module 5 chaptertissues. read 5.1 and be able to list the four major tissues types and provide...

Module 5Module 5

Chapter Chapter TissuesTissues

Read 5.1 and be able to list Read 5.1 and be able to list the four major tissues types the four major tissues types

and provide examples of and provide examples of where each occurs in the where each occurs in the

body.body.

Module 5.1

• Introduction:Introduction:

• A.A. Cells are arranged in Cells are arranged in tissuestissues that that provide provide specific functions for the body.specific functions for the body.

• B.B. Cells of different tissues are Cells of different tissues are structured structured differently, which differently, which leads to their leads to their differences in function.differences in function.– Structure or form defines FunctionStructure or form defines Function

““Anatomy” defines “Physiology”Anatomy” defines “Physiology”

• C.C. The tissues of the human body The tissues of the human body include include four major types. four major types.

Module 5.2Module 5.2

• Read text 5.2 and Describe the general Read text 5.2 and Describe the general characteristics and functions of epithelial characteristics and functions of epithelial tissues.tissues.

• Be sure to describe the types of epithelium Be sure to describe the types of epithelium and identify an organ in which each is found.and identify an organ in which each is found.

• Also be able to explain how glands are Also be able to explain how glands are classified.classified.

• Epithelial Tissues:Epithelial Tissues:A.A. General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics

1.1. Epithelial tissue is Epithelial tissue is widespread widespread throughout the body, throughout the body, covers covers organs, and lines body organs, and lines body surfaces.surfaces.

2.2. Epithelial tissues are Epithelial tissues are anchored to a anchored to a basement basement membrane, are made up membrane, are made up of tightly of tightly packed cells containing packed cells containing little little intercellular material, generally intercellular material, generally

lack blood vessels, and are lack blood vessels, and are replaced replaced frequently.frequently.

3.3. They function in protection, They function in protection, secretion, secretion,

absorption, excretion, and absorption, excretion, and sensory reception.sensory reception.

CopyrightThe McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

Classification of Epithelial Classification of Epithelial TissueTissueEpithelial tissue is classified by the number of layers Epithelial tissue is classified by the number of layers

within the tissue and shape of cell.within the tissue and shape of cell.

Simple = one layerSimple = one layerStratified = 2 or more layersStratified = 2 or more layersShapes vary from cuboidal, squamous, and columnarShapes vary from cuboidal, squamous, and columnarAs you go through this lecture try to relate “Form” to As you go through this lecture try to relate “Form” to

“Function”. The structure of the tissue will define “Function”. The structure of the tissue will define its function i.e. simple layer for movement of its function i.e. simple layer for movement of material across therefore you’ll find it in the body material across therefore you’ll find it in the body where you have absorption or secretion. Stratified where you have absorption or secretion. Stratified many layers for “no movement across” thus this many layers for “no movement across” thus this tissue is found in skin.tissue is found in skin.

B.B. Simple Squamous EpitheliumSimple Squamous Epithelium

1.1. Simple squamous Simple squamous epithelium is epithelium is made up of a made up of a single layer of thin, single layer of thin, flattened cells.flattened cells.

2.2. Because it is suited for Because it is suited for diffusion, it diffusion, it functions in the functions in the exchange of gases exchange of gases in the lungs in the lungs and lines blood and and lines blood and lymph lymph vessels as well as body vessels as well as body cavities. cavities.


Basement membrane located on the Inside

C.C. Simple Cuboidal EpitheliumSimple Cuboidal Epithelium

1.1. Simple cuboidal Simple cuboidal epithelium epithelium consists consists of a single layer of of a single layer of cube-shaped cells with cube-shaped cells with

centrally located nuclei.centrally located nuclei.

2.2. It functions in secretion It functions in secretion and and absorption in the absorption in the kidneys, and kidneys, and in secretion in secretion in glands.in glands.



Basement membrane located on the inside

Lumen space located on the outside of the cell and eventually will lead to the outside of the body

D.D. Simple Columnar EpitheliumSimple Columnar Epithelium

1.1. Simple columnar Simple columnar epithelium is epithelium is made up of a made up of a row of row of elongated elongated cells whose nuclei cells whose nuclei are all are all located near the located near the basement basement membrane. It may membrane. It may be ciliated.be ciliated.

2.2. It lines the uterus, It lines the uterus, stomach, stomach, and intestines and intestines where it where it protects protects underlying tissues, underlying tissues, secretes secretes digestive fluids, and digestive fluids, and absorbs absorbs nutrients.nutrients.


