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Molecular Pathobiology of Breast Cancer Celina G. Kleer, M.D. Harold Oberman Collegiate Professor of Pathology

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Page 1: Molecular€Pathobiology€of Breast€Canceraz9194.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/090608/4.4.pdf · Molecular€Pathobiology€of Breast€Cancer Celina€G.€Kleer,€M.D. Harold€Oberman

Molecular Pathobiology ofBreast Cancer

Celina G. Kleer, M.D.Harold Oberman Collegiate

Professor of Pathology

Page 2: Molecular€Pathobiology€of Breast€Canceraz9194.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/090608/4.4.pdf · Molecular€Pathobiology€of Breast€Cancer Celina€G.€Kleer,€M.D. Harold€Oberman

EpigeneticEpigeneticchangeschanges

GenomicGenomicinstabilityinstability

TDLUTDLU

hyperplasiahyperplasia

atypiaatypia DCISDCIS

invasiveinvasive

metastasismetastasis

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Outline

•Intraductal Proliferative Lesions•Lobular Carcinoma in situ­ LCIS•Invasive Carcinoma, pathology and

molecular classification, prediction andprognosis

•Examples of Applications of MolecularBiology into Clinical Practice Today andChallenges

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Intraductal ProliferativeLesions

UsualUsual ductalductal hyperplasiahyperplasia AtypicalAtypical ductalductal hyperplasiahyperplasia

DuctalDuctal Carcinoma in situCarcinoma in situ

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Usual ductal hyperplasia

•Increased cellularity of the ductalepithelium

•Mixture of cells types•Common finding•Often associated with microcalcifications

Page 6: Molecular€Pathobiology€of Breast€Canceraz9194.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/090608/4.4.pdf · Molecular€Pathobiology€of Breast€Cancer Celina€G.€Kleer,€M.D. Harold€Oberman
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Atypical Ductal Hyperplasia(ADH)

•Predictor of increased risk of carcinoma•Structural or cytologic features of DCIS

mingling with hyperplasia•Flat epithelial atypia (also called

columnar cell alteration with atypia)appears to have a similar behavior thanADH

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ADHADH

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FEAFEA

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UDH, ADH and risk of breast ca

•Nurses’ Health Study (2007)•Mayo Clinic Study (2005 and 2007)

“Women with atypical hyperplasia are atsubstantially increased risk (approx 4fold) for breast ca development”

Page 11: Molecular€Pathobiology€of Breast€Canceraz9194.vo.msecnd.net/pdfs/090608/4.4.pdf · Molecular€Pathobiology€of Breast€Cancer Celina€G.€Kleer,€M.D. Harold€Oberman

Ductal Carcinoma in­situ

• Malignant cells confined to a duct,without stromal invasion

• Heterogeneous disease• Precursor of invasive carcinoma• No consensus on the criteria required for

diagnosis

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DCISDCIS

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DCISDCIS

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Grading DCIS

Nuclear Grade1                        2                       3

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Grading DCIS

Nuclear Grade1                        2                       3

There is probably no progressionfrom low grade (NG1) to high grade

(NG3) DCIS

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DCIS ­ Relationship to invasive ca

•Morphological and molecular similarities•Clonal process•Analogous to epithelial in situ lesions

elsewhere•High frequency of progression of

invasive carcinoma if incompletelyexcised (multiple studies, mean 28%)

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Nurses’ Health StudyDesign:• Case­control study of

benign breast diseaseand breast cancer risk

• Review of 1877 breastbiopsies

• 13 had DCIS (of allnuclear grades)

• Received no treatmentbeyond diagnosticbiopsy

Results:• Invasive carcinoma

developed amongwomen with DCIS ofall nuclear grades

• All invasivecarcinomas were inthe same breast thatthe DCIS

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Nurses’ Health Study

Patients with DCIS who received notreatment were at substantiallyincreased risk for developing

ipsilateral invasive ca, and that theincreased risk in this setting was seenin DCIS of low, intermediate, and high

nuclear grades

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The problem

•In order to better understand how ADHand DCIS progress to invasive ca weneed to investigate the molecularalterations of these lesions

