molecules of life. organic compounds: molecules containing the element of carbon and at least one...

Molecules of Life

Organic Compounds: Molecules containing the element of carbon and at least one hydrogen

atom.

•Chemistry of Carbon Atoms

•Carbon atoms form chains

•Carbon chains are backbone for molecules of life

Functional Groups: particular atoms or clusters of atoms covalently bonded to carbon.

Organic MoleculesContain Carbon

and often hydrogen, oxygen, and other atoms

Everything here is organic

…..oops except for the bottle

Biologically Important Organic Molecules

Hydrocarbons – C, H

Carbohydrates – C, H, O

Proteins – C, H, O, N, S

Lipids – C, H, O

Nucleic Acids – C, H, O, N, P

Hydrocarbons contain carbon (C) and hydrogen (H)

HC

Hydrogen atom

Carbon atom

H

H

H

H

C

CH4

Methane = simple

hydrocarbon

A simple organic molecule with 1 Carbon and 4 hydrogen atoms

Energy released when hydrogen separated from carbon during burning

Ethane

Propane

Examples of Hydrocarbons (carbon and hydrogen)

Butane

Hydrocarbon (carbon and hydrogen)

Gasoline

Diesel – long chain hydroc-c-c-c-c-c-c-carbon

Monomers

Dimers

Polymers

What are monomers?Monomers = small molecules linked together to form chains.

What are polymers?Polymers = monomers linked together in chains .

Poly = many mer = parts or units Polymer = many parts linked together

?

Like a polymer

Like monomers

OH HO

O

Dehydration (removal of water) synthesis (uniting)

Monomer A

HOH

(Monomer A) (Monomer B)

(Monomer B)

Dimer & Polymer formation

(Monomer A)

dimer = two monomers

Carbohydrates

Contain

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Biologically important

organic compounds

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Monosaccharides = sugar

Ex. Glucose, Fructose, Galactose

Dissaccharides

Ex. Sucrose

Polysaccharides

Ex. Starch and Glycogen

(long chains of glucose molecules)

Carbohydrates

CARBOHYDRATES

Function: quick energystructural support

Characteristics: H – C – OHratio of carbon to hydrogen to oxygen atoms is 1:2:1

Monomer is the monosaccharide

Chapter 3The Molecules of Cells

Starch is a polymer of glucose used for storage. It is found in plants.

Cellulose is a polymer of glucose - used for storage. It is found in plants. We cannot digest cellulose!


Glycogen is a polymer of glucose used for storage. It is found in animals.


Contain

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen

Nitrogen

(Sulfur)


organic compounds

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

PROTEINS:Structure and Function of proteins controls structure and function of all life

Amino Acids

Dipeptide

Polypeptide or Protein

Proteins


Proteins

Characteristics

The monomer form is called an an amino acid.

A central or alpha carbon which is connected to the following:

amino group

carboxylic acid group

hydrogen

R-group


Proteins

These 20 different amino acids are analogous to an alphabet with 20 letters

Each letter can be put together in any order, for any length to form an infinite number of proteins (words)


Proteins

What process do you use to form a peptide bond?

NCC – NCC – NCC- NCC - NCC


Proteins

Functions

Structural – bones, muscles, collagen

Enzymes – proteins which speed up chemical reactions

Transportation – hemoglobin within your red blood cells transports oxygen to all parts of your body

Protection – antibodies enable you to fight off infections

MORE MORE MORE!

Contain

Carbon

Hydrogen

Oxygen


organic compounds

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

56

LIPIDS

Function: long term energy

storageinsulationprotective cushionforms cell membraneshormones

Characteristics: do not dissolve in waterno simple monomer

structureTypes

Fats and OilsPhospholipidsSteroids


LIPIDS – Phosopholipid


Lipids (fats) = polymers made of monomers

called fatty acids and glycerol

glycerol

Fatty acid

58

LIPIDS – Fats and Oils

What atoms are these molecules made of? Are these molecules hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

Triglyceride


LIPIDS – Triglycerides

Saturated fats – no double bonds exist in the fatty acid tails

Unsaturated fats – have at least one carbon – carbon double bond in any of their fatty acid tails

What is the difference between oil and butter?


Saturated vs. Unsaturated Fat

•

LIPIDS – Other Lipids


Steroids are lipids which possess a “ringed” structure

Cholesterol is a major component of the cell’s plasma membrane (structural function), but it is also the precursor for the key hormones testosterone & estrogen

Proteins as Enzymes

Models of Enzymes

How do enzymes work???

The Role of the Enzyme-Substrate Complex

Figure 5.5A Jumping-bean analogy for energy of activation (EA) and the role

of enzymesEA barrier

Reactants

Products1 2

Enz

yme

EN

ER

GY

LE

VE

L

Progress of reaction or time

Rat

e of

rea

ctio

n

Temperature (C)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Enzyme A Enzyme B

Environmental factors affecting enzyme activity

Environmental factors affecting enzyme activity

Optimal pH for two enzymes

Ra

te o

f re

act

ion

Ra

te o

f re

act

ion

0 20 40 60 80 100Temperature (Cº)

(a) Optimal temperature for two enzymes

(b) Optimal pH for two enzymespH

Optimal temperature fortypical human enzyme

Optimal temperature for enzyme of thermophilic

Optimal pH for pepsin (stomach enzyme)

Optimal pHfor trypsin(intestinalenzyme)

10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

(heat-tolerant) bacteria

Contain

Carbon

Hydrogen

Nitrogen

Oxygen

Phosphate


organic compounds

Carbohydrates

Proteins

Lipids

Nucleic Acids

Nucleic Acids

Function: make up genes which

store all of the information about

an organismenergy currency of the cell

Characteristics: monomer is a nucleotide5- carbon sugarphosphate group1 of 5 nitrogenous bases(adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine, or uracil)


Nucleic Acids


Nucleic Acids


A = T

G = C

Nucleic Acids


Nucleic Acids


Types of nucleic acids

DNA – deoxyribonucleic acid

Deoxyribose

Phosphate group

Adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine

Double-stranded structure (double helix)

RNA – ribonucleic acid

Ribose

Phosphate group

Adenine, guanine, uracil, cytosine

Single-stranded linear structure


ATP – adenosine triphosphate

Ribose

3 phosphate groups - the terminal or last phosphate is held on by a high energy but weak bond – when this bond is broken energy is released

Adenine

Nucleic Acids

How do monomers become polymers?


Dehydration synthesis – Removal of a water molecule between two reacting molecules forming a new covalent bond in the process

How do polymers become monomers?


Hydrolysis – Addition of a water molecule to a polymer to break a bond within a polymer to form the monomers

molecules of life. organic compounds: molecules containing the element of carbon and at least one...

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