moldova slides 2

7/26/2019 Moldova Slides 2

1/43

Workshop onLow GWP Alternative Refrigerants

26thJanuary 2016

Session 2


2/43

Session woSession Start Finish

!ntro"u#tions $%00 $%1&'a#kgroun" ( )ontreal Proto#ol an" *+,+ phase

out it )ol"ova$%1& $%-0

.utline of the workshop an" 'rief /A session $%-0 10%-0

!nitial Assessent uestionnaire 10%-0 11%00

Break 11:00 11:15

!ntro"u#tion to Alternative Refrigerants ( safety3e4#ien#y3 relia5ility an" goo" pra#ti#e

11%1& 1-%1&

Lunch 13:15 14:00

Syste "esign using alternative refrigerants an"

ewi Analysis1%00 1&%00

+ontainent an" leak "ete#tion of alternative

refrigerants 1&%00 16%00Break 16:00 16:15

)aintenan#e an" repair of alternative refrigerant

systes16%1& 17%1&

Retro8tting e9isting systes with low GWP

alternatives17%1& 17%&

,inish 17%& 17%&


3/43

Design Diferences or Alternative erigerants

!n all #ases the 5asi# prin#iples of e4#ient "esign shoul" 5e followe": herefrigerant #hara#teristi#s "e8ne the "i;eren#es3 as shown in the ta5le

5elow: hese "e8ning #hara#teristi#s are #opare" to R0A: Where the #ell is

5lank3 there is no signi8#ant "i;erent to R0A for that parti#ular#hara#teristi#: R0A was sele#te" for illustrative purposes although it ispriarily a low teperature refrigerant:

erigera

nt

!ressur

e

Fla""a#i

lit$

%o&icit

$

'oolingca(acit

$

'ritical

te"(

Discharge

te"(

)aterials

*44


4/43

>esign >i;eren#es

here are ore "esign "i;eren#es with R7 than otheralternatives 5e#ause of its thero"ynai# properties

>i;eren#es for R717 are *+ are safety relate":

!ssues asso#iate" with ?aa5ility a;e#t all the alternative

refrigerants e9#ept R7: ypi#al a9iu allowa5le pressures @PS are given for allrefrigerants:

B9#ept for R7 these pressures are 5ase" on a a9iua5ient of -2C+ an" a a9iu #on"ensing teperature of&&C+:

PS is "e8ne" in B=-7DE1%200D A2%20123 Refrigerating systesan" heat pups F Safety an" environental reuireents3'asi# reuireents3 "e8nitions3 #lassi8#ation an" sele#tion#riteria:


5/43

)iniising Leak Potential/rres(ective o the rerigerant it is i"(ortant that leak (otential is"ini"ise. thereore:

eep it sipleH

)iniise the nu5er of IointsH

)iniise the nu5er of #oponentsH

+lose #ouple the systeH

)iniise the operating an" stan"still pressuresH

)iniise the nu5er of a##ess points to the syste an" lo#ate the where theyare ost usefulH

Avoi" using S#hra"er valves3 5ut if an a##ess valve is a5solutely ne#essary use a5all valve with a ?are #onne#tor @an" ensure it is #appe" when not in useH

Avoi" using open "rive #opressors where possi5le: !f they ust 5e use"3 ensure

that they have shaft sealsH Bnsure pipe is #orre#tly #lape" an" vi5ration transission is eliinate"H

Provi"e inforation% Showing the lo#ation of a##ess points on the isoetri# "rawing in the plant rooH

.n torue valuesH

>esign in ease of servi#e to ai" leak "ete#tion an" other vital aintenan#e

a#tivities:


6/43

All #oponents ust 5e suita5le for a high pressure rating

5e#ause of the high a9iu operating an" stan"stillpressures of R7H

R7 has a lower pra#ti#al liit than ost *,+s 5e#ause

of its low to9i#ity: @Refer to +hapter 2 for ore "etails on

89e" leak "ete#tionH

he pra#ti#al liit for a refrigerant represents the highest

#on#entration level in an o##upie" spa#e that will not

result in es#ape ipairing e;e#ts for the in"ivi"ual: ,or full

inforation see the Safety Stan"ar" B=-7DE13 , -H

erigerant e$ acts 2! Sat te"( %$(ical a((lications

R7*igh

pressures1 E7DC+

Retail refrigeration3 heat pups3

integrals

R7 @+ar5on "io9i"e


7/43

R7 is an asphy9iant an" a 89e" leak "ete#tion systeshoul" 5e 8tte" if a leak in an en#lose" o##upie" spa#e su#has a #ol" roo3 or in plant areas3 #oul" result in a#on#entration whi#h will result in es#ape ipairing e;e#ts:

!t is re#oen"e" that the alar level is set at &0 A#uteo9i#ity B9posure Liit @ABL or .9ygen >eprivation Liit@.>L as spe#i8e" in B=-7D for a#hinery roos:

his is the level a5ove whi#h there is an a"verse e;e#t thatresults either fro a single or ultiple e9posures in a shortspa#e of tie @usually less than 2 hours:

,or R7 the ABL K .>L is 0:0-6 kgK-3 so the alar shoul"5e set at 0:01D-@appro9iately 203000 pp:

ypi#ally there will also 5e a pre alar at &3000 pp5e#ause of the rapi" rise in #on#entration in the event of aleak "ue to the high pressures of R7H

R7 @+ar5on "io9i"e


8/43

+opressor "ispla#eent an" pipe "iaeters are saller5e#ause of the high #ooling #apa#ity of R7 #opare" toother refrigerants: ,or e9aple the #opressors"ispla#eent is appro9iately 1K&th of that nee"e" for

R0AH he low #riti#al teperature of R7 results in "i;eren#es

in overall syste "esign: R7 is use" in the following typesof syste

R7 @+ar5on "io9i"e

R0A

R7


9/43

R7 F +riti#al eperature-1C+

%ranscritical o(eration

A aIor "i;eren#e with R7 #opare" to all other refrigerants is its operationa5ove the #riti#al teperature @-1C+ in any systes: ,or an e9planation of the#riti#al point see the vi"eo shown in the link: )ost R7 systes whi#h reIe#ttheir heat to a5ient air operate a5ove the #riti#al point for soe or all of the

tie: !n these systes the #on"enser is referre" to as a Mgas #oolerN 5e#ausethe refrigerant "oes not #on"ense in this #oponent when trans#riti#al3 theR7 turns to liui" only when the pressure is re"u#e"%

R7 systes are su5#riti#al when the #on"ensing teperature is 5elow -1C+:

R7 systes are trans#riti#al when the Mgas #ooling teperatureN is a5ove

-1C+:

*,+3 *+ an" R717 systes are always su5#riti#al 5e#ause the #on"ensingteperature never e9#ee"s the #riti#al teperature @e:g: 101C+ in the #ase ofR1-a:


10/43

R7 Systes

%ranscritical s$ste"s%

hese systes operate a5ove the #riti#al

teperature on the high si"e for all or part of thetie: !n these are systes the heat is reIe#te"fro the R7 to a5ient air an" is thereforetrans#riti#al at high a5ient #on"itions3 typi#ally

when the a5ient teperature e9#ee"s 21 to2&C+: Sall trans#riti#al systes su#h as5everage #oolers3 lo#ate" insi"e a 5uil"ing3 willnorally operate trans#riti#ally all of the tie


11/43

R7 Systes

'ascae s$ste"s

hese systes whi#h are always su5#riti#al: !n thesesystes R7 is the low stage refrigerant in a#as#a"e syste3 an" the heat reIe#te" 5y the#on"ensing R7 is a5sor5e" 5y the evaporatinghigh stage refrigerant: he high stage syste isusually a #onventional syste using *,+ or *+ or

R717 .n soe systes R7 is use" in the highstage as well as the low stage: he R7 in the lowstage is always su5#riti#al3 5ut in the high stage will5e trans#riti#al at high a5ient #on"itions:


12/43

R7 Systes

Seconar$ s$ste"s%

he R7 is use" as a se#on"ary ?ui" an"is pupe" aroun" the heat e9#hangers:Partial evaporation #an o##ur 5e#ause ofthe volatility of R73 5ut saturate"

refrigerant will e9it the evaporator @i:e: itwill not 5e superheate" as in the systesa5ove: he R7 is #oole" 5y a #hiller:


13/43

R7 Systes

wo stage #opression is use" for trans#riti#al low

teperature @L systes "ue to the high "is#harge

teperatures that are possi5le:

)e#hani#al su5#ooling su#h as the use of su#tion to liui" line

heat e9#hangers is use" in any systes where norally theliui" teperature is 5elow a5ient teperature 5e#ause of

the syste #on8guration: =atural liui" su5#ooling will

therefore not o##ur:

)any R7 systes #o5ine two or ore of the syste typesa5ove3 for e9aple a #as#a"e syste #an in#lu"e a pupe"

se#on"ary #ir#uit an" K or #an 5e #oole" 5y a trans#riti#al

R7 syste:


14/43

R7

R7 su5#riti#al

Aniation
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15/43

Large rans#riti#al R7Syste

-2

&

1

1: he #opressor is a trans#riti#al

#opressor3 "esigne" for thehigher pressures an" high #ooling#apa#ity of the refrigerantH

2: he gas #ooler is siilar in "esignto a #onventional #on"enser3although pipe "iaeters ight 5esaller an" it will nee" towithstan" a higher pressureH

-: he gas #ooler regulation valve is

#ontrolle" 5y the pressure in thegas #ooler an" hol"s the pressureat the optiu setting @usually $05ar g when the syste istrans#riti#al3 typi#ally when thea5ient teperature is a5ove 21C+to 2&C+H

: he liui" re#eiver an" asso#iate"liui" pipe work @shown in green isat the intere"iate pressureH

&: he re#eiver pressure regulatingvalve is #ontrolle" 5y the pressurein the re#eiver an" #ontrols theintere"iate pressure to a levelspe#i8e" 5y the "esigner @usuallyin the range -& to 6& 5ar g:


16/43

Su5#riti#al R7 #as#a"e syste1: he #opressor for R7

is typi#ally siilar to thatfor R10A @it will usuallyoperate at siilarpressuresH

2: R7 #on"enses in the#as#a"e heat e9#hanger3

reIe#ting its heat to theevaporating high stagerefrigerantH

-: he high stage syste isusually a siple #hillertype syste3 operatingusing *,+3 *+ or R717:

he high stage #an alsouse R73 in whi#h #ase itwill 5e trans#riti#al forsoe of the tie: heoperation of the highstage is generally

#ontrolle" 5y the pressurein the R7 liui" re#eiver:

3

2

1


17/43

R7 Se#on"ary Syste1:he R7 liui" pup

is typi#ally a#entrifugal type3#oole" 5y the liui"

refrigerant: !t isiportant that a#onstant supply ofliui" enters the pupto prevent #avitationan" a resultant"eterioration in itsrelia5ility an"perforan#eH

2:R7 #on"enses in theheat e9#hanger3reIe#ting its heat tothe evaporating high

stage refrigerantH-: he high stage syste

is usually a siple#hiller type syste3operating using *,+3*+ or R717: An" its

operation is generally#ontrolle" 5y the

3

2

1


18/43

Avantages o *44 as aseconar$ ui

'eing volatile3 it partially evaporates in theheat e9#hanger @evaporator3 thus a5sor5inglatent heat: his re"u#es the teperature

"i;eren#e a#ross the heat e9#hangerH he high "ensity of R7 eans that less

pup power is reuire":

*owever3 the R7 pressure will 5e

signi8#antly higher than for other se#on"ary?ui"s: ,or e9aple at a teperature of E-C+the pressure is appro9iately -0 5ar g:


19/43

ypi#al R7 SystePressures

S$ste" Location%$(ical

(ressureBar g 7)!a8

Setting of PR< in high si"e of trans#riti#al syste @i:e: PS 120 @12

*igh si"e of trans#riti#al syste3 operating a5ove the#riti#al point

$0 @$

!ntere"iate pressure in a trans#riti#al syste -&(6& @-:&(6:&Setting of PR< in high si"e of the low stage of a #as#a"esyste @i:e: PS