•Great difficulty in obtaining ADH andDCIS samples for molecular research

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Genomic alterations

LOH studiesUDH 10% (0­30%) usually one locusADH 50%

similar loci to low grade DCIS andsimilar alterations found insubsequent invasive ca of samebreast

DCIS 50­80% numerous sites (similar toinvasive ca)

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Genomic alterations in DCIS

8p, 11q,13q, 14q

1q 5p 8q17q

high

16q11q

1qIntermediate

16qLow

lossgaingrade

Adapted fromAdapted from BuergerBuerger H, JH, J PatholPathol 1999,187:3961999,187:396­­402402

Alsoamplification of

11q13 and17q12

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Molecular Markers of DCIS• Gene expression patterns in DCIS,

invasive, and metastatic ca using serialanalysis of gene expression (SAGE)

• Only 8 DCIS cases –they were grouped• 16,430 transcripts analyzed• mRNA ISH to examine gene expression

(18 tumors) and IHC on TMAs (769 cases)• No universal in situ or invasive signature

Adapted from Porter D, Mol Cancer Res 2003;1:362Adapted from Porter D, Mol Cancer Res 2003;1:362­­7575

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• These data suggest that the different stages ofbreast cancer progression are evolutionary linked

• Genes expressed in ADH and DCIS may induceneoplastic progression

• It appears that the transition from ADH to DCISand invasion is associated with quantitative(rather than qualitative) differences in geneexpression

• There is a strong correlation between thegenomic changes and the grade of the DCIS

Molecular Markers of DCIS

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+1q­16q

ADH Low grade DCIS

High grade DCIS

+11q13+17q12

Intermediate gradeDCIS

?

A model forA model forpreinvasivepreinvasiveprogressionprogression

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Molecular Subclasses of DCIS

• 245 cases of DCIS• 61% luminal A (ER+, HER2­)• 9% luminal B (ER+, HER2+)• 16% HER2 positive (ER­,

HER2+)• 8% basal like (ER­, HER2­,

EGFR+&/or CK5/6+)• 6% unclassified

Adapted fromAdapted from LivasyLivasy et al, Humet al, Hum PatholPathol 2007;38:1972007;38:197­­204204

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Molecular Subclasses of DCIS

The clinical implications of themolecular subtypes of DCIS are still

not well defined

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Lobular neoplasiaatypical lobular hyperplasia and lobular

carcinoma in situ• Non­palpable –Incidental

finding• Multicentric and bilateral

(>50%)• Premenopausal (45 yo)• Involves lobules and

terminal ducts• Calcifications can be seen,

but are uncommon15­20%LCIS

8%ALH

Absolute risk(15 years)

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LCISLCIS

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ALHALH

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and remember that…

•ER/PR positive•HER­2/neu negative•E­cad negative (useful in differential

diagnosis with DCIS)•LOH at 16q (E­cadherin gene is 16q22)

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EE­­cadherincadherin

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Is Lobular neoplasia a markerlesion or a precursor?

•Both•Clinical, epidemiological and molecular

data•Abdel­Fatah et al showed that lobular

neoplasia has similar genetic changesthat invasive lobular carcinomas

Abdel Fatah, AJSP 2007

Mastracci, Genes, Chromosomes, Cancer 2006

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Invasive carcinoma

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Invasive carcinoma

• 1 of 8 women in the US will developbreast cancer

• Most common cancer in women inUS

• 2nd most common cause of cancerdeaths after lung cancer

• 1/3 of these women will die of breastcancer (44,000 deaths a year)

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Genetic predisposition

• Family history• BRCA1 and BRCA2 (17q21 and 13q12)• Li­Fraumeni syndrome (p53 mutations)• Cowden disease (10q)• Ataxia telangectasia (ATM gene, cr 11)

