monitoring competitiveness reforms: access to finance for

Monitoring Competitiveness Reforms:

Access to Finance for Firms in Mongolia

POLIC

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MONITORING COMPETITIVENESS REFORMS: ACCESS TO FINANCE FOR FIRMS IN MONGOLIA

The COVID-19 crisis has severely hit Mongolia’s economy and SMEs have been hit hardest. Strengthening SMEs is a policy priority that Mongolia has clearly recognised, as their growth can contribute to the diversification of employment and exports, and therefore reduce dependence on extractive sectors. Access to finance in particular hinders firm growth, despite the development of several public financial instruments.

This Policy Insight discusses these challenges, and suggests five sets of policy actions for the Mongolian government to ease access to finance for SMEs: (1) continue to strengthen the regulatory framework and data collection for SMEs, (2) develop the provision of credit guarantees, (3) improve governance and credit processing procedures in public financial instruments, (4) enhance financial literacy of entrepreneurs, and (5) accelerate the digitalisation of procedures.

www.oecd.org/eurasia

Co-funded by the European Union

Policy Insights

GLOBAL RELATIONSEurasia Competitiveness Programme

This work is published under the responsibility of the Secretary-General of the OECD. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein do not necessarily reflect the official views of the member countries of the OECD. This document, as well as any data and map included herein, are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.

Please cite this publication as: OECD(2020), Monitoring Competitiveness Reforms: Access to Finance for Firms in Mongolia, OECD Publishing, Paris, http://www.oecd.org/eurasia/competitiveness-programme/central-asia/Monitoring-Competitiveness-Reforms-Access-to-Finance-for-Firms-in-Mongolia-ENG.pdf.

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│ 3

MONITORING COMPETITIVENESS REFORMS: ACCESS TO FINANCE FOR FIRMS IN MONGOLIA © OECD 2020

Foreword

In 2016, as part of the OECD Eurasia Competitiveness Programme, the OECD worked with

the Government of Mongolia to enhance access to finance for Micro, Small and Medium-

sized Enterprises (MSMEs). Policy recommendations on access to finance were developed

in public-private Working Group Meetings throughout 2016. A high-level government

delegation, led by the Minister of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry and the Economic

Policy Advisor to the President, presented the final results and endorsed the

recommendations.

The OECD conducted capacity-building workshops and fact-finding missions to Mongolia

in 2017 and 2018 to support the implementation of the recommendations. In 2019,

monitoring and capacity-building workshops involving experts from France and Poland

were organised to take stock of implementation progress, provide new insights and case

studies, and prepare this monitoring note. This note was developed in consultation with the

government, private sector companies, business associations, and development partners

during the monitoring process. It assesses the implementation progress made in the last

three years, and makes recommendations for further progress.

The analysis also addresses the new and specific challenges pertaining to MSMEs’ access

to finance caused by the Covid-19 outbreak in early 2020 and the economic consequences

of the pandemic. The government has taken action to support businesses, in particular

SMEs, throughout the pandemic. The experiences of OECD member and non-member

countries in supporting business liquidity and the supply of finance to their businesses

throughout the crisis provide additional venues that can be explored by the government

when designing recovery policies.

The note has been discussed and peer reviewed during an OECD Eurasia Webinar on 18

September 2020.

4 │


Acknowledgements

This note summarises the monitoring work carried out by the OECD Eurasia

Competitiveness Programme as part of the OECD Central Asia Initiative. The work was

completed in consultation with the Government of Mongolia. The project was funded by

the European Union as part of the Policy Component of the Central Asia Invest Programme.

The OECD would like to thank the representatives of ministries and state agencies, the

private sector, business associations, non-governmental organisations and other

stakeholders for their involvement in the project and valuable insights for the development

of this note. The work was overseen on the Mongolian side by Mr Nyamtseren Enkhtaivan,

Minister of Foreign Affairs, and by the then Deputy Prime Minister Mr Enkhtuvshin

Ulziisaikhan, and then State Secretary of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Mr Davaasuren

Damdinsuren, whose support and involvement were particularly appreciated.

The OECD would like to extend its gratitude to the following representatives of the

Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Mr Enkhbold Vorshilov, former Director General of Foreign

trade and Economic cooperation department; Mr Ulziisaikhan Ganbold, Deputy Director-

General of Foreign Trade and Economic Co-operation Department, Mr Munkhbaatar

Davaasambuu, Officer; as well as to representatives of the Ministry of Food, Agriculture

and Light Industry: Mr Ulaan Chultem, former Minister; Mr Jambaltseren Tumur-Uya,

State Secretary; and Mr Erdenesaikhan Yadamsuren, former Director of SME, Co-

operatives Development Policy and Co-ordination Department and now Head of the SME

Agency.

The OECD is also grateful for contributions made by: Mr Erdenebat Tseveendorj,

Economic and Industrial Policy Adviser to the President; Mr Batbayar Baasan, Director,

and Mr Tamir Erdenebat, Head of Department, Mongolian Credit Guarantee Fund; Ms

Battsetseg Batsuuri, Director, and Mr Batbold Sanjid, Officer, formerly SME Development

Fund; Mr Erdenesaikhan Yadamsuren, Head of the SME Agency; Ms Odontungalag

Baatar, Director, and Ms Nurgul Mendu, Senior Officer, Public Education and Information

Centre, Bank of Mongolia; and Mr Munbat Lkhagvaa, Director of Investment Policy and

Co-ordination Department, National Development Agency.

Representatives of the private sector and business associations provided useful inputs

during discussions held in Mongolia, we are grateful to: Mr Duuren Tumenjargal, CEO,

Mongolian National Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Mr Unenbat Jigjid, Director,

Mongolian Bankers association; Mrs Lakshmi Boojoo, Director, and Ms Odonchimeg

Ikhbayar, Deputy Director, Economic Policy and Competitiveness Research Centre; Mrs

Gerelt-Od, Business school, National University of Mongolia; Mrs Battsetseg Jorsuren,

President, and Mrs Tsatsral Tsengel, Director, Mongolian Customs Consultants

Association.

We would also like to thank Mr Vincent di Betta, Head of International Expertise

Activities, Bpifrance, who provided valuable contributions to the report, and Ms Martyna

Wieczorek, Senior Expert at the Ministry of Economic Development of Poland, who

participated in the peer review process.

A number of representatives of the development community provided further support to

the work. We would like to note the support of Ms Irina Kravchenko, Mongolia Country

Director, Mrs Baigalmaa Sanjjav, National programme manager, Small business support

│ 5


team, and Ms Tuvshinjargal Gotov, Acting programme manager, EBRD; Mr Batbold

Batmunkh, IFC; Mr Giacomo Giannetto, Principal Financial Sector Specialist, ADB; and

Ms Jutta Rehag and Mr Munkhbayar Itgel, SME development experts, GIZ.

The European Union funded the project and provided important support. Thanks are due to

Mr Pierre Amilhat, Director, Directorate-General for International Co-operation and

Development (DG DEVCO), European Commission (EC); Ms Raffaella Iodice, Head of

Unit DEVCO, Middle East, Central Asia, South Asia, DG DEVCO, F1 Unit, EC; H.E. Mr

Traian Hristea, EU Ambassador to Mongolia, Mr Pierre-Yves Lucas, Head of Co-operation

Section, and Ms Evegnia Faraza, Attaché – Co-operation Section, EU Delegation to

Mongolia; Mr Johannes Stenbaek Madsen, Head of Co-operation Section, and Ms Silvia

Pietropaolo, Programme Manager, EU Delegation to Kazakhstan.

This report was prepared under the guidance of Mr Andreas Schaal, Director of OECD

Global Relations, and Mr William Tompson, Head of the OECD Eurasia Division.

The lead author of this report is Mr Sebastian Kupferschmid, Project Co-ordinator, OECD

Eurasia Division with revisions prepared by Ms Amélie Schurich-Rey, Economist and

Policy Analyst, OECD Eurasia Division. The project was managed by Mr Grégory

Lecomte, Senior Policy Analyst, and Mr Arnault Prêtet, Project Manager, OECD Eurasia

Division. The report was reviewed by Ms Annie Norfolk Beadle, Policy Analyst, OECD

Southeast Asia Division; Mr Marco Bianchini, Policy Analyst, OECD Centre for

Entrepreneurship, SMEs, Regions and Cities; and Ms Chiara Monticone, Senior Policy

Analyst, OECD Directorate for Financial and Enterprise Affairs.

Thanks are also due to Ms Buyanchimeg Enkhbayar, OECD Local Consultant, for her

invaluable support on the ground, Ms Batjargal Hishigsuren, who translated the document

from English to Mongolian, as well as Mr Christopher A. Marquardt, who provided his

editing skills. Valuable administrative support was provided by Ms Mariana Tanova and

by Ms Iulia Viscu, Assistants within the OECD Eurasia Division.