0 @

*igh si"e pressure in the low stage of a #as#a"e syste -0 @-

Low teperature @L evaporator 1& @1:&

*igh teperature @* evaporator -0 @-

+ylin"er stan"ing outsi"e in an a5ient of &C+ 0 @

Plant at stan" still in an a5ient of 20C+ && @&:&


20/43

R7 >esign +onsi"erations

he high pressure of R7 #an lea" to an in#rease in leakage with a#onseuent in#rease in energy #onsuption an" in"ire#t environentalipa#t:

o iniise leak potential the pipe work an" #oponents ust 5esuita5le for the PS of that part of the syste: !n any #ases this entailsusing "i;erent #oponents #opare" to those use" for *,+ systes3an" using pipe with a thi#ker wall3 or using steel pipe work:

Joints shoul" 5e 5raOe" or wel"e" an" e#hani#al Ioints shoul" 5eavoi"e" wherever possi5le:

+oponents su#h as #as#a"e heat e9#hangers #oul" potentially operatewith a high teperature "i;eren#e 5etween the inlet an" outlet: his will#ause theral sho#k whi#h lea"s to leakage so this shoul" 5e taken intoa##ount when sele#ting the #oponent: he teperature "i;eren#e #an5e re"u#e" 5y "eEsuperheating the gas 5efore it rea#hes the #on"enser:

Loss of refrigerant also o##urs 5e#ause of issues asso#iate" with pressurerelief valves @PR


21/43


here shoul" 5e su4#ient "i;eren#e 5etween PS @an" thereforethe PR< vent pressure an" the typi#al operating pressure for thatpart of the syste so that venting of R7 through PR


22/43


he #ooling #apa#ity of R7 is several ties that of ore#oonly use" refrigerants: his has an ipa#t on%

'o"(ressor esign F less "ispla#eent is reuire"relative to the otor siOe3 so #opressors spe#i8#ally forR7 are use"H

!i(e si,ing F the pipe "iaeter is lessH

9eat e&changers F saller evaporators an" #on"ensers#an 5e use" to a#hieve the sae teperature "i;eren#e@>: !f the #on"enser an" evaporator siOes are not

re"u#e" the > will 5e lower an" the syste #apa#ity an"e4#ien#y will 5e iprove":

>o not #onfuse #ooling #apa#ity with e4#ien#y: he #ooling#apa#ity is the aount of heat that will 5e a5sor5e" 5y therefrigerant in the evaporator:

he #ooling #apa#ity is high #opare" to other refrigerants3the e4#ien# is siilar:


23/43

R717 F >esign+onsi"erations

R717 "esign "i;eren#es are ainly "ue to its to9i#ity3 il" ?aa5ility3 high

"is#harge teperature3 aterials in#opati5ility3 an" iis#i5ility with oil% +harge siOe is liite" 5e#ause of to9i#ity3 see ta5les & an" 6 of Gui"e 1 for ore

inforation @R717 is #lassi8e" as a group '2 refrigerantH

Soe ele#tri#al #oponents are "esigne" for use in an e9plosive atosphere:

Appen"i9 1 provi"es ore "etail a5out the "esign pro#ess for systes whi#h use a

?aa5le refrigerant: his applies to il"ly ?aa5le refrigerants su#h as R717H

ypi#al a9iu syste pressure @PS for the high si"e is 22 5ar g3 an" typi#al PS

for the low si"e is 11: 5ar g3 so pressures are not e9#essively highH

wo stage #opression is use" for low teperature appli#ations su#h as the

pro#essing an" storage of froOen foo" to avoi" e9#essive "is#harge teperaturesH

erigera

nt e$ acts 2! Sat te"(%$(ical

a((lications

R717o9i# an" il"ly

?aa5le0 E--C+ !n"ustrial


24/43

R717 F >esign+onsi"erations

R717 #orro"es #opper3 so pipe work an" 8ttings are usually steel an" open"rive #opressors spe#i8#ally "esigne" for use with R717 are use"

