MODULE 6: EXAM PRACTICE

What: The American Industrial Revolution: a period of change from handmade good to machine made goods

When: The late 1700s and early 1800s

WELCOME TO MODULE SIX ADVANCES!

Transportation–America experienced innovations to transportation. Canals, roads, and railroads were built. This helped Americans move westward by allowing for faster shipping and travel.

Agriculture (farming)–More efficient farming methods were used. These improvements revolutionized agriculture and made farming a leading commercial industry.

City Growth–The growth of factories led many Americans to move to the cities for factory jobs. Poor planning and infrastructure caused many issues in sanitation and health in the cities.

Factories–When the Industrial Revolution came to America, families looked for employment outside of the home.

Changes brought by the Industrial Revolution

American Industrial Revolution - Between 1790 and 1825, manufacturing in America changed the economy. Americans expanded on developments in transportation,

power, and industrial processes. This Industrial Revolution changed the way goods were

made. Families no longer just produced enough goods for their

own use. Americans now traded their labor for goods and cash.

6.01 New Gadgets

Samuel Slater 1. Worked as a mechanic in a textile factory. 2. He memorized the plans of the textile machines. 3. He traveled to New York using a false name and brought the Industrial

Revolution to the United States.

The American Industrial Revolution began in New England1. Resource Proximity : Close to resources like coal and iron

needed to power factories.

2. Ports: Ports are needed to receive raw materials (like as cotton) and shipped finished products.

3. Capital: Investors called entrepreneurs were willing to invest in the factories and machines.

4. Workers: Unhappy farm workers created the labor force for the factories.

5. Waterways: Rivers and streams were available to power the machinery in the factories.

Inventors revolutionized methods in the textile industry.

This led to time and money savings and more products produced.

The inventions in this industry sparked other inventors to improve in the areas of processes, transportation, and communication.

INVENTIONS

Eli Whitney Cotton Gin: Before the Cotton Gin 1 skilled slave could remove the seeds from 1 pound of cotton per day. After the Cotton Gin was invented, I unskilled slave could remove the seeds from 50 pounds of cotton per day. This made cotton profitable and increased the demand for slaves.Interchangeable Parts: This process made large quantities of uniform pieces. Interchangeable parts opened the way for producing many different goods through mass production. These advances helped promote the assembly line production.

Inventors

Francis Cabot Lowell – Expanded the factory system by putting all stages of making cloth under one roof. This saved on production time, cost, and increased efficiency.

Inventors

George Pullman – Rail sleeping car

Samuel F. B. Morse - Telegraph

Cyrus Field – Transatlantic cable

George Westinghouse – Air brake

Sarah E. Goode - Folding cabinet bed

Henry Ford- Assembly - line production

Which answer best describes an advantage of the factory system and assembly line production? [6.01]A. They increased the speed of production and decreased the cost of goods. B. required more skill to use so workers became more educatedC. required fewer workers so the cost of manufacturing products was reduced.D. improved working conditions and increased factory worker morale.

Quiz time

IF YOU SAID A, YOU’RE CORRECT. IF YOU DID NOT, PLEASE GO BACK AND REVIEW THE CONTENT.

Early Factories preferred to hire children.It was cheaper to employ children. They earned 33 – 67 cents per week.Child Labor was not new. Children had always worked on family farms.It was not uncommon for entire families to work in a factory just to make ends meet.

6.02 Factory Workers

Factory Conditions 

Mills were very loud. Windows were closed. Cotton filaments were in air. Lack of breaks / limited time to eat. Factory workers worked very long

hours for low pay. Average hours per week between 1830 & 1840 = 73.

Lowell System

Lowell hired young (15 – 30) unmarried young woman to work in his mill.

Lowell built boarding houses for the young women to live in.

Woman viewed this as temporary job. Chance to get off the farm and for female companionship.

Most worked in the factory for less than 4 years.

Most left because they got married or because the pay, hours, and factory conditions got worse in the 1830s.

The working condition of the factories during the Industrial Revolution can be described as …?

A. Employees were paid poorly but always worked in safe conditions.

B. Employees worked short hours and had regularly scheduled breaks.

C. Employees worked in comfortable conditions and were paid well

D. Employees worked long hours in sometimes unsafe conditions.

Quiz time

IF YOU SAID D, YOU’RE CORRECT. IF YOU DID NOT, PLEASE GO BACK AND REVIEW THE CONTENT.