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BRCA1 BRCA2

Chromosome 17q21 13q12Gene 100kb 70kbFunction Tumor suppr DNA repairMutations >500 >200Risk >70% by 80 yo >60% by 70 yoAge of cancer 40­50 yo 50 yoother cancers ovary, prostate male breast,

colon ovary,prostate,pancreas

Pathology medullary, high no specificgrade tumors

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Hormonal Influences and breastcancer

Estrogen excesslong duration of reproductive lifenulliparitylate age at first childfunctioning ovarian tumors

Enviromental factors­ no specific factor

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Invasive CarcinomaMain Histologic Types

ductal 80%lobular 10%tubularcolloid 10%medullaryadenoid cysticother

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Major histological types ofinvasive carcinoma

I. DUCTAL                               II. LOBULARIn spite of differences in clinical aspects,

overall prognosis is the same

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Current management of patientswith breast ca

TREATMENT• Surgical (mastectomy /

breast conserving)• Radiation therapy• Hormonal therapy

(based on ER status)• Adjuvant chemotherapy• Neoadjuvant

chemotherapy

CHALLENGES• Prediction of response

to therapy / selection ofspecific treatment

• Identify reliableprognosticators

• Novel targetedtherapies

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Definitions•Prognostic factor: reflect the biology of

the cancer and are associated withoutcome without consideration oftreatment.

•Predictive factor: reflect thesensitivity/resistance of a cancer to aparticular treatment, and are defined asthose factors that predict which patientsare likely to respond to a specifictherapy.

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Pathological features used tomake treatment decisions

•Histological grade (Nottingham,Bloom­Richardson)

•Tumor size•Lymph nodes•ER/PR and HER­2/neu

To supply prognostic and predictive informationTo supply prognostic and predictive information

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0102030405060708090

100

Localized Regional Distant

Five­year survival rates by stage atdiagnosis for women with breast

cancer*

*Data from American Cancer Society,Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2005­2006,Atlanta: American Cancer Society, Inc.

%%

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Case History: 50 year oldwoman identifies mass on self

examination

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1 cm invasive ductalcarcinoma of lowhistological grade

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Metastasis to the iliac bone 8 years after excision of primary tumor

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Metastasis to the iliac bone 8 years after excision of primary tumor

unable to detect the poor prognosisunable to treat effectively

Need to understand the biology ofbreast ca to improve management

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Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors,and HER2 testing in breast cancer

•ER and PR are weak prognostic factorsbut they are STRONG predictive factorsof response to hormonal therapy

•HER2 is an excellent predictor ofresponse to trastuzumab

•Routinely measured by IHC (ER, PR,HER2) and FISH (HER2) in invasivecarcinoma tissue samples

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Limitations of pathological factorsin prognosis and prediction

•Limited ability to predict individualpatient outcomes

•Most studies do not take into accountpatient treatment

•Patients with similar pathologicalparameters can have markedly differentclinical courses

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Breast cancer biology

•Breast cancer is genetically andgenomically a heterogenous disease

•Likely develops as a continuum•Multiple pathways involved•Our current understanding of the

biology of breast cancer is a majorbarrier to identify novel treatments

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Adapted fromAdapted from www.cellsignal.comwww.cellsignal.com

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Breastcarcinomasamples

High­throughputanalysis ofRNA and

DNA

What are we learning about breast cancer?Gaining new insights into cellbiologyDeveloping a better classificationImprove treatment

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Molecular signature/Gene expressionprofiling –Seminal papers

• Sorlie et al (PNAS 98:10869­74, 2001): 427genes selected from 8102 were used todefine histogenetic subsets of breastcancer (N=78)

• Van’t Veer et al (Nature 2002;415:530­6):70 genes selected from 5000 were used todefine prognosis in a set of breast cancerpatients (N=295)

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Applications of Gene ExpressionProfiling

•Better tumor classification•Assess prognosis•Predict response to therapy

­ Endocrine­ Adjuvant chemotherapy­ Neoadjuvant chemotherapy­ Targeted therapy

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Major Breast Cancer Subtypes Definedby Gene Expression Profiling