R717 is total iis#i5le with #opressor lu5ri#ant so lu5ri#ant whi#h enters

the low si"e of the refrigeration syste stays there as a layer of oil 5elow

the R717: Lu5ri#ant re#overy "evi#es shoul" 5e installe"3 prefera5ly an

integral oil re#overy syste that #olle#ts oil an" returns it to the oilreservoir:

R717 is to9i# an" has a very low pra#ti#al liit @0:000-& kgK-: ,i9e" leak

"ete#tion shoul" 5e use" if a leak #an result in a #on#entration e9#ee"ing

this: he low level shoul" 5e set at &00pp an" shoul" a#tivate e#hani#al

ventilation an" a supervise" au"i5le alar: he high level shoul" 5e set at

-03000pp an" shoul" stop the plant an" isolate ele#tri#s:

Low #harge R717 systes are 5eing "evelope" for use in #oer#ial

systes whi#h woul" tra"itionally have use" *,+s:


25/43

R-2 F >esign +onsi"erations

R-2 is very siilar to R10A 5ut it is #lassi8e" as low ?aa5ility %

)ost syste #oponents are the sae as those use" for R10A: he "i;eren#e

is "riven 5y the low ?aa5ility%

+harge siOe is liite"3 see ta5les & an" 6 of +hapter 1 for ore inforation @R-2

is #urrently #lassi8e" as a group A2 refrigerantH

Soe ele#tri#al #oponents are "esigne" for use in a ?aa5le atosphere:

Appen"i9 1 provi"es ore "etail a5out the "esign pro#ess for systes whi#h use

a ?aa5le refrigerant: his applies to low ?aa5le refrigerants su#h as R-2:

R-2 operating an" stan"still pressures are alost i"enti#al to those for R10A3 so#oponents use" ust e suita5le for those pressuresH #oponents use" for

other *,+s ay not 5e suita5le: ypi#al a9iu syste pressure @PS for the

high si"e is -:2 5ar g3 an" typi#al PS for the low si"e is 1$:- 5ar g

he #ooling #apa#ity of R-2 is siilar to R10A3 so #oponents siOe" for R10A

shoul" 5e use":

erigera

nt

e$ acts 2!1Sat

te"(+

%$(ical

a((lications

R-2)il"ly

?aa5le67& E&2C+ Split air #on"itioning


26/43


)ost syste #oponents are the sae as those use" for R10A: he "i;eren#e

is "riven 5y the low ?aa5ility%

+harge siOe is liite"3 see ta5les & an" 6 of +hapter 1 for ore inforation @R-2

is #urrently #lassi8e" as a group A2 refrigerantH


Appen"i9 1 provi"es ore "etail a5out the "esign pro#ess for systes whi#h use

a ?aa5le refrigerant: his applies to low ?aa5le refrigerants su#h as R-2:

R-2 operating an" stan"still pressures are alost i"enti#al to those for R10A3 so

#oponents use" ust e suita5le for those pressuresH #oponents use" forother *,+s ay not 5e suita5le: ypi#al a9iu syste pressure @PS for the

high si"e is -:2 5ar g3 an" typi#al PS for the low si"e is 1$:- 5ar g

he #ooling #apa#ity of R-2 is siilar to R10A3 so #oponents siOe" for R10A

shoul" 5e use":

erigera

nt

e$ acts 2!1Sat

te"(+

%$(ical

a((lications

R-2)il"ly

?aa5le67& E&2C+ Split air #on"itioning


27/43


R-2 is very siilar to R10A 5ut it is#lassi8e" as low ?aa5ility

erigerant Boiling(oint ' Saet$grou(

Lo;er

a""a#ilit$ levelkg


28/43

R12-Oe F >esign+onsi"erations

R12-Oe "esign "i;eren#es are "ue to its il" ?aa5ility an" itslow pressure an" #apa#ity%

