REPORT

This Project is executed by the Mohamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund, with financing from the GEF,

implementation support by UNEP and technical support from the CMS Dugong MoU Secretariat.

MONITORING OF SEAGRASS HABITAT

KOTAWARINGIN BARAT REGENCY, CENTRAL KALIMANTAN 2018

ii

PREFACE

Dugong (Dugong dugon) is one of 35 marine mammal species commonly found in

seagrass beds. They are protected animals, nationally and internationally. Dugong and their

habitat conservation efforts in Indonesia are not only conducted by the government, but

also supported by a number of international institutions, such as the United Nation

Environment Programme - Conservation Migratory Species (UNEP-CMS) in collaboration

with Muhamed bin Zayed Species Conservation Fund (MbZ) through the Dugong dan

Seagrass Conservation Project.

ID3 implementation in Kotawaringin Barat are cooperating with the academics for

the interest of the scientific programs. In this case, WWF Indonesia are working together

with Antakusuma University (UNTAMA) for the observation of seagrass ecosystem in the

waters of Kotawaringin Barat regency. This seagrass observation is the second period of

observation on DSCP Indonesia program at Kotawaringin Barat site.

Kotawaringin Barat, July 2018

Author

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CONTENTS

COVER ….………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. i

PREFACE ………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………………….. ii

CONTENTS …………...………………………………………………………………………………………………………. iii

LIST OF TABLES ...………………………………………………………………………………..…………………………. iv

LIST OF FIGURES ……..……………………………………………………………………………………………………. v

INTRODUCTION …….……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1

1. Background ……………………………………………………………………………………………………… 1

2. Aims …..…………………..……………………………………………………………………………………….. 2

3. Date and Location .……………………………………………………………………………………………. 2

4. Monitoring Method .………………………………………………………………………………………… 2

5. Data Analysis ………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 3

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ………………………….………………………………………………………………. 5

1. General Condition ………………………………………………………………………………………….. 5

2. Seagrass Coverage .…………………………………….……………………………………………………. 7

3. Seagrass Density ….…………………………………………………………………………………………… 12

CONCLUSION ………….……..…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13

CLOSING ………………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………… 13

REFERENCE ……………………..……………………………………………………………………………………………. 14

iv

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Date and Location of Observation …………………………………………………………………… 3

Table 2. Standard Criteria for Seagrass Beds Status Determination ……………………………… 3

Table 3. Location of Seagrass Observation in Kotawaringin Barat Regency …………………… 6

Table 4. Physics-Chemistry Parameter in Waters of Kotawaringin Barat ....………….………… 6

Table 5. Types Composition and Distribution of Seagrass in Kotawaringin Barat ….…………. 7

Table 6. Seagrass Coverage Percentation in Observation Location of Kotawaringin Barat .. 8

Table 7. Seagrass Ecosystem Condition in Kotawaringin Barat Regency ……………………….. 12

v

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure1. Map of Seagrass Observation in Kotawaringin Barat Regency ………..………………… 5

Figure2. The Condition of the Seagrass at Station 1 Senggora Terendam Sandbar ………….. 8

Figure3. The Condition of the Seagrass at Station 2 Senggora Besar Sandbar ………………… 9

Figure4. The Condition of the Seagrass at Station 3 Sepagar Sandbar ……………………………… 9

Figure5. The Condition of the Seagrass at Station 4 Sepagar Sandbar ....…………………………. 9

Figure6. Graphic of the Seagrass Cover Condition at Kotawaringin Barat waters in 2016-

2018 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 10

Figure7. Graphic of the Number of Seagrass Types at Kotawaringin Barat waters in 2016-

2018 ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..……… 10

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INTRODUCTION

1. Background

Dugongs (Dugong dugon) are herbivorous mammals that live in shallow waters,

spreading from the east coast of Africa to Vanatu in the southeast of Papua New

Guinea. The spread of dugongs in Indonesia is very thorough and almost throughout

the shallow waters of Indonesia's oceans. The existence of dugongs can not be

separated from the spread of seagrass beds ecosystem as the main food of dugongs.

Seagrasses are flowering plants (Angiospermae) that live submerged in water columns

and develop well in shallow marine waters and estuaries.

Based on IUCN criteria, dugongs are one of species that vulnerable to extinction.

Meanwhile based on CITES, dugongs are included in appendix 1 that are not allowed

to be sold. Dugongs has a relatively long lifespan but low population growth number,

hence Government of Indonesia included dugongs as protected animal on PP

(Government Decree) Number 7 Year 1999.