6.03 Growing Cities Reasons for growth of cities in the United States in the 1800s

Factories were built in cities.

Farm workers and immigrants from other countries began moving to cities in search of jobs.

Immigrants in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Irish and German Catholic immigrants settled in Philadelphia.

Immigrants brought their culture with them and settled near others with the same language or religion.

built separate churches and schools Civil societies were formed by different

ethnic groups with the goal of helping people find work, housing, and food.

Resentment in Philadelphia

City residents, called “nativists”, resented the growing Irish Catholic population.

The nativists perceived the Irish Catholic as different and as competitors for jobs and resources.

In 1844 riots broke out as nativists struck out against the growing Irish Population. These riots became known as the “Nativist Riots”.

Philadelphia was one of the first planned American cities.

The plan showed where to build streets, homes, businesses, government, and even parks.

Philadelphia was used as model for many other cities. Philadelphia had a strong textile industry as well as glass,

metal tools, and ships during the 1800s.

factories depended on low-paid, unskilled workers.

The majority of these workers found it very difficult to save enough wages to improve their living conditions.

 

Consequences of overcrowding in the cities:

To accommodate the growing population, tenements or row houses were hastily constructed.

Tenements often lacked running water and sewage.

Without plumbing and sewers, raw waste ran through the streets where people lived and children played.

Diseases like typhus and dysentery were common, passed by closeness to an infected person.

Major cities suffered disease epidemics throughout the 1700s and 1800s.

 

Fire Danger in the overcrowded cities: The origin of the “Great Chicago” fire is still a mystery.

The high winds of the evening carried the embers into the heart of the city.

Eventually, the fire burned itself out, leaving several hundred people

dead. Chicago was rebuilt. Masonry (bricks and stone) and steel were used

to rebuild instead of wood.

The use of steel led to the invention of the skyscraper.

20 years after the fire, the population of Chicago had tripled.

Which of the following was NOT a result of overpopulation in cities during the American Industrial Revolution? [6.03]

A. Low-wage workers were difficult to findB. tenements houses were hastily constructed.C. Cities suffered disease epidemicsD. Fire was a constant danger.

Quiz time

IF YOU SAID A, YOU’RE CORRECT. IF YOU DID NOT, PLEASE GO BACK AND REVIEW THE CONTENT.

The number of textile mills and other factories in the North increased

as a result, The demand for Southern natural resources also increased.

6.04 A Southern View !

 

South adapts to increased demand for cotton

clearing land for new plantations

building bridges and roads

increasing irrigation (water usage).

 

Resources impacted by the Industrial Revolution in the South

Renewable Resources: natural resources that can replace themselves over time through natural processesExamplesTrees, air, water, fishHuman Impact Human activity can even threaten renewable resources. This happens when human activity interferes with a natural process like the watercycle or the life cycle of fish.

Example: the eastern United States lost many forests through agriculture, use of wood for fuel, and building. The native Carolina parakeet lost a great deal of its native habitat. Farmers shot the birds. The birds ate the farms' fruit, seeds, and corn. Corn was a valuable crop for feeding families and livestock. After 1860, sightings of this bird were rare. Scientists believe the Carolina parakeet was extinct by the 1920s.

 

Resources impacted by the Industrial Revolution in the South

Non-Renewable Resources: natural resources that cannot replace themselves fast enough to replace what humans use.

ExamplesFossil fuels such as oil, coal, and natural gas mineralsHuman ImpactIndustrialization increased the need for fossil fuels in the United States and around the world. In the 1800s, the burning of fossil fuels powered steam engines.

Burning fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide and other substances into the air. Trees and other plants help absorb carbon dioxide. Without them, carbon dioxide collects and becomes trapped in the atmosphere. The destruction of forests that began in the 1800s caused air pollution, which continues today

 

South’s Population increases

People bought & cleared land for planting cotton, sugar, corn, & tobacco

Slaves bought by those who could afford them. 3/4 of Southerners did NOT own slaves.

Most of South were Yeoman farmers: owner & subsistence farmer or small farms

A CHANGING SOUTH

During the late 1800s, how did the factory owners in the North feel about the people in the South?

A. Northern factory owners and Southerners did not get along. B. They did not interact with one another in terms of business.C. Factory owners were dependent on Southerners for resources.D. Many factory owners tried to attract Southerners to work for them.