+harge siOe is liite" ( R12-Oe is #urrently #lassi8e" as a group A2refrigerantH

Soe ele#tri#al #oponents are "esigne" for use in a ?aa5leatosphere:

ypi#al a9iu syste pressure @PS for the high si"e is 10:- 5ar g3an" typi#al PS for the low si"e is &:1 5ar g3 so #oponents an" pipework #an 5e spe#i8e" for a signi8#antly lower pressure than for other*,+sH

he #ooling #apa#ity is appro9iately 7& that of R1-a an" the +.Pis very siilar: So the #opressor woul" have a siilar siOe" otor35ut a "ispla#eent -0 greater than for R1-a to provi"e the sae

#apa#ity: +urrently very few #opressors are availa5le for use on R12-Oe:

erigera

nt e$ acts 2!Sat

te"(

%$(ical

a((lications

R12-Oe)il"ly

?aa5le7 E1$C+

+hillers3 split air

#on"itioning3

integrals


29/43

R600a @!so 5utane F >esign+onsi"erations

he "esign "i;eren#es asso#iate" with R600a are "ue to its high ?aa5ilityan" its very low pressure an" #apa#ity%

+harge siOe is liite" ( R600a is #lassi8e" as a group A- refrigerant


ypi#al a9iu syste pressure @PS for the high si"e is 6:D 5ar g3 an"

typi#al PS for the low si"e is -:- 5ar g3 so #oponents an" pipe work #an 5e

spe#i8e" for a signi8#antly lower pressure than for other *,+sH

he #ooling #apa#ity is appro9iately &0 that of R1-a an" the +.P is very

siilar: So the #opressor has greater "ispla#eent to provi"e the sae

#ooling #apa#ity3 5ut a siilar siOe" otor: +opressors for R600a are wi"ely

availa5le for "oesti# an" sall #oer#ial siOe" systes3 5ut not for larger

systes

erigerant e$ acts 2!1 Sat te"(+ %$(ical a((lications

R600a ,laa5le - E12C+>oesti# an" sall

#oer#ial systes


30/43

>esign Pro#ess for ,laa5lerefrigerants

!n the event of a leak there is the potential for a ?aa5le atosphere aroun" the syste:

+o5ustion will o##ur if there is a sour#e of ignition in this ?aa5le area:

he prin#iples of AB shoul" 5e followe"% (ATEX 95 (94/9/EC Equipment) ESP (The

Equipment and Protective S!tem! "ntended #or $!e in Potentia%% E&p%o!ive Atmo!phere

'eu%ation!)

o i"entify the e9tent of a ?aa5le Oone in the event of a leakH

,or ele#tri#al "evi#es with a potentially ?aa5le Oone in the event of a leak: Sour#es of ignition within a potentially ?aa5le Oone will 5e a haOar" in the event of a leak:

An essential part of the "esign pro#ess is to ensure there are no sour#es of ignition insi"e

potentially ?aa5le Oones: his #an 5e a#hieve" 5y ensuring leaks "o not result in a

?aa5le Oone or 5y reoving sour#es of ignition fro the ?aa5le Oone:

Refer to the following stan"ar"s for ore "etaile" inforation%

B=6007$E10E1 B9plosive atospheres F +lassi8#ation of areas F e9plosive gas atospheres B=60--&E2ED$ *ousehol" siilar ele#tri#al applian#es F Safety3 Part 2ED$% Parti#ular

reuireents for #oer#ial refrigerating applian#es with an in#orporate" or reote

refrigerant #on"ensing unit or #opressor


31/43

>esign Pro#ess

See andout


32/43

)a9iu +harge

See andout


33/43

B9er#ise1 )a9iu +harge


34/43

B9aple 1 F =on #ofort

=on #ofort #ooling or heating% An e9aple of the appli#ation of thepra#ti#al liit for R2$0 in a sall walk in #ol" roo is shown 5elow%

+ol" roo siOe -:& 5y - 5y 2: highH +ol" roo volue Q -:& 9 - 92: Q 2&:2 -H R2$0 pra#ti#al liit Q 0:00D kgK-H