In an effort to conserve dugongs and their habitat in Indonesia, Ministry of Marine

Affairs and Fisheries (KKP) are working together with Indonesian Institute of Sciences

(LIPI), Institute of Agricultural Bogor (IPB), and WWF-Indonesia supported by United

Nation Environment Programme-Conservation Migratory Species (UNEP-CMS) and

Muhammed bin Zayed Conservation (MbZ) in a Dugong and Seagrass Conservation

Project (DSCP). This program that has been running in Indonesia (DSCP-Indonesia)

since 2016 and planned to be completed by the end of 2018 consist of three main

activities:

1. Proposal 1 (ID1) Strengthen and Operationalize National Policy Strategy and

Action Plan for Dugongs and Seagrass Conservation,

2. Proposal 2 (ID2) Improving National Awareness and Research of Dugong and

Seagrass in Indonesia, and

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3. Proposal 3 (ID3) Community Based Conservation and Management of

Dugong and Seagrass Habitat in Bintan, Kotawaringin Barat, Alor and Tolitoli.

It is important to know the spreading condition of Seagrass in Kumai Bay,

Kotawaringin Barat Regency, as it is the main food source for dugong. Seagrass beds

monitoring will also provide an overview of the existence of a dugong that is likely to

engage in the seagrass beds ecosystem.

In order to collect information related to seagrass habitat condition, it is necessary to

conduct monitoring. Seagrass habitat monitoring is expected to produce distribution

information and the quality in Baras Basah Sandbar, Senggora, and Sepagar

Subdistrict of Kumai, Kotawaringin Barat Regency, Central Kalimantan. This

monitoring will involve academics, government and local communities.

2. Aims

The purpose of this activity is to discover periodic condition, coverage percentage,

and the density of seagrass species in Baras Basah Sandbar, Senggora, and Sepagar

area.

3. Date and Location

Dugong and seagrass monitoring are conducted according to schedule in Table 1

below:

Table 1. Date and Location of Observation

Date Location

Monday, 7 May 2018 Sepagar

Tuesday, 8 May 2018 Senggora

Wednesday, 9 May 2018 Beras Basah

4. Monitoring Method

The seagrass monitoring location is determined from the point of initial monitoring in

2017, which is later used as permanent station (t0). The method used to monitor is

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quadrat transect (perpendicular to shoreline) adopted from seagrass watch. The

quadrat transect method consist of transect and squared shape frame. Transect is a

straight line drawn over a 50 meters long seagrass beds starting from the first

seagrass from the beach, one station divided into 3 sub-stations with 25 meters

distance between sub-stations. Seagrass observation includes seagrass species

identification, seagrass coverage percentage calculation, and observation of

vegetation association. Seagrass observation is limited only to quadrat transect. A

50x50 cm sided rectangular frame is placed on the straight line (McKenzei et al,

2003).

5. Data Analysis

The calculation of seagrass coverage and density is using a method established by

COREMAP-LIPI (2014), with stages of calculating coverage per station to per location.

The same method applied to calculating seagrass density.

Seagrass Coverage in One Station

The seagrass coverage per station is the sum of seagrass coverage percentage in all

transect, divided by the sum of quadrat in that station (equation 1).

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 (%) = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡 …(1)

Seagrass Coverage in All Location

The seagrass coverage per location is the sum of seagrass coverage percentage per

station, divided by the sum of station in the location (equation 2).

𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 (%) = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛..(2)

Table 2. Standard criteria to determine seagrass status. Condition Coverage

Good Rich/healthy > 60

Damaged Less rich/Less healthy 30– 59,9

Poor < 29,9

Source: Decree of State Minister of Environment No. 200 Year 2004.

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Seagrass Density

Seagrass density is the sum of species/seagrass stands per unit area. The density of

seagrass species calculated using this formula:

𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑠

𝑚2 ……………(3)

Notes : The quadrat size used is 50x50 cm2, then converted to 1 m2 by multiplying each calculation with 4.

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

1. General Condition

Kotawaringin Barat Regency waters mostly are part of Kumai Bay, which heavily

influenced by input from mainland. The amount of water discharge from Kumai River,

which is the largest river, makes the waters very turbid for most of the year.

Figure1. Map of seagrass monitoring in Kotawaringin Barat Regency.