6 │


Table of Contents

Foreword ................................................................................................................................................ 3

Acknowledgements ................................................................................................................................ 4

Acronyms and Abbreviations ............................................................................................................... 8

Key Indicators: Mongolia ..................................................................................................................... 9

Executive summary ............................................................................................................................. 10

Summary of Monitoring Assessment ................................................................................................. 12

Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 13

Overview of 2016 recommendations on access to finance for MSMEs ........................................... 19

Recommendation 1. Gather and disseminate coherent data on MSMEs ........................................... 19

Recommendation 2. Diversify the products offered by the SME Development Fund ...................... 19

Recommendation 3. Overcome collateral issues by making the Mongolian Credit Guarantee

Fund more effective ........................................................................................................................... 19

Recommendation 4. Streamline administrative procedures for loan applications ............................. 19

Recommendation 5. Improve financial education by ensuring the national financial literacy

strategy is tailored to MSMEs............................................................................................................ 20

Findings of the 2019 Monitoring ........................................................................................................ 21

Monitoring of recommendation 1: MSME data ................................................................................. 21

Monitoring of recommendation 2: SME Development Fund loan offers .......................................... 24

Monitoring of recommendation 3: Credit guarantees ........................................................................ 27

Monitoring of recommendation 4: Administrative procedures and one-stop shops .......................... 29

Monitoring of recommendation 5: Financial literacy ........................................................................ 30

Way forward ........................................................................................................................................ 33

References ............................................................................................................................................ 36

Tables

Table 1. Core indicators of the OECD Scoreboard on SME and entrepreneurship finance .................. 24

Table 2. Amount of loans guaranteed by the MCGF ............................................................................ 28

Figures

Figure 1. GDP growth and global metal prices are closely correlated .................................................. 13

Figure 2. Command GDP gap and the terms of trade ........................................................................... 14

│ 7


Figure 3. Credit growth has resumed .................................................................................................... 15

Figure 4. Implementation roadmap ....................................................................................................... 34

Figure 5. Financial digitalisation path ................................................................................................... 34

Boxes

Box 1. Mongolia’s Asset Quality Review ............................................................................................. 16

Box 2. Mongolia’s economic response to the COVID-19 pandemic .................................................... 17

Box 3. Mongolia’s new SME definition ................................................................................................ 22

Box 4. Financial support, governance and work processes of Bpifrance, France’s SME agency ......... 27

Box 5. Georgia’s one-stop shops ........................................................................................................... 29

Box 6. OECD International Network on Financial Education (INFE) .................................................. 32

8 │


Acronyms and Abbreviations

ADB Asian Development Bank

AQR Asset Quality Review

BEEPS Business Environment and Enterprise Performance Survey

BoM Bank of Mongolia

CA Central Asia

CGDP command GDP

EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

EC European Commission

ECP Eurasia Competitiveness Programme

EU European Union

FDI foreign direct investment GDP gross domestic product IFC International Finance Corporation

ICT information and communications technology

IMF International Monetary Fund

INFE International Network on Financial Education

MNCCI Mongolian National Chamber of Commerce and Industry

MCGF Mongolian Credit Guarantee Fund

MNT Mongolian tugrik (currency)

MoFALI Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry

MSME micro, small and medium-sized enterprises

NDA National Development Agency

NPL non-performing loan

NSO National Statistics Office

OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development

SMEs small and medium-sized enterprises

SMEDF SME Development Fund

WG Working Group

│ 9


Key Indicators: Mongolia

Note: MSMEs = micro, small and medium-sized enterprises. The National Statistical Office of Mongolia

defines MSMEs as companies with no more than 49 staff members. MNT = Mongolian tugrik (currency).

USD = United States dollars (currency).

Source: National Statistical Institute of Mongolia official website, www.1212.mn (accessed 29 July 2019);

Bank of Mongolia official website, www.mongolbank.mn/eng/liststatistic.aspx (accessed 29 July 2019);

World Economic Indicators, World Bank, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator (accessed 29 July 2019).

Mongolia

Population, 2018 3.17 million

Surface area, 2018 1 564 120 km2

GDP (USD, current prices) 2018 13.01 billion

GDP per capita (USD, current price), 2018 4 104

Real GDP growth (USD, constant prices) 2018 +6.9%

Inflation (average consumer prices, y-o-y change), 2018 6.8%

Exports of goods and services (% of GDP), 2018 60.3%

Imports of goods and services (% of GDP), 2018 63.5%

FDI, net inflows (% of GDP), 2018 16.7%

General government net lending/borrowing, percentage of GDP, 2017 -2.7%

Unemployment (% of total labour force), 2018 6.3%

Percentage of GDP in main sectors, 2018:

- Mining 41.7%

- Agriculture 19.3%

- Wholesale trade and retail 17.0%

- Manufacturing 16.3%

- Construction 5.7%

Micro, small and medium-sized enterprises: Statistics

Total number of businesses 87 725

Businesses with fewer than 50 employees 85 226

Percentage of MSMEs in selected sectors (out of total MSMEs):

- Mining 1.0%

- Agriculture 4.3%

- Manufacturing 7.3%

- Construction 7.7%

- Wholesale trade and retail 41.7%

Access to finance: Statistics

Outstanding loans (EUR, current prices), 2019 (June) 6,144 billion

Average lending rate for loans in MNT, 2019 (June) 17.0%

Central Bank policy rate, 2019 (July) 11.0%

Deposit rate, 2019 (June) 10.6%

Outstanding loans to MSMEs (% of total loans), 2019 (May) 14.7%

http://www.1212.mn/

http://www.mongolbank.mn/eng/liststatistic.aspx

http://data.worldbank.org/indicator

10 │


Executive summary

After slowing sharply in 2014-15, Mongolia’s economy bounced back strongly in 2017-

18, expanding by more than 12.6% over the biennium. However, the economy remains

heavily dependent on the mining sector, with minerals and metals accounting for over 90%

of total exports. Mongolia thus remains vulnerable to the kind of external shocks that hit

the country when the commodity super-cycle ended in the middle of the decade.

Diversifying production and exports is thus a critical policy priority. Improving the

competitiveness of micro, small and medium-sized enterprises (MSMEs) can help serve

this objective, as they represent the vast bulk of firms in non-mining sectors.

Access to finance has long been recognised as one of the main policy barriers hampering

MSME development. In 2016, in co-operation with the government, the OECD formulated

five policy recommendations to mitigate market failures affecting MSME access to finance.

This report assesses the level of reform implementation of each of them and provides

guidance on further steps needed.

First, Mongolia needed to improve its regulatory framework for MSMEs. In 2019,

Mongolia passed a new SME law featuring a harmonised MSME definition. Several

institutions have also increased their data collection on MSMEs. This, together with the

newly-developed MSME definition, can help improve the evidence base for policy, as well

as the design of public financial instruments targeting MSMEs.

Second, the OECD recommended diversifying the products offered by, and improving

the governance of, the SME Development Fund (SMEDF) in Mongolia. Virtually no

action was taken until 2018, contributing to a corruption scandal involving the

embezzlement of SMEDF funds. In 2019, the SMEDF embarked on governance reforms

and took steps to increase the involvement of private banks. These efforts must be

intensified to align the governance and processes with OECD good practices. This could

be part of current government plans to transform the SMEDF into an SME agency.

Third, the 2016 report suggested improving the operations of the Mongolian Credit

Guarantee Fund (MCGF) to help address MSMEs’ collateral issues. The management

and provision of guarantees have improved during the monitoring period with the support

of the ADB. The MCGF has also increased its co-operation with banks and is building

partnerships with credit guarantee funds such as France’s Bpifrance.

Fourth, Mongolia was advised to simplify administrative procedures and loan

applications for MSMEs. The government has worked on improving administrative

procedures. New one-stop shops (OSSs) are being developed in the country with the

support of international organisations, such as the OSS at the National Development

Agency (NDA). Procedures have also become more efficient due to increasingly digitalised

administrative procedures. Mongolia should further implement OSSs for MSMEs and

consider extending the NDA’s OSS to domestic businesses.

Fifth, public agencies were encouraged to help enhance the financial literacy of MSMEs

by leveraging the national financial literacy strategy. Efforts have been undertaken under

the leadership of the Bank of Mongolia, including training programmes across the country.

The Bank has also joined the OECD International Network for Financial Education.

However, these efforts were targeted at the general public. The Bank should pursue plans

to focus its work on financial literacy for MSMEs.

│ 11


The Covid-19 pandemic has further exacerbated the vulnerability of firms,

particularly MSMEs, and their financial liquidity. Recovery prospects will depend

crucially on their access to finance to sustain activity and employment. The crisis induced

by the pandemic has led to a steady fall in commodity prices and demand, especially from

China, reducing growth and making diversification and SME support even more essential.

In addition, lockdown measures have put many small private businesses and households

under financial strain despite measures to support them. Post-crisis planning will require

specific support for businesses to access finance, including through additional guarantees

and credit lines as the liquidity crisis will significantly worsen the extent of the slowdown

and delay prospects for recovery.

