONPast perfect Would have + past participle
If I had known I would have helped Although this didnt happen the speaker is sure about the result
If I had known I could have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If I had known I might have helped Although this didnt happen the result is only a possibility
If you had known you should have helped Although this didnt happen it is only a good suggestion or piece of advice
Module 2 ndash ENGLISH 9
LESSON 1 OBJECTIVES
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Slide 15
OPRAH WINFREY
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TASK 8 Greatness Recounted Read this paragraph and determine i
