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Long-term rugby practice Long-term rugby practice enhances bone mass and enhances bone mass and

metabolismmetabolismin relation with physical in relation with physical

fitness and playing positionfitness and playing position

Mohamed Elloumi, Omar Ben Ounis,

Daniel Courteix, Emna Makni, Saleheddine Sellami,

Zouhair Tabka, Ge´rard LacJ Bone Miner Metab (2009) 27:713–720

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IntroductionIntroduction

Physical activity is known to induce modifications to bone mass and architecture.

- Groothausen J ,et al. (1997) The beneficial effects of physical

activity on bone mineral accrual are dependent on the type of activity..

- - Rubin CT, Lanyon LE (1985)

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Rugby is a weight-bearing intermittent Rugby is a weight-bearing intermittent high-intensity exercise that includes a high-intensity exercise that includes a great number of impacts and great number of impacts and manoeuvresmanoeuvres..

- Morel J, et al. (2001) In order to determine the types of spor

ts that could lead to improved bone mineralisation, bone mineral density (BMD) and content (BMC) in participants in sports with different characteristics.

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We and others have reported increased BMD and BMC in male rugby players, particularly in forwards who are frequently engaged in physical contact..

--M. Elloumi, et al M. Elloumi, et al (2006) Previous studies have documented associ

ations of total body muscle mass and related muscular strengths and physical fitness with total and regional BMC and BMD

-Nevill A, Holder R, Stewart A (2004)

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Hypothesis (1) rugby participation could convey p(1) rugby participation could convey p

ositive effects on bone mass and metaositive effects on bone mass and metabolic markers, osteocalcine and CTX.bolic markers, osteocalcine and CTX.

(2) the extent to which BMD and BMC (2) the extent to which BMD and BMC could be predicted from muscle mass, could be predicted from muscle mass, fitness and strength, and metabolic mafitness and strength, and metabolic markers.rkers.

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Materials and methods

From Tunisian national team. 22 rugby players(12 forward and 10

back players) 14 controls are students and young

university teachers.

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Materials and methods

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Materials and methods

Harpenden stadiometer (Harpenden stadiometer (HeightHeight and and wweighteight))

Hologic QDR Delphi densitometer(BMHologic QDR Delphi densitometer(BMD and BMC)→ pelvis, whole spine, and D and BMC)→ pelvis, whole spine, and lower and upper limbs ( femur, femorlower and upper limbs ( femur, femoral neck and lumber spine(L2–L4). al neck and lumber spine(L2–L4).

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Materials and methods

Biochemical parameters

Fasting blood samples were drawn between 7 and 9 a.m.. (Using IMRA )→osteocalcin(OC)

A 24-h period of urine collection .(Using EL .(Using ELISA)ISA)

→ →Cross-linked C-telopeptides of Type I collagen (CTX)CTX)

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Materials and methods

Physical performance testingPhysical performance testing A) Squat jump (SJ) B) Counter movement jump (CMJ) C) hand grip (HG)

The lower limbs maximal power (The lower limbs maximal power (LLMLLMPP) was determined indirectly by the fo) was determined indirectly by the formula of Lewis.rmula of Lewis.

HG strength was determined on Harpenden Dynamometer.

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Statistical analysisStatistical analysis Student’s unpaired t test use betweeStudent’s unpaired t test use betwee

n different groups.n different groups. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA).

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Results

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Discussion

The effects of physical activity on bone maThe effects of physical activity on bone mass and density have been widely documentss and density have been widely documented.ed.

-Lima F, et al(2001)

The present study demonstrated that both The present study demonstrated that both groups of rugby players exhibit higher totagroups of rugby players exhibit higher total body BMD and BMC than those observed l body BMD and BMC than those observed in controls.in controls.

-Elloumi M,et al.(2006)

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Discussion

In fact, sports like football, volleyball, or In fact, sports like football, volleyball, or handball, which involve a large number ohandball, which involve a large number of jumps, rapid directional changes, starts, f jumps, rapid directional changes, starts, stops, and landings, have been demonstrastops, and landings, have been demonstrated to enhance BMC and BMD in young anted to enhance BMC and BMD in young and adult athletes.d adult athletes.

-Vicente-Rodriguez G,et al.(2004) Although not assessed in this survey, as thAlthough not assessed in this survey, as th

e players started to participate in rugby ace players started to participate in rugby activity at a young age.tivity at a young age.

-Nebigh A, et al(2009)

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Discussion

Skeletal tissue strength depends not only on BMD but also on bone content.

The BMC is a combination of bone are

a and density. -Wittich A, etal(1998)

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The present study showed that the diffThe present study showed that the difference observed for BMD between boterence observed for BMD between both groups of rugby players (forwards anh groups of rugby players (forwards and backs) and controls was more pronod backs) and controls was more pronounced for BMC (+52% for lower limbs).unced for BMC (+52% for lower limbs).

-by table 2-by table 2

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This is clearly demonstrated by higher BMD and BMC in whole spine (12–13%), pelvis (10–11%), and upper and lower limbs (9–18%) in forwards compared to back players.

-by table 2-by table 2 Because forwards participate in situaBecause forwards participate in situa

tions of contact and conflicttions of contact and conflict..

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Scrum

Ruck

MaulTackle

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Maximal leg extension force was a majMaximal leg extension force was a major predictor of the skeleton quality in or predictor of the skeleton quality in professional tennis players.professional tennis players.

-Calbet et al. -Calbet et al. (1998)

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疑問疑問 網球跟橄欖球相比，是相似類型的運動嗎網球跟橄欖球相比，是相似類型的運動嗎 ??

網球為單側型態的運動，慣用手與非慣用網球為單側型態的運動，慣用手與非慣用手相差甚大，這樣是否比較起來會產生偏手相差甚大，這樣是否比較起來會產生偏差差 ??

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ConclusionConclusion

In conclusion, long-termIn conclusion, long-term rugby rugby participation is participation is associated withassociated with improvement of physical fitnessimprovement of physical fitness, espe, especially in forwards.cially in forwards.

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Thank you forThank you for

your listening.your listening.