3.3. In the intestine, these cells In the intestine, these cells possess possess

microvilli that increase the microvilli that increase the surface area available for absorption.surface area available for absorption.

4.4. Mucus-secreting goblet cells Mucus-secreting goblet cells can be found among can be found among

columnar columnar cells. cells.


E. E. Pseudostratified Columnar Pseudostratified Columnar EpitheliumEpithelium

1.1. These cells appear layered These cells appear layered due to the due to the varying positions of varying positions of their nuclei within their nuclei within the row of the row of cells, but are not truly cells, but are not truly layered. “pseudo” = kindalayered. “pseudo” = kinda

2.2. Cilia may be present, along Cilia may be present, along with with mucus-secreting globlet mucus-secreting globlet cells, that cells, that line and line and sweep debris from sweep debris from respiratory tubes.respiratory tubes.



Psuedostratified

F.F. Stratified Squamous Stratified Squamous EpitheliumEpithelium

1.1. This type of tissue is made This type of tissue is made up of up of layers of flattened layers of flattened cells that are cells that are designed to designed to protect underlying protect underlying layers.layers.

2.2. It makes up the outer It makes up the outer layer of skin, layer of skin, and lines the mouth, and lines the mouth, throat, vagina, throat, vagina, and anal canal.and anal canal.


3.3. In the skin, outer layers of In the skin, outer layers of cells cells undergo undergo keratinization; however, keratinization; however, this this process does not process does not occur where occur where tissues remain moist in the throat, tissues remain moist in the throat, vagina, or anal canal. vagina, or anal canal.


G.G. Stratified Cuboidal Stratified Cuboidal EpitheliumEpithelium

1.1. This tissue consists of two This tissue consists of two to to three layers of three layers of cuboidal cells cuboidal cells lining a lining a lumen of the mammary lumen of the mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands, and pancreas.glands, and pancreas.

2.2. Several layers of cells Several layers of cells provide provide greater greater protection than one protection than one single layer.single layer.


H.H. Stratified Columnar Stratified Columnar EpitheliumEpithelium

1.1. This tissue consists of This tissue consists of several layers several layers of cells and is of cells and is found in the vas found in the vas deferens, part of the male urethra, deferens, part of the male urethra,

and parts of the pharynx.and parts of the pharynx.


I.I. Transitional EpitheliumTransitional Epithelium

1.1. Transitional epithelium is Transitional epithelium is designed designed to distend and return to distend and return to its normal to its normal size, as it does in size, as it does in the lining of the the lining of the urinary urinary bladder.bladder.

2.2. This design provides This design provides distensibility distensibility and keeps and keeps urine from diffusing back urine from diffusing back into the internal cavity.into the internal cavity.



UnstretchedStretched

J.J. Glandular EpitheliumGlandular Epithelium

1.1. This tissue is made up of This tissue is made up of cells cells designed to produce designed to produce and secrete and secrete substances substances into ducts or into body into ducts or into body fluids.fluids.

2.2. Glands that secrete Glands that secrete products into products into ducts are ducts are exocrine; those that exocrine; those that secrete into body fluids and blood secrete into body fluids and blood

are called endocrine.are called endocrine.


3.3. Glands are classified by the Glands are classified by the ways ways the glands secrete the glands secrete their products.their products.

a.a. MerocrineMerocrine glands glands release fluid release fluid products by products by exocytosis exocytosis (pancreas) and are grouped (pancreas) and are grouped

as serous which produce a as serous which produce a watery fluid or watery fluid or

mucus which mucus which produce produce a thicker, protective a thicker, protective substance.substance.


b.b. ApocrineApocrine glands lose glands lose portions portions of their cell bodies of their cell bodies during during secretion secretion (mammary glands).(mammary glands).

c.c. HolocrineHolocrine glands glands release entire release entire cells cells (sebaceous glands).(sebaceous glands).


Module 5.3Module 5.3Connective tissueConnective tissue

• Read text 5.3 and be able to list the Read text 5.3 and be able to list the types of connective tissue within the types of connective tissue within the bodybody

• Describe the general cellular Describe the general cellular components, structures, fibers, and components, structures, fibers, and matrix (where applicable) of each matrix (where applicable) of each type of connective tissue.type of connective tissue.

• Describe the major fuctions of each Describe the major fuctions of each type of connective tissuetype of connective tissue

Connective Tissues:Connective Tissues:A.A. General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics

1.1. Connective tissues bind, support, Connective tissues bind, support, protect, serve as protect, serve as

frameworks, fill frameworks, fill spaces, store fat, produce spaces, store fat, produce blood blood cells, protect against cells, protect against infection, and infection, and repair tissue damage.repair tissue damage.

