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Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

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Page 1: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Molecular Geometry

3-D arrangement of molecules

Page 2: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

VSEPR Theory

Valence-shell, electron-pair repulsion

Def: repulsion b/ valence e- pairs around atom causes them to be as far apart as possible

Page 3: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Shapes

NO lone pairs on CENTRAL atom

Symmetrical Linear Trigonal-Planar Tetrahedral Trigonal-

bipyramidal Octahedral

WITH lone pairs on CENTRAL atom

Non-symmetrical Trigonal-pyramidal Bent (angular)

Page 4: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Shapes – NO lone pairs on central atom

1. Linear (AB2):

• A – central atom B-bonded atoms- 3 atom molecules CO2

- 2 atom molecules, O2, HCl, etc.

- bond angles: 180o

Page 5: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Shapes – NO lone pairs on central atom

2. Trigonal Planar (AB3):

- BCl3- bond angles: 120o

Page 6: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Shapes – NO lone pairs on central atom

3. Tetrahedral (AB4):

- CCl4- bond angles: 109.5o

Page 7: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Shapes – NO lone pairs on central atom

4. Trigonal-bipyramidal (AB5):

- PCl5- bond angles: 120o and 90o

Page 8: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Shapes – NO lone pairs on central atom

5. Octahedral (AB6):

- SF6

- bond angles: 90o

Page 9: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Shapes – WITH lone pairs on central atom

6. Trigonal-Pyramidal (AB3E):

• A – central atom B – bonded atoms E – lone pair- NH3

- triangular sides - bond angles: 107o

Page 10: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Shapes – WITH lone pairs on central atom

7. Bent or Angular (AB2E2):

- H2O

- bond angles: 105o

Page 11: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Molecular Polarity

Polarity of each bond Molecular polarity

Page 12: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Molecular Polarity

1. Has ALL bonds NONPOLAR nonpolar molecule

2. Has bonds nonpolar AND polar polar molecule

3. Has ALL bonds POLAR depends on shape

Symmetrical shape (linear - octahedral) NONPOLAR

Non-symmetrical shape (bent & trigonal pyramidal) POLAR

Page 13: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Molecular Polarity Examples

CCl4 PH3

CBr3H

Page 14: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Intermolecular Forces

Page 15: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Intermolecular Forces

“between molecule” forces Generally weaker than bonds b/

atoms Boiling point – good to measure

intermolecular forces

Page 16: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Dipole- equal but opposite charges separated by a short distance

Video 124H Cl

Page 17: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Dipole-Dipole Forces

Induced Dipole: polar molecule makes a dipole on a nonpolar molecule

Ex: O2 dissolved in H2O Weaker than regular dipole forces

Page 18: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Hydrogen Bonding

Type of dipole-dipole force Def: H-atom bonded to highly e-neg

atom is attracted to lone pair of the e-neg atom in nearby molecule

Ex: HF, H2O, NH3

Page 19: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

Hydrogen Bonding

Page 20: Molecular Geometry 3-D arrangement of molecules

London Dispersion Forces

Def: constant motion of e-s and creation instantaneous dipoles

Video 133


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