12 │


Summary of Monitoring Assessment

2016 recommendation

2019 monitoring assessment

Progress

status Way forward

Develop and disseminate

coherent data on MSMEs

Implement the SME law

Improve data sharing across institutions

Diversify the products

offered by the SME

Development Fund

(SMEDF)

Improve the governance of the SMEDF

Ease collateral demands

by making the MCGF

more effective

Continue to expand guarantee activities and improve

risk assessment

Streamline administrative

procedures for loan

applications

Consider further implementing one-stop shops for

local businesses

Improve financial

education by ensuring the

national strategy is

tailored to MSMEs

Develop more targeted financial education activities

for MSMEs

Participate in the OECD/INFE working group on SME

finance

Legend:

Completed Close to completion Being implemented Initiated Not started

│ 13


Introduction

Mongolia was one of the fastest growing countries in the world during 2010-14 before

being hit the end of the commodity super cycle. In 2015-16, GDP growth dropped sharply

(Figure 1). As commodity prices recovered, growth picked up again, reaching 6.9% in 2018

and 6.7% in 2019. The growth was broad-based, affecting both manufacturing and services,

and was driven largely by rising exports (mainly of coal) and strong investment in mining.

Private consumption also continued to recover supported by rapid credit growth (ADB,

2019[1]).

Figure 1. GDP growth and global metal prices are closely correlated

Note: The values of the Metal index represent the benchmark prices which are representative of the global

market. They are determined by the largest exporter of a given commodity. Index 2016 = 100.

Sources: http://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/,

https://www.imf.org/en/Research/commodity-prices.

The mining sector – chiefly coal, copper and gold – remains the key driver of Mongolia’s

growth and exports. The export basket is highly concentrated; in 2017, minerals and metals

accounted for over 90% of total exports (Simoes and Hidalgo, 2019[2]). The sector also

directly generates almost a quarter of Mongolia’s fiscal revenue, and other revenue streams

are closely correlated with it (ADB, 2019[1]).

In order to appreciate the sometimes dramatic impact of recent terms-of-trade shifts on real

incomes in Mongolia, it is useful to go beyond the conventional measure of real GDP.

Volume GDP underestimates the increase in real incomes and purchasing power that may

be induced by, for example, a sharp rise in export prices (Kohli, 2003[3]). One way to correct

this is provided by the so-called “command GDP” (CGDP) indicator, which adjusts the

calculation of GDP to reflect the impact of changes in the terms of trade on the aggregate

0%

2%

4%

6%

8%

10%

12%

14%

16%

18%

20%

50

100

150

200

250

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018

Global price of Metal index (right axis)

Mongolia's GDP growth in % (left axis)

http://datatopics.worldbank.org/world-development-indicators/

14 │


purchasing power of the economy. In effect, it is a real-income indicator that reflects both

the magnitude of terms-of-trade shifts and the economy’s exposure to international trade.1

The calculation of command GDP provides a stark illustration of just how staggering the

terms-of-trade shocks of the last few years have been, with CGDP diverging from

conventional GDP by more than 20% of GDP in 2006 and by more than 15% as recently

as 2017 (Figure 2).

Figure 2. Command GDP gap and the terms of trade

Note: ToT = terms of trade.

Source: Own analysis based on data from the National Statistical Office and the World Bank.

The dependency on mining makes Mongolia vulnerable to external shocks; this was

particularly apparent in 2015-16, when commodity prices dropped sharply. The

government’s policy of accommodating these shocks with expansionary policies to boost

domestic demand left the country with mounting public debt, falling international reserves

and declining growth (IMF, 2017[4]).

In order to overcome these fiscal challenges and assure the long-term sustainability of

public finances, Mongolia agreed in 2017 to an international financing package amounting

to USD 5.5 billion with the IMF and other partners, including the Asian Development Bank

1 Command GDP = TDDV + XGSV*(PXGS/PMGS) – MGSV, where TDDV is total domestic

demand; XGSV and MGSV are, respectively, export and import volumes; and PXGS and PMGS

are the export and import deflators. Since the terms of trade are defined as the price of a country’s

exports divided by the price of its imports, deflating both exports and imports by the import price

deflator (rather than using different deflators for imports and exports, as is done when computing

GDP) yields a summary measure of the impact of terms-of-trade shifts on a country’s purchasing

power – i.e. on its ability to “command” goods and services. In other words, this indicator reflects

an awareness of the fact that exports are important precisely because they enable a country to pay

for imports. For further discussion of the command GDP indicator, see OECD (2003, pp. 37-

38[46]).

-20%

-10%

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

-10%

-5%

0%

5%

10%

15%

20%

25%

2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

Gap between CGDP and GDP as % of GDP ToT change (%), right axis

│ 15


(ADB), the World Bank, and the governments of Japan and Korea. It also included an

extended swap line between the Bank of Mongolia and the People’s Bank of China (IMF,

2017[4]). The financial assistance, as well as the implementation of reforms agreed as part

of the package, have put Mongolia back on a path to debt sustainability. However, the

episode also highlighted the urgent need to do more to diversify the economy away from

mining and to strengthen the banking sector (IMF, 2019[5]).

Some 97% of registered businesses in Mongolia are SMEs, which are by far the dominant

type of enterprise in non-mining sectors. Improving their competitiveness is hence one of

the key policy areas that can help diversify the economy. As of 2018, small and medium-

sized enterprises (SMEs) accounted for 72% of total employment and generated 17.8% of

GDP, but accounted for only 2.3% of total exports (Government of Mongolia, 2019[6]).

According to surveys by the Bank of Mongolia, the Mongolian National Chamber of

Commerce and Industry (MNCCI) and the SME Development Fund (SMEDF), MSMEs

face specific difficulties due to their size, including higher transaction costs and more

limited access to key business inputs. In a 2018 survey by the Bank of Mongolia, SMEs

named the social and political environments as the principal barriers they faced, followed

by lack of access to finance. In recent years, surveyed MSMEs have consistently reported

lack of access to finance as one of the top barriers for doing business, along with tax and

red tape (Bank of Mongolia, 2018[7]; Bank of Mongolia, 2017[8]).

MSMEs’ access to finance has improved since 2016, despite the fact that the total volume

of domestic credit provided by the financial sector has contracted, from 76% of GDP in

2016 to 65% in 2018 (World Bank, 2019[9]). According to Bank of Mongolia (BoM) data,

the volume of outstanding loans to MSMEs has increased by more than a third, from 6.9%

of GDP in May 2017 to 9.4% in May 2019. Loans to individuals have been growing since

mid-2016 and since 2018, credit to small and medium corporates has also expanded (Figure

3). Most of the outstanding loans are to firms in “wholesale and retail trade, repair of motor

vehicles” sector (32%), followed by manufacturing (15%) and construction (12%) (Bank

of Mongolia, 2019[10]).

Figure 3. Credit growth has resumed

(% change, year on year, three-month moving average)

Source: (IMF, 2018[11]).

16 │


At the same time, the ratio of non-performing loans (NPLs)2 to SMEs has declined from a

peak of 12.8% in January 2017 to 6.6% in July 2019 – although even the latter figure is

high by OECD standards. Concerns were expressed in 2017 and 2018 about the overall

strength of the banking sector and possible systemic risks. Bank capitalisation and the low

level of provisions considering the high NPL rates were considered insufficient to meet

capital adequacy ratio requirements. A reassessment of loans in the scope of the Asset

Quality Review (AQR) conducted under the IMF programme revaluated the share of NPLs

(see Box 1). This is in line with stable NPL ratios for the banking sector as a whole (IMF,

2018[11]).

Box 1. Mongolia’s Asset Quality Review

During Mongolia’s latest economic downturn in 2015, banking-system vulnerabilities

became apparent. This was a legacy of the boom years in 2013 and 2014, when banks’

balance sheets doubled in just two years. In addition, foreign currency lending was

high at one-quarter of the loans. Underwriting standards were low and credit risks

increased significantly. In 2014, NPLs were up by 48% year-on-year. The IMF judged

asset quality problems to be understated especially given the inadequate classification

of loan restructurings at some banks. In response, and as part of the IMF programme,

an Asset Quality Review (AQR) was launched.

Mongolia’s AQR, which was not yet concluded at the time of writing, consisted of

four main steps. First, a third-party auditor assessed the assets in Mongolia’s banks in

January 2018 and identified a system-wide shortfall of 1.9 percent of GDP. In May,

the BoM informed banks that it had updated this assessment to reflect the projected

capital need at end-2018, based on the higher NPLs found by the AQR and banks’

business plans. This increased the amount of new capital that the banking system had

to raise by end-December 2018 to 3.1 percent of GDP. In June 2018, Parliament passed

a Recapitalisation Law to ensure that public capital is available for systemic banks that

are unable to raise sufficient capital from private means. In September, banks were

required to submit detailed updates regarding capital raised to date and how remaining

shortfalls would be met by end December. The reclassification of the NPLs required

by the findings of the AQR then resulted in higher NPL shares.

Source: IMF (2015[12]; 2018[11]).