2.2. Unlike epithelial tissues, Unlike epithelial tissues, connective connective tissues have abundant tissues have abundant matrix, or matrix, or intercellular material, intercellular material, throughout, throughout, and have good blood and have good blood supplies supplies (except cartilage).(except cartilage).

3. Type of Connective tissue is 3. Type of Connective tissue is Categorized by the type of cells Categorized by the type of cells and matrix (ground substance-if and matrix (ground substance-if

any) found.any) found.


B.B. Major Cell Types Major Cell Types

1.1. The The fibroblastfibroblast is the most is the most common common cell type, and is a cell type, and is a fixed, star-shaped fixed, star-shaped cell that cell that secretes fibers and is large secretes fibers and is large in in size.size.

2.2. Wandering Wandering macrophagesmacrophages function as function as scavenger cells scavenger cells and defend against and defend against infection.infection.


3.3. Mast cellsMast cells are large and are are large and are located located near blood vessels near blood vessels where they where they release release heparin (anticoagulant) and heparin (anticoagulant) and histamine (promotes inflammation). histamine (promotes inflammation).


C.C. Connective Tissue FibersConnective Tissue Fibers

1.1. Strong Strong collagenouscollagenous fibers fibers (white (white fibers), made of fibers), made of the protein the protein collagen, add strength for holding collagen, add strength for holding

body parts together.body parts together.

2.2. ElasticElastic fibers (yellow fibers), fibers (yellow fibers), made made of the protein elastin, of the protein elastin, are stretchy are stretchy and add and add flexibility to certain types of flexibility to certain types of connective tissues.connective tissues.


3.3. ReticularReticular fibers are thin fibers are thin collagenous collagenous fibers that form fibers that form supportive networks supportive networks in a in a variety of tissues.variety of tissues.


D.D. Loose Connective (areolar) Loose Connective (areolar) Tissue Tissue

1.1. This type of tissue forms This type of tissue forms delicate, delicate, thin membranes thin membranes throughout the throughout the body body that bind body parts together that bind body parts together such as skin and underlying organs.such as skin and underlying organs.

2.2. The majority of the cells are The majority of the cells are fibroblasts that are fibroblasts that are

separated by a separated by a gel-like gel-like ground substance that ground substance that contains collagenous and elastic contains collagenous and elastic

fibers.fibers.


I.I. Blood Blood

1.1. Blood is composed of cells (red and Blood is composed of cells (red and white) suspended in a liquid white) suspended in a liquid

matrix matrix called plasma.called plasma.

2.2. It functions to transport It functions to transport substances substances throughout the body.throughout the body.


E.E. Adipose TissueAdipose Tissue

1.1. Adipose tissue is loose Adipose tissue is loose connective connective tissue tissue designed to store fat.designed to store fat.

2.2. It is found beneath the skin, It is found beneath the skin, around around joints, padding the joints, padding the kidneys and kidneys and other other internal organs, and in certain internal organs, and in certain

abdominal membranes.abdominal membranes.


F.F. Dense Connective TissueDense Connective Tissue

1.1. This tissue consists of This tissue consists of densely densely packed packed collagenous fibers and is collagenous fibers and is very strong but lacks a good blood very strong but lacks a good blood

supply.supply.

2.2. It is found as part of tendons It is found as part of tendons and and ligaments.ligaments.



Dense connective tissue – contains relatively no matrix

G.G. CartilageCartilage

1.1. Cartilage is a rigid Cartilage is a rigid connective tissue connective tissue that provides that provides a supportive a supportive framework for various structures. It framework for various structures. It

lacks a vascular system and lacks a vascular system and so heals so heals slowly.slowly.

2.2. Cartilage cells Cartilage cells (chondrocytes) lie (chondrocytes) lie within within lacunae in the gel-like fluid lacunae in the gel-like fluid

matrix.matrix.


3.3. Cartilaginous structures are Cartilaginous structures are enclosed within a enclosed within a

connective tissue connective tissue perichondrium.perichondrium.

4.4. The most common, hyaline The most common, hyaline cartilage, is white cartilage, is white

with abundant with abundant fine collagen fine collagen fibers, is found at the fibers, is found at the ends of ends of bones, and supports bones, and supports respiratory passages.respiratory passages.


5.5. Elastic cartilage, with elastic Elastic cartilage, with elastic fibers, fibers, provides a framework provides a framework for the for the external ears and external ears and parts of the parts of the larynx.larynx.