Quiz time

IF YOU SAID C, YOU’RE CORRECT. IF YOU DID NOT, PLEASE GO BACK AND REVIEW THE CONTENT.

What did people in both the North and the South have in common during the late 1800s?

A. People increased their use of both renewable and non-renewable natural resources.B. Factories, railroads, and industry were more important to the economy than agriculture.C. Both groups of people understood that they needed to take care to protect natural resources.D. People cut down forests for farming land, as it was the most important part of the economy.

Quiz time

IF YOU SAID A, YOU’RE CORRECT. IF YOU DID NOT, PLEASE GO BACK AND REVIEW THE CONTENT.

Scientists know that burning fossil fuels for factories creates air pollution. What happened during the 1800s that made air pollution even worse and long lasting?

A. growing crops which required lots of waterB. moving many people into dense areasC. burning wood for heating in homes D. cutting down trees at the same time

Quiz time

The Kingsley

Plantation

Fort George Island

The Kingsley plantation used the "task" system, which allowed slaves to work at a craft or tend their own gardens once the specified task for the day was completed and to keep the profit of anything they produced.

Mr. Kingsley married a woman, Anna, he bought as a slave. He freed her along with their children. Mr. Kingsley left the plantation to Anna in his will. She fought to maintain control of the plantation after his death.

 

Florida and the Industrial RevolutionFlorida’s economy was based on agriculture.

 

Florida and the Industrial Revolution

Florida had a hard time attracting settlers because of the heat and mosquitos. Mosquitos carry malaria, a deadly disease.

John Gorrie was a Florida doctorthat invented an ice machine to cool roomsand keep his patients more comfortable in 1835.

John Gorrie is considered the father of modern day air conditioning.

The Second Seminole War: removal of Native Americans from Florida Territory

Osceola - Seminole warrior who fought against the U.S. efforts to remove his tribe’s people from Florida. Died in jail at Fort King during the Second Seminole War.

Seminoles were raiding settlements in Florida and attacking U.S. troops.

General Thomas Jesup - The third U.S. Army general assigned to Florida territory during the Second Seminole War. Captured the rebel Osceola in north central Florida.

Wiley Thomson: Indian agent sent by U.S. to help negotiate a removal treaty with the Seminoles. Supported the removal treaty & had Osceola put in jail at Fort King.

Billy Bowlegs - led my people to southwestern Florida. Went to Washington, D.C., but still resisted removal. Later move to Indian territory. Osceola refuses to sign treaty.

Wiley Thomson was killed by Seminoles

6.05 Jacksonian Democracy    Election of 1824

Four candidates split the popular vote as well as the electoral vote with no candidate winning an absolute majority.

The members of the House of Representatives had to vote to determine the winner.

Andrew Jackson was not their final choice.

They voted for John Q. Adams.

.

Electoral College:

a group of electors from each state that meets every four years to vote for the president of the United States.

The Electoral College was used because The Founding Fathers did not think that Americans were knowledgeable enough to vote for the president directly.

gives the House of Representatives the task of picking a president when no candidate wins a majority of the electoral votes.

When the House of Representatives chose John Quincy Adams as President, Andrew Jackson claimed a “corrupt bargain” had been made.

12th Amendment:

When Adams was chosen to be president, Andrew Jackson claimed that John Quincy Adams had offered to make Henry Clay , a powerful Congressman, Secretary of State if he would use his influence in the House of Representatives to help him get elected.

The Corrupt Bargain:

President John Q. Adams:

John Quincy Adams was an unpopular President. He believed that the national government should invest in internal

improvements (roads and canals). He believed the national government should invest in a national

university and observatory. The states did not like his ideas. They feared the national government would become too powerful.

The Election of 1828

The election results highlighted divisions forming in the nation, called sectionalism - a political loyalty to ones state or region.

Jackson had the votes of the people in the South and the western frontier areas

People in the Northeast supported Adams.

• Andrew Jackson was elected as the United States 7th President. Jackson was a Democrat-Republican and was popular with the people.

• Jackson's presidency was called the "Age of the Common Man."

Andrew Jackson, 7th President of the United States

• He wanted to limit the power of the national government, giving more power to the states.

• He also favored a strict interpretation of the Constitution, preventing the government form interfering with business.

• President Jackson signed the Indian Removal Act in 1830. The Indian Removal Act required all Native Americans to move west of the Mississippi River.

• The Tariff of 1828 was a tax on imported goods, a law that reflected the growing sectionalism.