Senggora Sandbar cluster located in the south of Kubu Village and in the west of Teluk

Pulai Village and Sungai Cabang Village. Because Kubu fishermen are doing activities quite

far from the village, this sandbar often used as a shelter from the storm or resting place

by them. Sepagar Sandbar located in the northeast of Senggora Sandbar and closer to

Teluk Pulai Village. Located in the south of Teluk Bogam Village, Beras Basah Sandbar has

a structure that extends from north near the coast, to south heading towards Java Sea. A

survey point on the coast of Sungai Bakau village and Teluk Bogam village, also added at

this observation to compare the conditions between far from the coast and near the

coast.

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Previously observed by BPSPL Pontianak with PPO-LIPI in 2015 and DSCP Indonesia team

in October 2016, while in 2017 the first seagrass monitoring for DSCP Indonesia

Kotawaringin Barat site was also conducted. The survey points in both previous

observations (2015 and 2016) were conducted at different locations to provide varied

data. However, this observation was made at several permanent points that have been

fixed in the first observation in 2017. This is to provide an overview of the seagrass

community structure changes in the region.

Table 3. Location of Seagrass Observation in Kotawaringin Barat Regency 2018

Location Name Station Geographic Position

East Longitude South Latitude

Senggora Terendam 1 111o 41' 48.671" 3o 12' 20.340"

Senggora Besar 2 111o 41' 42.094" 3o 12' 38.747"

Sepagar 3 111o 45' 40.874" 3o 8' 4.902"

4 111o 45' 46.768" 3o 7' 56.327"

Beras Basah 5 111o 33' 7.801" 3o 3' 12.312"

The water conditions at the survey location are not very diverse, ranging from

temperature, pH, DO, TDS, salinity, ammonia, depth, water clarity, currents, and

substrate of the waters. Based on KEPMEN-LH No.51 of 2004, environmental conditions

at the observation site meet the standard of seawater quality for marine biota. Details

can be seen in Table 4 below.

Table 4. Physics-Chemistry Parameter in Waters of Kotawaringin Barat

Parameter Station

1 2 3 4 5

Temperature (ᵒC) 32.85 30.2 28.6 30.2 31.3

pH 8.67 8.61 8.29 8.36 8.64

DO (% sat) 12.73 7.1 8.16 6.6 6.72

TDS (g/L) 14.069 15.17 18.6 17.39 15. 07

Salinity (ppt) 13 14.1 17.44 16.39 14.03

Nha (mg/L) 0.08 0.03 0 0 0.56

NH3 (mg/L) 0.03 0.01 0 0 0.18

Brightness (meter) 7 7.2 6 2.5 1.2

Current Velocity(m/s) 0.25 0.3125 0.111 0.125 0.218

Heading (ᵒ) 25 22 203 205 273

Wave (meter) 0.09 0.1 0.06 0.09 0.21

Depth (meter) 0.7 1.5 0.7 1.5 2.9

Substrate Sand Sand Sand Sand Sand

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2. Seagrass Coverage

The types of seagrasses found in the observation sites were eight species, namely

Cymodocea serrulata, Cymodocea rotundata, Enhalus acoroides, Halodule pinifolia,

Halodule uninnervis, Halophila ovalis, Syngodium isoetifolium, and Thalassia hemprichii

(Table 5). Senggora Terendam (station 2) has the most seagrass type, which is 5 types.

Table 5. Types Composition and distribution of seagrass in Kotawaringin Barat

Types ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5

Cymodocea serrulata + + + + -

Cymodocea rotundata - - - - +

Enhalus acoroides + + - + +

Halodule pinifolia - - + - -

Halodule uninervis + + + - -

Halophila ovalis + + + - -

Syringodiun isoetifolium + - - - -

Thalassia hemprichii - - - - +

*Notes: (+) = found, (-) = not found.

The most common types of seagrasses are Cymodocea serrulata and Enhalus acoroides,

both of these species are found in almost all stations. Although the coverage percentage

of both species does not dominate on each station (Table 5).

Observations in Senggora Terendam sandbar showsa coverage percentage of 20,1 + 3,459

% (Table 6). There are five seagrasses types found in this station, namely Enhalus

acoroides, Cymodocea serrulata, Halodule uninervis, Halophila ovalis and Syringodium

isoetifolium. The coverage percentage was dominated by Syringodium isoetifolium with

9,91 + 2,375 % and the lowest coverage was Enahalus acoroides with 0,03 + 0,03 %.

Referring to previous data on monitoring in 2017, the conditions at the observation

location increased as well as the coverage percentage of 14,88 + 2,127 % (DSCP, 2017).

Figure2. Seagrass condition in station 1 Senggora Terendam Sandbar.