Public efforts to improve access to finance for MSMEs were furthermore marred by a

corruption scandal concerning the provision of preferential credit through Mongolia’s

public SME Development Fund (SMEDF). In autumn 2018, it was revealed that many of

the companies that had received loans were tied to prominent policy makers. Widespread

protests forced the Minister of Food, Agriculture and Light Industry (MoFALI) and the

Speaker of the parliament to step down. Criminal prosecution of some of the SMEDF staff

ensued, and credit disbursals stopped. Reforms were subsequently undertaken to improve

the governance of the fund (Bayartsogt, 201[13]; Dierkes and Jargalsaikhan, 2018[14]).

In addition to addressing the SMEDF’s problems, the government has recently undertaken

efforts to improve the policy framework for SMEs and ultimately their competitiveness.

Among other things, the government has prepared a new SME law including an SME

2 Loans marked either substandard, doubtful, or as a loss by the BoM.

│ 17


definition (Box 2) that was recently adopted. Also, a programme for SME development

was drafted in spring 2019 and is currently being implemented. The plan has six goals: to

improve the legal environment for SMEs; to facilitate access to finance; to develop

consulting services; to introduce innovation and eco-friendly technology; to expand market

access for SMEs; and to organise a "One Village, One Product" campaign to create brand

products locally.

The government has also undertaken steps to improve the legal and regulatory framework

related to insolvency and the availability of information on creditors, both of which are

crucial for the access to finance of companies. In co-operation with the International

Finance Corporation (IFC), a credit bureau has been built and the market for movable-asset

financing has been strengthened by the launch of a web-based pledge-notice registry in

February 2017. The registry enables creditors to search for existing claims on movable

assets that they intend to use as collateral and to file security interest on their approved

collateral (World Bank, 2019[15]). Further work is under way to reform the insolvency

framework.

However, the Covid-19 crisis in early 2020 has hit the export-oriented economy of

Mongolia hard, with a contraction by 9.7% during January-July. The final impact could be

even more severe, the balance of risks being weighted towards the downside. Mongolia’s

growth prospects will largely be determined by global demand of commodities. Lockdown

measures have severely challenged the liquidity of firms, in particular the smallest ones.

According to the Mongolian Chamber of Commerce and Industry, two thirds of businesses

were affected by the pandemic. The government has designed a series of measures to

support businesses during the crisis and will need to continue this support for some time

yet (Box 2). The impact on public finances, both through falling income and the increased

expenditure to support the economy, should not, however, deter the government from

pursuing reforms crucial to the recovery.

Box 2. Mongolia’s economic response to the COVID-19 pandemic

MSMEs in Mongolia have benefitted from a fiscal support package to withstand the loss

of revenue induced by the lockdown. Mongolia has designed a national package of seven

measures totalling MNT 5.1 bn (USD 1.9 bn, roughly 13.9% of 2019 GDP) to protect the

health and income of people, preserve employment and stimulate the economy during the

Covid-19 crisis. The measures include:

temporary tax exemptions for six months from 1 April, including the waiver of

personal income tax for employees, exemption from social insurance contributions

for all private entities, and exemption of corporate tax for entities with annual

revenues of less than MNT 1.5 bn (EUR 5 m) (mining, oil, retail and tobacco sectors

are excluded from the scheme);

a monthly payment of MNT 200,000 (EUR 65) for three months to employees of

private companies that keep their workers on the job despite declining revenues;

a planned fuel subsidy to reduce retail fuel prices; and

sector-specific measures for cashmere producers, including loans and stable prices.

Additional measures aimed at ensuring financial and economic stability, preventing risks

and making the digital transition have been announced. This include, among other things,

banking sector reforms to foster greater transparency and stability, and the expansion of

18 │


the activities of the credit guarantee fund.

Most of these measures are in line with OECD countries’ responses. Many countries have

used deferral of loan repayments, especially for loans disbursed by SME funds, and the

development of emergency credit products and guarantees, preferably to be channelled by

SME agencies in partnership with banks, as has been done in France. Most of these

responses have been designed as short term measures targeted to the most affected players

and sectors (OECD, 2020[17]).

However, to recover from the crisis, the easing of lockdown measures alone will not allow

financially-constrained businesses to return quickly to previous levels of activity. For

recovery to occur, the government will have to further support businesses and the provision

of financing could be a core element of recovery planning, prioritising small firms and

critical sectors whose disruptions and layoffs would have long-lasting negative impacts,

further reducing national productive capacities (OECD, 2020[18]). Further targeted loans

and guarantees, based on the mitigation measures implemented during the pandemic could

then be used to critically support these businesses and secure employment during the first

stages of recovery.

Donors increased their financial support for SMEs before and during the COVID-19 crisis.

For example, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) is

providing more than EUR 96 million via two public financial institutions to 20 300

MSMEs, in addition to funding through their Trade Facilitation Programme, risk-sharing

and leasing programmes, and microfinance funds. GIZ has also recently developed an

Innovation Fund that is benefiting SMEs in Mongolia. This support to business activity has

been expanded to fight the COVID-19 effect, including from the ADB, the EU and the

World Bank.

This report focuses on more specific areas related to MSME access to finance. The next

section recalls the 2016 recommendations while the subsequent section assesses their

implementation, taking stock, where relevant, of the new challenges brought by the Covid-

19 pandemic and its lasting economic consequences. In the final section, priorities for

future reform implementation are identified.

│ 19


Overview of 2016 recommendations on access to finance for MSMEs

In 2016, the OECD recommended that the government of Mongolia implement the

following five sets of policy measures to mitigate market failures affecting MSMEs’ access

to finance. The recommendations were developed in public-private working groups that

met three times during the year.

Recommendation 1. Gather and disseminate coherent data on MSMEs

In 2016, the various state institutions were still using different definitions of MSMEs. This

led to inconsistencies in both MSME development policies and the provision of targeted

support for these companies, including policies to increase access to finance. There was

furthermore a lack of co-ordination among the public bodies collecting and working on

MSME data. It was therefore recommended that the government develop a consistent SME

definition for use by all public institutions. The government also should develop publicly

available analysis of SMEs, develop more coherent and widely-shared data for SMEs, and

consider joining the OECD Scoreboard on SME and Entrepreneurship Finance.

Recommendation 2. Diversify the products offered by the SME Development Fund

In 2016, the SMEDF loan offer was limited to a few types of loans and leases. There was

limited product offer to address the needs of MSMEs at certain stages in their lifecycles,

for instance through loans to start-ups or seed financing. It was therefore recommended

that the SMEDF should diversify its loan offer while working closely with the banking

sector.

It was also recommended that the SMEDF should involve banks more in the loan

application process as well as revise the entire process – first by asking banks to assess loan

applications, and then by asking the SMEDF to review the applications selected by banks,

to minimise risks of interference.

Recommendation 3. Overcome collateral issues by making the Mongolian Credit

Guarantee Fund more effective

Similarly, the Mongolian Credit Guarantee Fund (MCGF) was urged to engage more

closely with banks to help expand its credit guarantee offer. It was recommended that bank

representatives should be included in the MCGF’s board. This, as well as continuous

exchanges with banks, was aimed to help ensure a mutual understanding of the guarantee

assessment and provisions. Furthermore, the MCGF was encouraged to enhance its risk

appraisal using risk assessment tools from banks and institutions with international partners

such as Kazakhstan’s DAMU or France’s Bpifrance.

Recommendation 4. Streamline administrative procedures for loan applications

In 2016, bureaucratic barriers to obtaining loans were high and numerous administrative

documents were required, a process that involved many interactions with various

administrative entities. No one-stop shop was available for businesses. It was therefore

recommended to increase co-ordination between the SMEDF and partner banks regarding

documentation, to reduce the number of documents required by banks, and to consider

20 │


implementing one-stop shops for MSMEs to simplify the gathering of administrative

documents.

Recommendation 5. Improve financial education by ensuring the national financial

literacy strategy is tailored to MSMEs

MSME access to finance was also limited by supply-related issues, with high rejection rates

and poor loan applications according to banks. Low financial literacy remained a major

obstacle for MSMEs wanting to access finance. Many were ill-equipped to fill out financial

forms and fulfil other documentary requests by banks. Many initiatives were carried out by

public institutions, private organisations and donors in a fragmented manner.

It was therefore recommended for Mongolia to map and co-ordinate all existing initiatives

on financial literacy for MSMEs. In addition, Mongolia was urged to include financial

education for MSMEs in the national strategy and consider joining the OECD International

Network on Financial Education (OECD/INFE).

│ 21


Findings of the 2019 Monitoring

Mongolia has made strides in improving access to finance, but issues with public

instruments such as the SMEDF and delays in passing the SME Law have limited the

immediate impact for firms.

On the supply side, Mongolia has been revising its regulatory framework for SMEs

including the SME definition, even if these revisions and updates were only recently

approved. It has also improved the functioning and funding of the MCGF with the support

of the ADB. Overall administrative procedures are being simplified in co-operation with

the Mongolian Chamber and Commerce and Industry and international partners. These

include the establishment of first concepts of one-stop shops. However, the governance

structure and functioning of the SMEDF were not reformed, which may have contributed

to aforementioned corruption scandals. Both the MCGF and the SMEDF, if properly

reformed, can be essential financial instruments to channel post-crisis funds to businesses,

in partnership with banks.