+­­­

­++/­­

+++­

­­++

basalHER2Lum BLum AEstrogen Response genes:ESR1, PGR, GATA3, FOXA1

Proliferation genes:CCNB1, FOXA1, MYBL2

HER2 and associated genes

Basal genes:KRT5 and 17, ERBB1

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85%18%Basal­like: triple negative

62%14%Her­2+

49%20%Luminal B: low levelER+///+/­ PR and Her­2

21%52%Luminal A: high levelER/PR+///Her­2­

% Highgrade

FrequencyHistogenetic Subtype

Note: Does not include lobular CA (5­10% frequency)

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Luminal A• 52% of breast cancers• ER/PR+• HER2 negative• 16q del• Respond to endocrine therapy• Favorable prognosis

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Luminal ALuminal AProgressionProgression­­hypothesishypothesis

normalnormal

ADHADHLG DCISLG DCIS FEAFEA LCISLCIS

Tubular caTubular ca Invasive lobular caInvasive lobular ca

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Luminal B­ Triple positives

•20% of breast cancers•Shares gene clusters with Her­2 and

basal groups•Younger age than luminal A•40% node positive•Pathology: extensive DCIS,

“micropapillary” features

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HER2•14 % of breast cancers•HER2 overexpression•Usually ER/PR­•Higher grade•Respond to Herceptin•Respond to anthracycline­based

chemo•Worse prognosis than luminal

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3+ Her­2 Stain

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HER2 amplification by FISHHER2 amplification by FISH

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Basal­like­ “triple negative”

•18% of breast cancers•BRCA1 inactivation•More common in African Americans•More common premenopausal•Poor response to endocrine therapy

or Herceptin­ targeted therapies maybe option in the future

•Poor short term outcome

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Morphology of invasive ductal carcinomasin the molecular basal­like group

Associated with:

Pushing margin

Central scar and/ornecrosis

Mitoses andpleomorphism

Lymphocytic infiltrate

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ER

PR Her­2/neu

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A Model for Basal like BreastCarcinomas

Permissive mutationsp53, CHK2

Additionalmutations(eg PTEN)

BRCA1+/­or reduction

BRCA1 Unstable cellsgenomic chaosHigh proliferationDifferentiation block

Basal­likeBreast ca

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Issues that need to be clarified aboutBasal­like tumors

• Lacks clear definition at the morphologicaland immunophenotypic levels.

• Heterogeneous group:Invasive ductal ca (triple negatives)Metaplastic caAdenoid cystic caMedullary ca and medullary featuresMost BRCA1 mutated tumors

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MedullaryHigh grade ductal

Metaplastic Adenoid cystic

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EGFR

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Markers of “basal like profile”

• CK 5/6*• EGFR• Vimentin• p53

• C­kit• P63• P­cadherin• MOC­31

*Luminal cytokeratins are 8/18

THERE IS NO ACCEPTED MINIMUM DEFINITION

Nielsen, Clin Cancer Res 2004

Livasy, Mod Pathol 2006

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Therapeutic implicationsbasal­like carcinoma

• Not all have poor prognosis• Tamoxifen and Herceptin not an option• Respond well to Neoadjuvant

chemotherapy• Association with BRCA1­ New

possibilities using DNA repair pathways­cisplatin, PARP inhibitors

• EGFR positivity also offers a newtherapeutic target

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Prognostic Significance of MolecularSubtypes

Adapted fromAdapted from SorlieSorlie et al, PNAS 98:10869et al, PNAS 98:10869­­10874, 200110874, 2001

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Molecular groups of breast cancer

Adapted fromAdapted from SorlieSorlie et al, PNAS 98:10869et al, PNAS 98:10869­­10874, 200110874, 2001

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Molecular groups of breast cancer

Adapted fromAdapted from SorlieSorlie et al, PNAS 98:10869et al, PNAS 98:10869­­10874, 200110874, 2001

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Molecular groups of breastcancer

But not all basalBut not all basal­­like carcinomaslike carcinomashave a worse prognosishave a worse prognosis

Adapted fromAdapted from SorlieSorlie et al, PNAS 98:10869et al, PNAS 98:10869­­10874, 200110874, 2001