6.6. Fibrocartilage, with many Fibrocartilage, with many collagenous collagenous

fibers, is a tough tissue fibers, is a tough tissue that that provides a shock-absorbing provides a shock-absorbing

function in intervertebral disks function in intervertebral disks and and in the knees and pelvic in the knees and pelvic girdle. girdle.


H.H. BoneBone

1.1. Bone is the most rigid Bone is the most rigid connective connective tissue, with tissue, with deposits of mineral salts deposits of mineral salts and and collagen within the matrix.collagen within the matrix.

2. 2. Bone internally supports the Bone internally supports the body, body, protects, forms muscle protects, forms muscle attachments attachments and is the site for and is the site for blood cell blood cell formation.formation.


3.3. Bone cells, called Bone cells, called osteocytes, lie osteocytes, lie within within lacunae and are arranged in lacunae and are arranged in concentric circles (osteons) around concentric circles (osteons) around

osteonic canals interconnected osteonic canals interconnected by by canaliculi.canaliculi.

4.4. Bone has a good blood Bone has a good blood supply, supply, enabling rapid enabling rapid recovery after an recovery after an injury.injury.


Module 5.4 Module 5.4 MuslceMuslce

• Read text 5.6 and describe the three Read text 5.6 and describe the three types of muscle tissue cells there types of muscle tissue cells there function and where they are located function and where they are located in the body.in the body.

Muscle Tissues:Muscle Tissues:A.A. General CharacteristicsGeneral Characteristics

1.1. Muscle cells, or fibers, can Muscle cells, or fibers, can contract contract and consist of three and consist of three major types.major types.


B.B. Skeletal Muscle TissueSkeletal Muscle Tissue

1.1. Skeletal muscle is Skeletal muscle is attached to attached to bone and bone and can be controlled by can be controlled by conscious effort (voluntary).conscious effort (voluntary).

2.2. The cells (muscle The cells (muscle fibers) are fibers) are long long and cylindrical, striated, and cylindrical, striated, have many nuclei and contract have many nuclei and contract

from nervous impulse.from nervous impulse.


C.C. Smooth Muscle TissueSmooth Muscle Tissue

1.1. Smooth muscle tissue Smooth muscle tissue lacks lacks striations, is striations, is uninucleate, and uninucleate, and consists consists of spindle-shaped of spindle-shaped cells.cells.

2.2. This involuntary muscle This involuntary muscle is is found in the walls found in the walls of internal of internal organs, and organs, and in the digestive in the digestive tract, blood vessels, and tract, blood vessels, and

urinary bladder.urinary bladder.


D.D. Cardiac Muscle TissueCardiac Muscle Tissue

1.1. Cardiac muscle tissue is Cardiac muscle tissue is found only found only in the heart and in the heart and consists of consists of branching fibers that are connected branching fibers that are connected

to each other with to each other with intercalated intercalated disks.disks.

2.2. This involuntary muscle has This involuntary muscle has a single a single nucleus in each cell but nucleus in each cell but appears appears striated.striated.


Module 5.5Module 5.5Nervous TissueNervous Tissue

• Read text 5.5 and describe the Read text 5.5 and describe the general characteristics of the general characteristics of the nervous tissue (cells) and functions nervous tissue (cells) and functions of the nervous system.of the nervous system.

Nervous Tissues:Nervous Tissues: A.A. Nervous tissues are found in the Nervous tissues are found in the

brain, spinal cord, and brain, spinal cord, and nerves.nerves.

B.B. NeuronsNeurons, or nerve cells, conduct , or nerve cells, conduct nervous impulses while nervous impulses while

helper cells, helper cells, or or neuroglianeuroglia, , support and nourish support and nourish the the neurons.neurons.


Module 5.6Module 5.6MembranesMembranes

• Read text 5.6 and define a Read text 5.6 and define a membrane and describe the four membrane and describe the four major types.major types.

• Serous membranes- lines body Serous membranes- lines body cavities that lack opening to the cavities that lack opening to the outsideoutside

• Mucous membranes line cavities and Mucous membranes line cavities and tubes that open to the outside.tubes that open to the outside.

• Cutaneous membrane is commonly Cutaneous membrane is commonly called the skin- chapter 6called the skin- chapter 6

• Synovial membrane lines joints – Synovial membrane lines joints – chapter 7chapter 7

module 5 chaptertissues. read 5.1 and be able to list the four major tissues types and provide...

Documents

simple cuboidal epithelium

simple squamous epithelium

simple layer

cells of different tissues

types of epithelium

underlying tissues

major tissues types

human body