On the demand side, important efforts on financial literacy have been made by the Bank of

Mongolia that has joined the OECD International Network for Financial Education (INFE)

to gain experience and support initiatives.

Monitoring of recommendation 1: MSME data

The regulatory framework for MSME financing was improved by developing a new

SME law and definition

Effective policy making requires solid evidence-based analysis, which is why the quality

of data collected is of high importance. The collection of robust MSME data, including on

their access to finance, depends first on having a solid definition of firms by size that is

applied consistently throughout the public administration and potentially harmonisable

with those applied in other countries (OECD et al., 2016[19]).

Mongolia has made good progress in this regard. In June 2019, a new law on SMEs was

adopted that contains an updated definition of SMEs (Box 2). The harmonised SME

definition can now help the authorities develop consistent policies and support programmes

across ministries and public agencies. It will simplify the visibility and access of MSMEs

to government programmes, as some companies were previously excluded from certain

programmes due to different MSME definitions. In particular, the definition now also

includes micro-enterprises, a fact which will help them access public financial instruments.

The law furthermore contains provisions on governmental activities to strengthen MSMEs

and MSME clusters, as well as high-level guidance regarding the SME development

programme. It includes provisions on creating a conducive tax regime for MSMEs and on

providing information, training, advisory services, and support for exporting SMEs. It

defines the rights and obligations of SMEs – such as participation in public SME

development programs and projects, and access to training and information – but also

includes reporting requirements. The law clarifies which bodies and which different state

and local bodies are in charge of the various aspects of SME policy.

22 │


Box 3. Mongolia’s new SME definition

Mongolia’s law on SMEs of 6 June 2019 introduced a new and streamlined definition of

MSMEs. It defines three types of enterprises – micro, small and medium-sized – with the

following characteristics:

Micro enterprises are defined as businesses with up to ten employees, engaged in

production, trade and service sectors and with a sales income of up to MNT

300 million (~ EUR 100 000) annually;

Small enterprises are defined as businesses with between ten and 50 employees,

engaged in production, trade and service sectors and annual income between

300 million to MNT 1 billion (~ EUR 333 000);

Medium-sized enterprises are businesses with up to 200 employees, engaged in

production, trade and service sectors and an annual income of up to MNT 2.2

billion (~ EUR 745 000).

The law further specifies that the number of employees should be used as key indicator in

case other data are lacking and/or ambiguous.

Source: Law of Mongolia on SMEs of 6 June 2019, accessed at https://www.legalinfo.mn/law/details/14525.

In addition to regulatory improvements, several institutions have increased their research

on SME issues to support better policy making. This can help provide the evidence base

for policy making by the government, as well as the design of financial instruments by the

MCGF, the SMEDF and the banks:

The Bank of Mongolia is producing extensive research on SME issues. One

example is its October 2018 survey on SME development and financial access,

which consists of a representative sample of 1,922 SMEs from all regions of

Mongolia. The survey incorporates questions regarding SMEs’ use of support

agencies, their perception of the business environment, their external and internal

financing, as well as information regarding their sales, costs and revenue (Bank of

Mongolia, 2018[20]).

The MNCCI also carries out surveys together with the Business School of the

National University of Mongolia. For example, the nationwide “Mongolian

business environment survey”, which aims to assess the country’s business

environment, has identified the lack of sources of financing and seed money as the

biggest obstacles for business (JICA, 2018[21]).

The MCGF has built a database with information on SMEs that are its clients.

The National Statistics Office gathers data on enterprises (disaggregated by firm

size) in general through its annual enterprise survey.

Promising efforts to establish regular and more granular SME surveys in the context

of the Mongolia SME Observatory and 2014 Survey3 were pursued in 2014, but no

follow-up surveys have been undertaken since.

3 http://sme.gov.mn/observatory-data.

https://www.legalinfo.mn/law/details/14525

http://sme.gov.mn/observatory-data

│ 23


However, there is as yet no evidence of regular exchange of data between the different

institutions – particularly as regards the provision of data and evidence to the Ministry of

Food, Agriculture and Light Industry (MoFALI), which is the key ministry in charge of

SME policies in the country. This may hamper data consistency and limit the effective use

of the information gathered.

Since 2016, a number of additional indicators regarding SME access to finance have

become available (Table 1) and provide a solid basis for policy making on access to finance.

However, several of these indicators stem from surveys that are not conducted on a

regularly recurring basis, and there is no single document or institution compiling and

reporting on all data available despite the key roles played by the MoFALI and the BoM.

Mongolia has not yet become a member of the OECD SME Financial Scoreboard,4 an

OECD benchmark tool for access-to-finance policies and agencies in OECD member and

partner countries, as the approval of an SME law and consistent definition of MSMEs were

identified as the most urgent actions. With the law now passed and currently under

implementation, the government should consider adhering to the OECD Scoreboard to

further systematise its data-gathering efforts on MSMEs and enhance its ability to

benchmark performance against peer economies. A dedicated meeting was held between

the MCGF and the OECD team in charge of the SME Financial Scoreboard during a study

visit to Paris in October 2019. Both parties agreed to continue discussing how Mongolia

could join the Scoreboard.

4 https://www.oecd.org/cfe/smes/financing-smes-and-entrepreneurs-23065265.htm.

https://www.oecd.org/cfe/smes/financing-smes-and-entrepreneurs-23065265.htm

24 │


Table 1. Core indicators of the OECD Scoreboard on SME and entrepreneurship finance

Core indicators of the OECD Scoreboard Availability

in 2016 Availability

in 2019 Institution

responsible

1 - Share of SME loans in total business loans (Y) (Y)1 BoM2*

2 - Share of SME short-term loans in total SME loans N Y BoM

3 - SME loan guarantees (Y) Y MCGF

4 - SME guaranteed loans Y Y MCGF

5 - SME direct government loans Y Y BoM

6 - SME rejection rate (Y) Y2 BoM

7 - SME loans used (Y) Y2 BoM

8 - SME NPLs / SME loans N N BoM

9 - SME interest rates (Y) Y BoM

10 - Interest rate spread between large and small enterprises N (Y) BoM3*

11 - Percent of SMEs required to provide collateral Y Y6 EBRD, BEEPS

12 - Venture and growth capital (N) N UNDP4

13 - Asset-based finance N N

14 - Payment delays N Y NSO5

15 - Bankruptcies N N

* Can be derived from other datasets.

Data in brackets are not readily available but can be computed using different data sources.

Note: NSO = National Statistics Office.

Sources: 1 National Bank of Mongolia; 2 National Bank of Mongolia; 3 Derived from National Bank of

Mongolia; 4 UNDP; 5 Mongolian Statistical Office; 6 World Bank.

Monitoring of recommendation 2: SME Development Fund loan offers

Efforts to expand the loan offer have been undertaken

The SMEDF has worked to expand its loan offer with preferential interest rates and longer

maturities, in line with the 2016 recommendation. In addition, the fund’s scope of work has

widened, as it is also participating in the organisation of events and expositions. The fund

financed 188 projects with a total of EUR 27 million in 2017, up from 154 projects with

EUR 16.8 million, respectively, in 2016. The projects cover several SME-dominated

sectors, such as food production, light industry, agriculture, animal husbandry,

construction, underground storage, eco-friendly/bio activities, wholesale and retail,

processing factory and recycling (SMEDF, 2018[22]). In 2019, using a new project selection

process, 16 preferential loans, each with a value of more than EUR 100 000, were awarded,

for a total value of EUR 4.4 million (ikon.mn, 2019[23]). As of 2019, SMEDF management

reports that 10% of the SMEDF’s overall loan portfolio consisted of loan amounts below

EUR 30 000, 80% corresponded to loans worth between EUR 30 000 and 100 000, and the

remaining 10% consists of credits of over EUR 100 000 to a total of around 50 enterprises.

Because the SMEDF’s budget is based on yearly allocations from the state budget and

approved by the Parliament, it is fairly volatile, limiting the predictability of future loan

operations while multi-year financing would provide stability and visibility for SMEDF

operations.

There remains a need to improve loan appraisal transparency and processes at the

SMEDF

Despite the expansion of the SMEDF’s loan offer, the fund’s governance and loan appraisal

processes have not improved. The 2016 recommendations urged the SMEDF to increase

banks’ involvement in its lending process and, in particular, to have banks make the first

http://www.1212.mn/tables.aspx?tbl_id=DT_NSO_0700_002V2&NIR1_select_all=0&NIR1SingleSelect=_1&YearM_select_all=0&YearMSingleSelect=_201906&viewtype=table

https://www.mongolbank.mn/documents/sudalgaa/20171102_SME_eng.pdf

https://www.mongolbank.mn/documents/statistic/rateDeposit/2019/06oe.pdf.

https://www.mongolbank.mn/documents/statistic/rateDeposit/2019/06oe.pdf.

https://www.undp.org/content/dam/rbap/docs/dg/dev-effectiveness/RBAP-DG-2018-Development-Finance-Assessment-Mongolia.pdf,%20pp.%2038-39.

http://www.1212.mn/tables.aspx?tbl_id=DT_NSO_0700_002V2&NIR1_select_all=0&NIR1SingleSelect=_12&YearM_select_all=0&YearMSingleSelect=_201906&viewtype=table

https://microdata.worldbank.org/index.php/catalog/3561/study-description

│ 25


assessment of loan applications, before the SMEDF reviewed them, to limit interference.