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Other biology­basedsignatures

•Wound healing signature –Chang 2005

•Hypoxia signature –Chi 2006

• Invasiveness signature –Liu 2007

•Stromal signatures –Finak 2008, Beck 2008

Chang et al, PNAS, 2005 102:3738Chi et al, PLoS Med, 2006 3:e47Liu et al, NEJM, 2007 356:217Finak et al, Nature Med, 2008 14:518Beck et al, Lab Invest, 2008 88:591

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Examples of Applications ofMolecular Biology into ClinicalPractice Today and Challenges

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Modified fromPeto et al.Lancet355:1822, 2000

AdjCTX

AdjHT

Screening

Recent decrease in UK and USA breastcancer mortality at ages 35­69 years

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The complexity of assessingprognosis and prediction

Prognostic factors:• Clinical and/or pathologic features that place

the patient into outcomes groups (favorablevs. unfavorable)

• May help guide treatment strategiesClinical (race, detection, bilaterality..)Pathologic (tumor size, type, grade..)

Genetic, somatic and germline(BRCA1­2, Her­2/neu..)

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• Predictive factors: Clinical and/orpathologic features that predict responseto specific treatment interventions.Example, HER2/neu overexpression, ERexpression.

The complexity of assessingprognosis and prediction

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The Problem• Our ability to identify high risk patients

who require systemic adjuvant therapy isnot as adequate at we desire

• Identifying markers to predict response tospecific treatments is a challenge

• Commonly used drugs are ineffective inmany patients, and side effects develop

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Predictive Biomarkers used atpresent

ER and PRER and PR

ERBB2 receptorERBB2 receptor

Response toResponse toendocrineendocrinetreatmenttreatment

Response toResponse totrastuzumabtrastuzumab

So far a limited number of studies have applied aSo far a limited number of studies have applied agenomegenome­­wide approach using clinical material towide approach using clinical material to

identify predictive gene signaturesidentify predictive gene signatures

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Adjuvant Systemic Therapy forBreast ca

NCCN and St. Gallen Guidelines

•Node Negative Patients–Endocrine Therapy if HR+–Chemotherapy based on size, grade,

perhaps HR•Node positive Patients

–Chemotherapy•AC­T, FEC­T, TAC or similar regimen

–Plus Endocrine therapy if HR +–Plus Trastuzumab if HER2 +

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When is a Marker Clinically Useful?

• It is either prognostic or predictive• The magnitude of effect is sufficiently large that

clinical decisions based on the data result inoutcomes that are acceptable– Greater chance for benefit– Smaller toxicity risk

• The estimate of magnitude of effect is reliable– Assay is reproducible– Clinical trial/marker study design is appropriate– Results are validated in subsequent well­designed

studies

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ASCO Tumor Marker GuidelinesPanel

• ER, PR Select Endocrine Therapy

• HER2 Select Trastuzumab/

Lapitinib

• UPA/PAI ­1 Avoid Chemo if ER+

• Oncotype DX Avoid Chemo if ER+

Harris L., et al.  J Clin Oncol. 2007

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Her­2 Basics

•Her­2 protein; a plasma membranegrowth factor receptor

•overexpression causes spontaneousdimerization, followed by­

•constitutive signal transduction (tyrosinekinase activity)

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Her­2 Gene Amplification•increased gene copy number relative to

chromosome 17 (>2X by definition)•15­30% of breast carcinomas•causally related and proportional to protein

overexpression•Note: 5% of high level overexpression

occurs without amplification

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FISH

HER2/neuHER2/neuCEP 17CEP 17

No HER2 amplificationNo HER2 amplification

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HER2 amplification

A B

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Her­2 Amplification Biology

•strong/causal association with chr 17polysomy and DNA aneuploidy; a markerof genetic instability

• intratumoral heterogeneity (protein, copy#, chr 17 polysomy) is “common”, butextent is poorly defined in clinical material

•copy # and protein content well correlatedat population level but not well forindividual cells

