mongolia mining and environmental rehabilitation · environmental rehabilitation in asm •...
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Mining and environmental rehabilitation challenges, Mongolia case
Bolormaa Purevjav, CIRDI FellowChair, Stakeholders Engagement for Sustainable Development
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Content
• Mongolia background
• Mining development since 1990s
• Impacts of mining
• Environmental rehabilitation: why is it so of crucial importance
for us?
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1990: A democratic country Rural nomadic culture and modern city lifestyle
Population: 3 million
Human Development Index: 0, 735 Progressive economic growth: 1998 - 2014
Mongolia background
Economic decline: 2015-2017 Poverty rate: 21,6 %
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Socio-economic data
0.00%10.00%20.00%30.00%40.00%50.00%60.00%70.00%80.00%90.00%
100.00%
Male Female
Male Female
Male Female
69.89
98.46%
10.4% Life expectancy
Literacy rate
Unemployment rate (2016)
66.02%75.84%
98.20% 98.91%
12.30%
8.40%
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Mining development dynamics
• Mineral Resources Law 1997
• Mineral Resources Law 2006 (amended 2010, 2012, 2013,2014)
• Mineral resources policy document: 2014 – 2025
• A mining law drafted and being discussed, 2017
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Mining development dynamics
as of March 2017Exploitation licenses: 1571 Exploration licenses: 1978 Economic contribution: 17% of GDP
Gold program: 1992-2000Gold production increased dramatically and new gold reserves discovered: 110, 360 ton 107,6 million USD to state budget
2001-2004: mining intensified
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Artisanal small scale mining (ASM)
only 5000 are organized, but
over 60000 people in illegal mining
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Local movements“Take the gold and leave the dirt” approach
Land damaged, degraded and abandoned: 42,556 hectares (as of 2012)Water issues emerged: pollution and scarcity
Mongolian Nature Protection Civic Movement Council comprising 17 local grassroots movementsMongolian river protection movements
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Policy implications• President’s Decree: stop permission for exploration licenses • 2006: 68 percent withhold tax introduction• July 2009 Law on Prohibition of Mineral Exploration and Mining in the
Headwaters of Rivers, Protected Water Reservoir and Forested Areas.
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What were impacts?
• Over 2500 exploration licenses were cancelled and no new licenses until recently
• Mining companies put the gold as collateral in the commercial banks
• 252 mining exploitation licenses cancelled, Government had to pay money to companies but lacks budget
• Emergence of so called “environmental rehabilitation companies but doing mining”
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Comprehensive environmental package law
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Environmental rehabilitation in mining
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Why environmental rehabilitation is so critical?Over million or 30 percent of population are in herding
Mongolia already experiencing impacts climate change which also contributes to pasture degradation; and frequent natural disasters
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Environmental Rehabilitation in ASM
• Economic affordability: less costly, labor intense• Social acceptability: future economic use • Ecological viability: ecological and climatic
conditions across Mongolia
Alluvial, hard-rock gold and fluorspar
750 ASMrs rehabilitated 143 ha of abandoned land.
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Building community knowledge and increasing rehabilitation skills
• Technical rehabilitation• Topsoil management• Biological rehabilitation
• Demonstrating collaborative approaches between stakeholders: local government and ASM NGOs
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Gurvan Tes, Таmgat site, Umnugovi aimag
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Munkhairkhan SPA /Uyench canyon /
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Bayan Ovoo, Bayankhongor aimag, Altan Us
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Bayankhongor aimag, Jargalant soum, Mandal buureg site
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Thank you!