Such an approach would improve the loan appraisal process through clearer governance

and risk sharing. These recommendations were not implemented.

A corruption scandal erupted in autumn 2018 involving the use of SMEDF funds by its

management and by the responsible ministry, the MoFALI. SMEDF’s operations were

shaken when it was revealed that high-ranking government officials had benefited illegally

from the low-interest loans provided by the SMEDF, as applications were selected by the

SMEDF in the first place. The Ministry of Finance, which oversees the financial

proceedings of the agency, stopped the operations of some funds and merged the

Agricultural Support Fund with the Livestock Protection Fund and SMEDF.

The SMEDF still needs to revise its governance and work processes. As of October 2019,

the new structure and governance were still being redefined, although some changes were

being implemented – according to the new management of the SMEDF, which was mostly

recruited from other public sector entities. The SMEDF has since 2019 begun lending via

three commercial banks, thus improving the credit provision process. However, this only

applies to credits of EUR 100 000 or more. For credits below that amount, funds are still

provided by the SMEDF directly, without the involvement of banks and at a lower interest

rate (currently 3%). The SMEDF’s new appraisal process involves four steps: (i) checking

the application based on character, financial, collateral and alignment with government

plan; (ii) a risk credit assessment; (iii) an onsite visit; and (iv) board approval. The

SMEDF’s board takes decisions regarding loans below EUR 100 000 and loan applicants

need to present their projects to the board for approval. The board consists of seven

members, bringing together representatives of four NGOs/business associations and three

public organisations. The fund itself does not have any decision-making power at board

meetings regarding loans.

Nevertheless, it would be better if loan decisions and the corresponding risk assessment

were taken by banks for all sizes of loans, as it is the banks that have the appropriate

expertise, staff, incentives and political independence. Banks should have a financial

incentive to participate, but also carry a share of the credit risk. The SMEDF would then

confirm its financial support on a case-by-case basis. Co-financing with banks should be

the default process of the SMEDF and interest rates should be aligned for all loans to avoid

distorting competition. In case of loans co-financed by banks, another feature could also be

to expand the co-operation between the SMEDF and the MCGF to provide guarantees to

loans selected by the SMEDF.

The SMEDF could further study and aim to replicate the experience of OECD members’

SME funding agencies, such as Bpifrance (Box 3) – in the first instance by involving banks

more closely in loan assessment and by delegating the first steps of the loan appraisal

process to them, but also by extending its business model to a wider range of support

services. Bpifrance and Turkey’s KOSGEB, for example, have progressively moved from

a business model where funding was the key activity to become fully-fledged SME

agencies providing a wide range of support activities to help SMEs grow and thrive.

KOSGEB and Bpifrance have developed incubators, internal universities and support

programmes for R&D and for SME internationalisation, among other initiatives (bpifrance,

2019[24]; KOSGEB, 2019[25]). The rationale was to support SMEs during their whole life

cycle and not only with respect to financial matters. This could also improve SMEs’ ability

to manage their finances and use the disbursed funds.

The Mongolian government is considering the creation of an SME agency by merging the

SMEDF with other funds under the aegis of the MoFALI as of 1 January 2020. The

26 │


SMEDF, or the new SME agency, could consider expanding its mandate and developing

activities on training, information, and expertise targeted at SMEs, partly diverting its

resources currently focused on loan provisions to fund these activities.

Most governments have channelled financial support through SME agencies to

help with post-Covid-19 recovery

The effects of Covid-19 are most likely to exacerbate the existing vulnerabilities in the

financial systems and the access to finance of MSMEs, as banks might be even more

reluctant to lend in the current uncertain context. Liquidity provision to businesses might

drop, triggering a chain reaction dampening recovery prospects. For MSMEs in Mongolia

to play their core economic role, the government has a key role to play in supporting the

provision of financing for sustained activity in partnership with banks, without

overburdening the banking sector with an unsustainable build-up of liquidity pressures.

Across OECD countries, public institutions devoted to SMEs have been at the core of the

crisis package, expanding their loan offer and portfolio. In France for instance, Bpifrance

has expanded the scope and amount of its usual SME loan offer (Box 3) to allow even the

most vulnerable SMEs to navigate the crisis. Most countries plan to pursue these policies

as part of their recovery packages. The SMEDF and the MCGF could play a similar role at

the forefront of the support for SMEs during the first stages of economic recovery, through

widespread loan provision.

│ 27


Box 4. Financial support, governance and work processes of Bpifrance, France’s SME

agency

Governance and work processes

Bpifrance, the French public bank for SMEs, finances businesses from the seed phase all

the way through to stock-exchange listing, through loans, guarantees and equity. It provides

access to a vast selection of loans from which SMEs can choose through the website or

directly in agencies. Its regional offices include banks on their governing boards so they

can participate in decisions on loan risk assessment policies. When making the loans,

Bpifrance meets with partner banks almost weekly to agree on the loan assessment and

ensure that its processes and policies are aligned with those of each partner bank.

Bpifrance uses a dedicated computerised instrument for risk assessment that assigns scores

to counterparty risk, project risk and transaction risk. The rating obtained is only a support

to decision making, which also takes into account such factors as the qualities and

weaknesses of the project, the entrepreneur profile, and market perspectives. The bank also

leverages its extensive experience by combining statistical data on defaults of past projects,

observed over long periods, to infer the most appropriate multiplier for each fund.

Bpifrance’s response to the crisis

Bpifrance has been instrumental in France’s responses to the COVID-19 in favour of

SMEs. Bpifrance is implementing a 300 bn state guarantee scheme (PGE-loans) to support

banks in providing loans to businesses, with a 90% cover by the state. It is also providing

an unsecured loan of EUR 10,000-5m with maturity of over 3 to 5 years for SMEs, with a

significant delay in repayment. Bpifrance has also suspended the payment of its loan

instalments.

To support the innovation ecosystem, Bpifrance has maintained its innovation funds of

EUR 1.3 bn planned for 2020 and launched 2 calls for proposals on R&D projects and

health responses to the COVID-19. Bpifrance is also increasing equity funding for French

start-ups and SMEs with the launch of the "Fund for reinforcement of SMEs" (EUR 100

m), and the "French Tech Bridge" (EUR 80m) to support start-ups between two fund

raising.

Source: Bpifrance (2019[24]).

Monitoring of recommendation 3: Credit guarantees

The management and provision of guarantees by the Mongolian Credit

Guarantee Fund have strongly improved

With the support of the ADB, the MCGF has strongly increased the involvement of banks

in the credit guarantee process and increased the number of guarantees provided. While it

issued guarantees to 36 SMEs in 2016, this number increased more than fourfold to 160 in

2018. Similarly, the guaranteed loan amount and the guarantee amount increased to support

larger loan amounts and longer maturities at lower interest rates.

28 │


Table 2. Amount of loans guaranteed by the MCGF

2016 2017 2018

Number of benefiting SMEs 36 62 160

Guaranteed loan amount (MNT mln / EUR mln) 19 273.1 / 6 508.8 23 721.3 / 7 904.2 53 200.7 / 19 970.4

Guarantee amount (MNT mln / EUR mln) 8 008.3 / 1 250.4 11 633.6 / 3 888.8 29 831.3 / 10 073.3

Source: MCGF.

This increase is partly due to co-operation with the ADB, which has been supporting the

MCGF with a credit line of USD 60 million as well as technical assistance. The fund is

thus able to provide two similar guarantee products, one based on internal domestic funding

and one based on the ADB loan. As of 2019, the large majority of guarantees given by the

MCGF were based on the ADB loan. The ADB has also assisted in the creation of new

products (such as specialised guarantees for women entrepreneurs), helped to improve

marketing, and supported the reorganisation and governance and transparency reforms in

MCGF. The bank also helped improve the outreach to banks and SMEs, and implement

financial management reforms in the fund. The technical assistance ended in December

2018 (ADB, 2019[26]).

As of spring 2019, the MCGF had five partner banks (Trade and Development Bank, State

Bank, Khaan Bank, Xac Bank, and Capitron Bank), and the number was expected to grow

further. The increased trust between banks and the MCGF partly reflects improved

processes, as the ADB deposits the guarantee directly with the bank. This procedure

covered 150 out of a total of 160 grants in 2018.

Within the scope of the ADB project, the MSME risk assessment tools, which were initially

developed by the MCGF and the National University of Mongolia, have been updated

based on international experience. The MCGF’s assessment is more rigorous than the

average of the banking sector’s risk assessment tools (ECRC, 2019[27]), and the MCGF is

working to further improve its operations by implementing around 30 technical

recommendations given by the ADB.

The MCGF has also developed its co-operation with Bpifrance as part of the OECD project;

a memorandum of understanding (MoU) between the two institutions was signed during a

recent study visit to France. The MCGF has now signed co-operation agreements with 13

commercial banks, the BoM, and the Mongolian stock exchange, building a basis for future

growth.