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3+ Her­2 Stain

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1+ Staining1+ Staining

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HeterogeneityHeterogeneity

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From Romand et al, NEJM 353:16,1673­84, 2005

•33% reduction in risk of death withTrastuzumab therapy

– High risk local disease (mostly N+)– Trast + Tax/Adria/Cyclophos– 4.1% cardiotox– 3 year follow up

•“On the basis of these results our careof patients with Her­2 positive breastcancer must change today.” (editorial)

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Extracellular effects:Extracellular effects:inhibition of HER2 cleavageinhibition of HER2 cleavage

Interference withInterference with dimerizationdimerizationbetween receptorsbetween receptors

Immune mechanismsImmune mechanisms

Intracellular effects:Intracellular effects:

Induction of apoptosisInduction of apoptosisDecrease in proliferationDecrease in proliferationDecreased VEGFDecreased VEGF

PotentiationPotentiation of chemotherapyof chemotherapy

Modulation of downstreamModulation of downstreamsignalingsignaling

Altered cross talkAltered cross talk

HER2HER2

nucleusnucleus

TyrosineTyrosine kinasekinase

Breast Cancer Cell with HER2overexpression

trastuzumabtrastuzumab

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Promising Tumor Markers

• Individual Genes/Proteins– Measures of proliferation (S­Phase Fraction, KI67)– PAI­1/uPA– p53– Cyclin E– Host of Others– Markers of Progenitor Cells (really new)

• Multi­gene Expression–DNA array–Multiplex quantitative rt­PCR

• Proteomics• Pharmacogenomics

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Emerging Commercial AssaysCompany Veridex Agendia GHINicknames Rotterdam Sig Amsterdam sig OncotypeDX™

Mammaprint™Global gene expr’n Yes Yes NoSignature 76 genes 70 genes 21 genesAssay Array Array RT­PCRTreatment No 7% 100% TamTissue Frozen Frozen ParaffinCleared by FDA? No Yes NoAvailable in US No No YesPrice ­­­ $ 2000 $ 3400

ID N­/ER+/Avoid CTX

Validation Trial None MindAct (BIG) TailorRx (NA Intergroup)

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MammaPrint

• Based on Van’t Veeret al (Nature2002;415:530­6)

• 70 genes selectedfrom 5000 were usedto define prognosis ina set of breast cancerpatients (N=295)

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MammaPrint

Description & advantages• Agilent­type DNA

oligonucleotide microarray• Independent prognostic

value at multivariable level• Low risk and High risk

groups (89% vs. 70%10 yroverall survival)

Limitations• Needs fresh tissue• Original signature

obtained from node­negative, < 55yo, nochemo population

• Not completely validated

Limited use in most US institutionsLimited use in most US institutions

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RS  = + 0.47 x HER2 Group Score­  0.34 x ER Group Score+ 1.04 x Proliferation Group Score+ 0.10 x Invasion Group Score+ 0.05 x CD68­  0.08 x GSTM1­  0.07 x BAG1

Oncotype DX 21 Gene Recurrence Score

PROLIFERATIONKi­67

STK15Survivin

Cyclin B1MYBL2

ESTROGENERPR

Bcl2SCUBE2

INVASIONStromolysin 3Cathepsin L2

HER2GRB7HER2

BAG1GSTM1

REFERENCEBeta­actin

GAPDHRPLPO

GUSTFRC

CD68

16 Cancer and 5 Reference Genes From 3 Studies16 Cancer and 5 Reference Genes From 3 Studies

RS  31High risk

RS  18 and < 31Int riskRS < 18Low risk

RS (0 –100)Category

Adapted from Paik et al, NEJM 351:2817,2004

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OncotypeDx• Real time PCR test for 21 genes• Performed on paraffin embedded tissues• Gene list derived from published

expression profiles• Main use is in ER+, LN neg breast cancer

to decide if chemotherapy will beefficacious.