• Jackson took on both the National Bank and the Supreme Court (Bank War, and McCulloch v MD)

• Andrew Jackson served two terms as president.

Jacksonian Democracy

Quiz timeWhich of the following explains why the Electoral College was used to determine who was President during Andrew Jackson's era? [6.05]

A. Physical barriers prevented many people from being able to reach the polls to vote.

B. The Founding Fathers did not think that Americans were knowledgeable enough to vote for the president directly.

C. The Supreme Court ruled that selecting the president by popular vote was unconstitutional.

D. It prevented Americans from voting for candidates that did not meet all of the requirements.

IF YOU SAID B, YOU’RE CORRECT. IF YOU DID NOT, PLEASE GO BACK AND REVIEW THE CONTENT.

Quiz timeUse the following text from the Twelfth Amendment to answer the following question: The person having the greatest Number of votes for President, shall be the President, if such number be a majority of the whole number of Electors appointed; and if no person have such majority, then from the persons having the highest numbers not exceeding three on the list of those voted for as President, the House of Representatives shall choose immediately, by ballot, the President. Which answer best explains why the Twelfth Amendment was needed in the election of 1824? [6.05]

A. The election included more than three presidential candidates.B. The electoral vote did not result in a clear winner of the presidential

election.C. The vice presidential election had to be thrown out because of fraud at

the polls.D. The Electoral College was disbanded because of questionable voting

results from the states.

IF YOU SAID B, YOU’RE CORRECT. IF YOU DID NOT, PLEASE GO BACK AND REVIEW THE CONTENT.

6.06 War on the Bank Andrew Jackson is president of the United States

The Federal government needs money because they spent so much on the War of 1812

Federal Government opens up a National Bank and puts one in Maryland

Maryland not happy about the Federal Government competing with their State bank.

Maryland takes the Federal Government (McCulloch) to the Supreme Court to try and get the Federal Bank out of Maryland.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Established a precedent for the relationships between the federal government and the state governments.

Stated that the federal government had powers the Constitution did not list, known as implied powers.

implied powers granted Congress the constitutional right to establish a national bank.

states had the power to tax within their borders.

States did not have the power to tax a federal establishment. Maryland’s decision to tax the national bank was an attempt to destroy the bank. The state challenged the supremacy of federal power.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Ogden thought that the state’s right to regulate navigation was not part of the federal Commerce Clause.Gibbons thought that the federal government had the right to regulate interstate trade. The Supreme Court unanimously (6–0) ruled in favor of Gibbons and the federal government.Case important because it established a precedent for the Congress to override a state law when it conflicts with a federal law. extended the definition of commerce to include navigation. States could not pass commerce laws in direct conflict with federal law.

The case has an economic impact as well, because the decision allows the federal government some control over trade within and across state borders.

vs

The Nullification Crisis

Federal Government passes tariff (tax on imported goods)

The tax is good for the North’s economy but bad for the South’s economy.

1832 South Carolina declares both the Tariff of 1828 and 1832 unconstitutional. Want them Nullified (to make legally canceled)

South Carolina says they will not enforce the tariffs and will secede if the federal government tries to enforce it.

They begin to prepare state militia in case of attack.

South Carolina backs down when President Jackson request permission to use the Army to enforce the law.

South Carolina

The War on the Bank

Federal Government’s bank won’t make risky loans to people.

Jackson shuts down the Federal/National Bank and gives the money to state banks

State banks make risky loans Too much money given out in loans and people

having trouble paying back loans. .Jackson issues the Specie Circular. In it,

he required payment for public land in gold or silver, rather than paper money.

People panicked. Banks required people to repay loans early. People rushed the banks to trade in their paper money for gold or silver.

Within a year of Jackson issuing the specie circular, a severe economic depression set in, called the Panic of 1837

Quiz timeWhich answer best explains Ogden's view of the court case against Gibbons? [6.06]

A. Ogden thought that the federal government had the right to regulate interstate trade.

B. Ogden thought that the state's right to regulate trade was violated by Gibbons.

C. Ogden thought that the state's right to regulate navigation was not part of the federal Commerce Clause.

D. Ogden thought that the state's right to regulate navigation was part of the federal Commerce Clause.

IF YOU SAID C, YOU’RE CORRECT. IF YOU DID NOT, PLEASE GO BACK AND REVIEW THE CONTENT.

Ogden thought that the state's right to regulate navigation was not part of the federal Commerce Clause.

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