In addition, the fund is collaborating with local academia and research institutions to further

professionalise its services and develop a better monitoring and independent assessment of

its guarantee provision and impact. To this end, it has signed a co-operation agreement with

the National University of Mongolia to work on an impact assessment. To reduce the

processing time required by the guarantee service, the MCGF has been working on

adopting web-based electronic service and reducing paper use.

Credit guarantees can support SMEs during the first stages of post-Covid-19

recovery

One of governments’ policy responses to the COVID-19 crisis aimed to incentivise banks

to accommodate the liquidity needs faced by businesses and has largely used new or

expanded credit guarantee schemes to support access to finance. In a situation of heightened

credit-risk and solvency risk of businesses, the reduction in the expected losses faced by

banks provides the right incentive for provision of new credit or rolling over existing ones.

│ 29


For instance, in countries such as the Germany, France (Box 3), Italy and Spain, guarantees

covered at least 80% of the value of credits granted to SMEs which is above the coverage

rate (30 to 70%) during normal times.

The MCGF could temporarily expand its credit guarantee schemes, as a complement to

easier loan provision by SMEDF, to cover the liquidity needs of MSMEs during the first

stages of economic recovery. Such an extension of guarantee schemes would not substitute

for conventional lending, but provide temporarily targeted assistance. Supporting the

MCGF would allow to expand the financial support to small firms at a smaller cost than

soft loans.

Monitoring of recommendation 4: Administrative procedures and one-stop shops

New one-stop shops are being developed

Since 2016, public institutions, business associations and donors have been working to

simplify administrative procedures and loan application processes for MSMEs and banks

through digitalisation and the creation of new one-stop shops (OSSs) targeting businesses.

Physical one-stop shops have existed in Mongolia since 2016, supported by the Swiss

Agency for Development and Co-operation and catering to all citizens. Even though these

one-stop shops are not specialised for MSMEs, business entities and entrepreneurs have

been able to get some of the necessary information from them as they provide relevant

services and programmes such as social insurance, social welfare, employment promotion,

land management, civil registration and bank and notary services (ILO, 2016[28]).

New one-stop shops targeting more businesses are being developed in the country with the

support of private, public and international organisations, such as the MNCCI. The MNCCI

has developed dedicated space in its offices to support administrative procedures, including

loan applications for businesses in Ulaanbaatar and in other cities. The government could

partner with the MNCCI to develop these one-stop shops for businesses – involving

agencies such as the General Authority for Intellectual Property and State Registration of

Mongolia (in particular the Legal Entities Registration Office in charge of business

registration), the MoFALI and the General Department of Taxation – with the support of

the Communications and Information Technology Authority.

In establishing these new one-stop shops, the government could leverage the precedent of

the National Development Agency (NDA) of Mongolia, which has created a one-stop shop

with the support of the World Bank and GIZ that targets foreign investors (Montastudio,

2019[29]). In addition, the government could follow the example of Georgia’s OSS (Box 5).

As a first step, a working group on OSSs could define the needed activities and processes

to establish a common front office.

Box 5. Georgia’s one-stop shops

To improve its provision of public services, the government of Georgia has established

public service halls and community centres – all functioning as one-stop shops for public

services. These reforms occurred after the Rose Revolution, in line with strong public

demand for reducing public sector corruption; the government thus had a popular mandate

30 │


not only to remove corrupt officials, but also to use large foreign investments to improve

both physical and digital public services in the country.

The public service halls bundle the services of the Civil Registry Agency and the National

Agency of Public Registry, the National Archives, and the National Bureau of Enforcement

as well as the Notary Chamber. The Hall currently offers up to 400 services.

The community centres are similar but are operated and maintained by municipal

authorities. Evaluations have characterized this model as being simple and transparent,

particularly since the introduction of ICT solutions to the delivery of services.

Between 2012 and 2014, 14 public service halls were opened across the country, serving

up to 18 000 individuals per day, with an average waiting period of 5 minutes and a service

time of 6-7 minutes. Evaluations and customer satisfaction surveys are conducted daily,

allowing for a continuous improvement of the delivery process.

Sources: (Login Asia, n.d.[30]; OECD et al., 2016[19]).

Efforts are underway to digitalise administrative procedures

Mongolia is also working on digital one-stop shops, but development is still at an early

stage. The “Khur” system for government information exchange was introduced in 2018

by the Communications and Information Technology Authority of Mongolia and the

Mongolian National Data Centre. The system aims to establish direct links between

government organisations through digital means, allowing information to be exchanged

faster, more flexibly, more safely and more reliably. The system currently allows private

organisations to be connected to the system and thus obtain documents and information

(National Data Center, n.d.[31]). As a result, banks are now able to receive and download

the required public documents for loan applications electronically. Documents include the

Identification Card, Birth Certificate, Certificate for Enterprises, Certificate of Ownership

of Immovable Property, Certificate of Social Insurance and Vehicle Registration

Certificate. Processes have thus become more efficient and the time spent on administrative

procedures has decreased.

Monitoring of recommendation 5: Financial literacy

A financial literacy strategy and corresponding tools have been developed

Financial education is an essential tool for helping MSMEs and entrepreneurs to obtain

access to finance and strengthen their business and financial management skills. Better

financial education should help MSMEs become more aware of financing opportunities

and financial risks and opportunities; make informed business plans and related choices;

manage their financial records, planning and risks effectively over the short and long terms;

and take other effective actions to maximise the potential of their businesses (Atkinson,

2017[32]).

A few initiatives to improve financial literacy were already in place in 2016, carried out by

a variety of organisations. To combine and build on these fragmented initiatives, a working

group led by the BoM was established to develop a national financial strategy (Bank of

Mongolia, 2015[33]). It brings together the different public, private and donor organisations

to improve co-ordination, build synergies among different institutions’ activities and align

priorities. The BoM has further intensified its co-operation by signing a MoU with the

Mongolian Institute of Certified Public Accountants in order to strengthen the financial

│ 31


decision making of MSME owners and increase the quality of their financial documents. It

has also created the Economic Training and Research Centre under the Bank of Mongolia

to expand its capacity to support improvements in financial education.

During the monitoring period, consumer protection appeared as a priority for the

government and the Bank of Mongolia. This was affected by the high level of indebtedness

of the general population, which became a major policy concern in 2017-18 and led to the

inclusion of the issue of financial consumer protection and the establishment of a legal

environment for it in the Monetary Policy Guidelines in 2019. The BoM consequently

prioritised financial education for consumers over specific work on MSMEs, but the latter

is once again high on the agenda.

Mongolia has nevertheless made substantial progress by including financial literacy in the

Monetary Policy Guidelines for 2019 by the State Great Khural (the unicameral parliament

of Mongolia), with a focus on MSMEs. The Bank of Mongolia has continued to roll out a

significant number of financial literacy initiatives, including training courses, handbooks

and manuals for citizens, youth and entrepreneurs. In addition, financial literacy has been

included as an elective course of business studies in the curriculum of secondary education;

an additional “Personal finance and business entrepreneurship” lesson was been

incorporated into the training content of vocational education and training institutions (an

effort initiated by the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection); and a compulsory

“Personal Finance” course is now part of the programme of Universities. Furthermore, 20

handbooks have been developed to increase the financial literacy of the rural and urban

population including MSMEs (GIZ, 2018[34]), and more than 2 300 educators have been

trained in order to provide improved financial literacy education.

The BoM has joined the OECD International Network for Financial Education

Specific activities for MSMEs are still being developed in 2019. The BoM has joined the

OECD International Network for Financial Education (OECD/INFE) and is using

international experience from Malaysia, Portugal and other countries to develop its own

pillar on MSME finance in the financial literacy strategy and activities. The BoM is also

working on a questionnaire to survey the financial literacy of SMEs and collected

guidelines from the OECD/INFE (OECD, 2019[35]). This survey is to be rolled out in spring

2020. The Monetary Policy Guideline for 2020 also instructs the Bank to accelerate the

provision of financial literacy of MSMEs using the available resources.

The BoM has also since 2017 participated in the OECD/INFE to gain experience, learn

about other countries’ practices and share ideas (Box 6). It participated in four technical

committee meetings in 2017, 2018 and 2019 and is member of the working groups on

digital financial literacy; financial education in the workplace; and standards,

implementation and evaluation. However, it is not yet active in the working group on

financial education for MSMEs. The OECD/INFE has published a series of guidelines and

studies that could be useful to the BoM in further developing its strategy and activities on

MSMEs in its report on financial education for MSMEs, which is due to be published in

2020. At the time of writing, a successful first round of meetings with EBRD were

conducted for technical assistance to formulate a sub-program for MSMEs. In the scope of

this programme, the BoM aims to further co-operate with organisations such as the SME

support centre, Mongolia’s SMEDF, the Mongolian Bankers Association, MoFALI, the

MNCCI, the MCGF, the Microfinance Development Fund, the Sparkasse Fund and other

MSME-oriented organisations.