Paik et al, NEJM 2004;351:2817Paik et al, NEJM 2004;351:2817­­2626

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NSABP 20 and other data sets: Node Neg, ER+, Tam treatedpatients, 10 yr Distant Recurrence

NSABP:Validation Study of Oncotype DX

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

30%

35%

40%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50

Recurrence Score

 Dis

tant

 Rec

urre

nce 

at 1

0 Ye

ars

Low Risk Group High Risk GroupIntermediate Risk Group

Recurrence Score/Cont. Variable

Also most likely tobenefit from chemoRxPaik S., et al.  J ClinOncol 24:3726­3734, 2006

50% ofPts fall

into thiscategory

Adapted from Paik et al, NEJM 2004;351:2817Adapted from Paik et al, NEJM 2004;351:2817­­2626

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Summary of Clinical Implications ofRecurrence Score for ER+, N0 patients

Greater benefit fromadjuvant chemo

No or minimal benefitfrom adjuvant chemo

Less benefit fromTamoxifen

Greater benefit fromTamoxifen

Greater likelihood ofrecurrence

Less likelihood ofrecurrence

High RSLow RS

Intermediate?Intermediate?

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Node Negative ER and/or PgR (+) BC

Oncotype DX® Assay

RS < 11HormoneTherapyRegistry

RS 11 –25Randomize

RS > 25Chemotherapy

+Hormone Rx(Registry orOther Trials)

n~4400 for randomized arm

Hormone Rx Hormone Rx+ ChemoRx

US Intergroup TailorRx Trial

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Impact of OncotypeDX on ClinicalDecision Making

• Three clinical studies• Treatment recommendations changed in 20­25%• Most often results in sparing chemo• Less commonly results in adding chemo

Sparano et al, J Clin Oncol 2008 26:721

18Academic31Kamal et al20Community68Oratz et al

26CommunityandAcademics

89Lo et al

Change intreatment

SettingN of patientsAuthor

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Grading invasive carcinomas: point system

Tubule formation>75% 110­75% 2<10% 3

Nuclear pleomorphismSmall, uniform 1Variable 2marked pleomorphism 3

Mitotic count0­5 16­10 2>11 3

Grade 1 –well differentiated –3­5 pointsGrade 2 –moderately diff ­ 6­7 pointsGrade 3 –poorly differentiated –8­9 points

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Relationship between OncotypeDX,pathology, and Nottingham grade

% risk% risk

Nottingham gradeNottingham grade

StrongStrongassociationassociationbetween %between %

risk andrisk andhistologicalhistological

gradegrade(p<0.001)(p<0.001)

Cases withCases withlymphoplaslymphoplas­­

macyticmacyticinfiltrate hadinfiltrate had

high RShigh RS(p=0.0009)(p=0.0009)

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SWOG 8814/TBCI 0100 Correlative SciencePRIMARY ANALYSISCAUTION NEEDED

• The 21­gene RS seems to be prognostic fortamoxifen­treated patients with positive nodes

• Chemotherapy is most beneficial in HIGH RS,dominating in the first 5 years, but carriedover long­term

• LOW RS MAY define a group of women withpositive nodes who do not appear to benefitfrom CAF adjuvant chemotherapy (presented atthe San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium, 2007)

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Conclusions• Molecular tests have great potential to

refine breast cancer classification,enhance our understanding, and improvetreatment

• Their role in daily clinical practice isevolving

• Currently there are clinical trials to furthervalidate OncotypeDX and Mammaprint

• New tests will be coming as well

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Conclusions• Molecular tests have great potential to

refine breast cancer classification,enhance our understanding, and improvetreatment

• Their role in daily clinical practice isevolving

• Currently there are clinical trials to furthervalidate OncotypeDX and Mammaprint

• New tests will be coming as well

These molecular tests need to beused in conjunction with carefulhistopathological examination

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Present challenges•Better understand the molecular

pathogenesis of preneoplasticintraductal proliferations

•Effective strategies to prevent breast cadevelopment

•Better characterization of in situ toinvasive transition

•Better integration between pathology,clinical practice and molecular biology

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The University of Michigan HospitalThe University of Michigan Hospital

THANK YOU!THANK YOU!

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The University of Michigan Cancer CenterThe University of Michigan Cancer Center