)a9iu #harge Q pra#ti#al liit 9 roo volue Q 0:00D 9 2&:2 Q 0:202

kg:


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B9aple 2 F+ofort #oolingKheating

L,L R12-Oe Q 0:-0- kgK-

h Q 2:2 for #eiling ounte"unit

A Q $ 9 &:& Q $:& 2

) Q 2:& 9 0:-0-1:2& 9 2:2 9$:&

) Q -:$& kg


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ewi Analysis

erigeration an Air='onitioningcauses 10> o all ;orl;ie 292e"issions

+> through leakage o rerigerant

an ?>through electricit$consu"(tion


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ewi Analysis

he use of BW! ena5les "esigners an" #ontra#tors to estiate theeuivalent +.2eission into the atosphere fro syste leakage@"ire#t eission an" energy #onsuption @in"ire#t eission:

'ase" on the high per#entage of fossil fuels use" in power stations3 the

average Buropean +.2release is aroun" 0:6 kg per kWh of ele#tri#alpower generate":

)etho"s of generating power vary3 so the glo5al waring ipa#t perkWh will also varyH for e9aple3 #oal(8re" generation will release5etween 0:6 an" 0:D kg of +.2per kWh3 whereas hy"ro an" nu#lear

power generation has a negligi5le eission of +.2:

he energy reuire" for the operation of a syste has an in"ire#tipa#t on glo5al waring:


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BW! +al#ulation

%@/ is calculate as ollo;s:

%@/ i"(act o leakage loss i"(act o recover$ loss i"(act oenerg$ consu"e

!pa#t of leakage losses Q GWP 9 L 9 n

!pa#t of re#overy losses Q GWP 9 9 @1Ere#overy

!pa#t of energy #onsuption Q n 9 Bannual9 T

%@/ 2! & L & n 2! & " & 71Crecover$8 n & @annual& E '+7kg8

Where:

L Q leakage in kgKyearn Q syste operating tie in years

Q refrigerant #harge in kg

re#overyQ re#overy K re#y#ling fa#tor3 5etween 0 an" 1

Bannual Q energy #onsuption in kWh per year

T Q +.2eission in kg K kWh (varie! !ini*cant% #rom countr to countr)


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BW! Analysis !t is a very useful etho" of #oparing "i;erent syste an" refrigerant

options at the "esign stage or when #onsi"ering a retro8t3 for e9aple

fro R22: here are any ways BW! #an 5e iniise"3 in#lu"ing%

)iniising refrigerant leakage @whi#h re"u#es 5oth the "ire#t an"

in"ire#t ipa#t 5e#ause leaking systes use ore energyH

Use of low GWP refrigerantsH

)iniising #ooling loa"H

)a9iising energy e4#ien#y through appropriate "esign an"

installationH

)aintaining the syste #orre#tlyH

)iniising refrigerant loss "uring servi#eH Re#overy an" re#y#ling of use" refrigerant @an" use" insulation where

this has a 5lowing agent whi#h has a GWP:


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BW! B9er#ise

>oesti# groun" sour#e heat pup supporting a sall5uil"ing with an annual heat loa" of 23000 kWh heating:

Annual ele#tri# input3 5ase" on a seasonal perforan#efa#tor of -3 is D3000 kWh:

*eat pup% La5elle" heat output% 6 kW

Refrigerant #harge% 1:D kg R(07# Buipent lifetie% 1& years

Annual leakage rate 2

GWP R(07#% 1&20 kg +.2Kkg refrigerant

Refrigerant losses "uring "eolition% 1&

Annual ele#tri# energy input D 000 kWh

Ble#tri#ity eission fa#tor@Buropean average


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BW! B9er#ise


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BW! ,a#tors

)any of the fa#tors use" in this#al#ulation vary signi8#antly an" aresyste spe#i8#: Vou #an "e#i"e the

fa#tors for yourself fro your owne9perien#e @for e9aple leakage3 useknown fa#tors @for e9aple for T or

use in"ustry re#oen"e" fa#torssu#h as those availa5le in the U frothe 'ritish Refrigeration Asso#iation:


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moldova slides 2

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