32 │


Box 6. OECD International Network on Financial Education (INFE)

The financial literacy of MSMEs is a key item in strengthening their access to finance.

Therefore, and in co-operation with the G20, the G20/OECD High-Level Principles on

SME Financing were developed, with one of the principles urging governments to “enhance

SME financial skills and strategic vision” (principle 7).

In this context, the OECD/INFE has undertaken substantial work related to MSME

financial literacy. In 2018, the OECD/INFE core competencies framework on financial

literacy for MSMEs was published. The framework serves as a tool to support the

development of learning frameworks for financial education initiatives (including training)

targeting MSMEs and potential entrepreneurs, as well as deepening the financial content

of programmes covering business skills more broadly. In addition, it can support the

development of assessment frameworks for measuring the financial literacy of MSMEs and

for use in programme evaluation.

The framework is structured around four main areas of competencies that are organised

into three dimensions of financial literacy and across the main development stages of an

enterprise. The framework and other INFE work build both on the work of the Working

Group on MSME Financial Literacy and on stocktaking exercises of financial literacy in

21 economies.

The OECD/INFE has also developed a questionnaire to assess the level of financial literacy

of SMEs and provide instructions for relevant institutions to design their own surveys. The

template questionnaire includes detailed questions (which can be adjusted to each country)

in different areas, such as: financial products used for the business; managing and planning

business finances; financial knowledge; and financial education and protection.

Source: (OECD, 2019[36]; Atkinson, 2017[32]; OECD, 2018[37]; OECD, 2015[38]; OECD, 2019[35]).

│ 33


Way forward

Mongolia has made significant progress in improving MSME access to finance. However,

further efforts, particularly in the area of governance, are required to sustain and build on

the successes achieved. The actions needed are detailed in Figure 4 below.

In the near term, agencies and ministries should focus on implementing the new SME law

to establish a common definition and policy framework. This will help ensure that future

policies are designed based on the targeted needs of Mongolian MSMEs and the long-term

development objectives of the country.

At the same time, the governance of the SMEDF requires further improvement. The

provision of direct credit through the SMEDF should be scrapped, with all preferential

loans – and thus also the credit appraisal process – handled by (ideally private) commercial

banks. This should be considered for all loans, independent of the loan amount. In the long

term, the SMEDF could be transformed into an SME agency that could also provide

training and advisory services for MSMEs and entrepreneurs. In a further step, the existing

efforts to establish one-stop shops should be leveraged to also provide OSSs facilitating

access to finance.

Progress regarding credit guarantees has been substantial. Mongolia and its partners should

now work on ensuring that more long-term financing can be allocated to the MCGF. This

would allow the MCGF to extend its offer and further leverage the increased effectiveness

it has gained through the reforms already implemented.

Having developed materials on financial literacy for citizens and established the working

group on financial literacy, the government and the BoM should now build on this work

and develop targeted actions and programmes to strengthen the financial literacy of

MSMEs and entrepreneurs. Training activities dedicated to entrepreneurs on financial

management, business case and key financial concepts (inflation, accounting principles)

could be developed in partnership with the SMEDF, the Banking and Financing Academy

of Mongolia and other institutions. The website of the Bank of Mongolia could also develop

web-based tools to help SMEs understand and learn basic financial management concepts

through calculators and online courses and videos.

34 │


Figure 4. Implementation roadmap

Mongolia still needs to improve its digitalisation processes related to access to finance and

better respond to businesses’ financial needs. Mongolia’s financial sector could consider

investing in digital and mobile banking to facilitate access to finance (Figure 5). This would

help reduce financial transaction costs in the specific context of the widely-dispersed

population in Mongolia.

Figure 5. Financial digitalisation path

Source: OECD analysis.

The overall progress in access to finance for Mongolian MSMEs, while leaving substantial

room for improvement, now means that small-firm development and entrepreneurship are

better supported. This in turn can contribute to developing non-mining-related sectors in

Mongolia and fostering economic diversification, which remains a major economic

Fin tech

Middle

Mid

dle

Dig

ita

lisa

tio

n

Hig

hL

ow

HighLow

Sophistication of financial instruments

• Bank loans

• Microcredit

Capital market for

SMEs

• Equity funds

• VC

• Asset-based instruments

(leasing, factoring)

• Credit Guarantees

• SME Funding agencies

• Blockchain /

DLTs

• Payment

technologies

• Artificial

Intelligence

Crowdfunding

P2P lending

Digital banking

(eg. automated

processes)

Mobile banking

Hybrid

finance

Alternative

debt

│ 35


challenge for Mongolia (OECD, 2018[39]). These reform efforts also need to be

accompanied by important structural reforms to improve the overall business climate for

both investors and local businesses, enhance the quality of public governance, and better

integrate Mongolia into global value chains (World Bank, 2019[40]; OECD, 2018[39]).

Finally, recovery from the current crisis will require the government to restore confidence

of businesses and banks, while supporting financially constrained enterprises and

individuals. Given the relevance of MSMEs in Mongolia’s economy, providing them with

liquidity is essential for their activity to resume, sustaining employment, consumption, and

ultimately the rebound. In this regard, recovery planning might prove the best opportunity

to bring the SMEDF and the MCGF to maturity, taking stock of reform progress since

2016. Increasing loan provision and credit guarantees to MSMEs in the early stages of

recovery would pave the way for a sustained relaunch of the economy’s most important

engines in non-extractive sectors. In addition, Mongolia, like many OECD members and

partners, has used the COVID-19 crisis to further promote digitalisation. These efforts

could be pursued to deliver more government services online and support businesses in

their digitalisation efforts through intermediation with large international IT providers,

advisory services and vouchers to transition to e-commerce solutions.

The OECD, together with its international partners, has been helping Mongolia address

these challenges, but more needs to be done. A joint OECD-ITF report underlined the

importance of boosting connectivity, in particular by investing more in transport

infrastructure in Ulaanbaatar and in growing aimags5 (South Gobi, North), supporting the

creation of a modern logistics sector, and improving border crossing points at both ends of

the Mongolia’s main economic corridor (OECD-ITF, 2019[41]). Current anti-corruption

work carried out by the Independent Authority against Corruption (IAAC) needs to be

pursued and stepped up (OECD, 2019[42]). Further improvements in Mongolia’s

competitiveness – in the banking sector, in trade facilitation, and in the legal environment

for investment and business regulations, taxation and licensing – could also contribute to

boosting private sector development, employment and sustainable economic growth

(OECD, 2018[39]; EBRD, 2014[43]).

5 In Mongolia, an aimag is the first-level administrative subdivision. The country currently has 21

aimags. The capital, Ulaanbaatar, is administrated as an independent municipality.

36 │


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[9]

ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

The OECD is a unique forum where governments work together to address the economic, social

and environmental challenges of globalisation. The OECD is also at the forefront of efforts to

understand and to help governments respond to new developments and concerns, such as corporate

governance, the information economy and the challenges of an ageing population. The

Organisation provides a setting where governments can compare policy experiences, seek answers

to common problems, identify good practice and work to co-ordinate domestic and international

policies. The OECD member countries are: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Chile, Colombia,

the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,

Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Korea, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, New

Zealand, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,

Turkey, the United Kingdom and the United States. The European Union takes part in the work of

the OECD.

www.oecd.org

OECD EURASIA COMPETITIVENESS PROGRAMME

The OECD Eurasia Competitiveness Programme, launched in 2008, helps accelerate economic

reforms and improve the business climate to achieve sustainable economic growth and employment

in two regions: Central Asia (Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Tajikistan,

Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan), and Eastern Europe and South Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan,

Belarus, Georgia, the Republic of Moldova and Ukraine). The Programme contributes to the OECD

outreach strategy implemented by the Global Relations Secretariat.

www.oecd.org/eurasia/competitiveness-programme/

http://www.oecd.org/

http://www.oecd.org/eurasia/competitiveness-programme/

Monitoring Competitiveness Reforms:

Access to Finance for Firms in Mongolia

POLIC

Y INSIG

HTS . M

ON

ITORIN

G CO

MPETITIV

ENESS REFO

RMS: A

CCESS TO FIN

AN

CE FOR FIRM

S IN M

ON

GO

LIA

MONITORING COMPETITIVENESS REFORMS: ACCESS TO FINANCE FOR FIRMS IN MONGOLIA

The COVID-19 crisis has severely hit Mongolia’s economy and SMEs have been hit hardest. Strengthening SMEs is a policy priority that Mongolia has clearly recognised, as their growth can contribute to the diversification of employment and exports, and therefore reduce dependence on extractive sectors. Access to finance in particular hinders firm growth, despite the development of several public financial instruments.

This Policy Insight discusses these challenges, and suggests five sets of policy actions for the Mongolian government to ease access to finance for SMEs: (1) continue to strengthen the regulatory framework and data collection for SMEs, (2) develop the provision of credit guarantees, (3) improve governance and credit processing procedures in public financial instruments, (4) enhance financial literacy of entrepreneurs, and (5) accelerate the digitalisation of procedures.

www.oecd.org/eurasia

Co-funded by the European Union

Policy Insights

GLOBAL RELATIONSEurasia Competitiveness Programme