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Table 6. Seagrass Coverage Percentation in Observation Location of Kotawaringin Barat

Station Seagrass Type Coverage Percentage (%)

Type Average

Senggora Terendam (ST 1) Cymodocea serrulata 1,36 + 0,47 20,10 + 3,460

Enhalus acoroides 0,03 + 0,03

Halodule uninervis 1,7 + 0,371

Halophila ovalis 4,67 + 1,532

Syringodium isoetifolium 9,91 + 2,375 Senggora Besar (ST 2) Cymodocea serrulata 21,21 + 2,465 30,88 + 2,838

Enhalus acoroides 9,27 + 1,015

Halodule uninervis 0,36 + 0,136

Halophila ovalis 0,03 + 0,03 Sepagar (ST 3) Cymodocea serrulata 4,30 + 1,159 4,73 + 1,153

Enhalus acoroides 0,33 + 0,104

Sepagar (ST 4) Cymodocea serrulata 0,09 + 0,067 40,21 + 3,013

Halodule uninervis 36 + 3,211

Halodule pinifolia 0,91 + 0,909

Halophila ovalis 0,94 + 0,444 Beras Basah (ST 5) Cymodocea ratundata 0,45 + 0,314 7,55 + 3,992

Enhalus acoroides 4,27 + 2,207

Thalassia hemprichii 2,82 + 1,877

The seagrass condition in Senggora Besar shows 30,88 + 2,838 % coverage, an increase in

the coverage percentage when compared to the condition in 2017 which only shows

27,24 + 2,750 % coverage (DSCP, 2017). Four types of seagrass were found in the survey

location, namely Enhalus acoroides, Cymodocea serrulata, Halodule uninervis, and

Halophila ovalis. The number of species found decreased based on monitoring conditions

in 2017, which shows 6 species were found. The largest coverage was Cymodocea

serrulata with 21,21 + 2,465 % and the lowest was Halophila ovalis at 0,03 + 0,03 %.

Figure3. Seagrass condition in station 2, Senggora Besar Sandbar.

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Station 3 in Sepagar sandbar only have 4,73 + 1,153 % of coverage with 2 types of

seagrass namely Cymodocea serrulata and Enhalus acoroides. The location of this station

is a new area of observation, because there was no seagrass found in 2017. However, if

compared to seagrass condition in 2017, which only have 1,82 + 0,451% of coverage, the

condition in this area is better.

Figure4. Seagrass condition in station 3 Sepagar sandbar.

At station 4, the coverage percentage shows 40,21 + 3,013 % with four types of seagrass,

namely Halodule uninervis, Halodule pinifolia, Halophila ovalis, and Cymodocea serrulata.

The dominant types is the Halodule uninervis with 36 + 3,211 % of coverage. This year

shows bigger percentage from the last survey in 2017, with overall 13,67 + 1,261 % and

shows only one type of seagrass, that is Halodule uninervis (DSCP, 2017).

Figure5. Seagrass condition in station 4 Sepagar sandbar.

The result of seagrass observation in Beras Basah Sandbar shows 7.55 + 3,992 % of

coverage, with 3 types of seagrasses found. They are Enhalus acoroides, Thalassia

hemprichii, and Cymodocea rotundata. The highest percentage shows about 4,27 + 2,207

% for Enhalus acoroides, while the lowest percentage is Cymodocea rotundata with 0,45 +

0,314 % of coverage. The coverage percentage compared to observation in 2017 shows

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much reduced result, which only shows 14,06 + 2,158 % of coverage, and 5 types of

seagrasses found (DSCP, 2017).

Figure5. Seagrass condition in station 5 Beras Basah sandbar.

Seagrass conditions in Kotawaringin Barat waters represented by 5 control points

installed permanently, shows an increase in coverage percentage (Figure6). From 2016 to

2018 at the same point showed a significant increase in station 4 in Sepagar sandbar, but

there was also a drastic decline at station 5 in Beras Basah sandbar.

Figure6. Chart of seagrass coverage condition in Kotawaringin Barat waters in 2016-2018

The chart shows that there is a decline in the number of species found in 2016 to 2018 in

4 locations, but increased in other locations (Figure7). This results influenced by the

shifting of line transects when collecting data, becaused the chart shows that the

decreased type are those that have a small coverage percentage and only appear in some

quadrat transect.

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

1 2 3 4 5

Pe

rce

nta

ge o

f Se

agra

ss C

ove

rage

(%

)

Station

2016

2017

2018

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Figure7. Chart of number of seagrasses types in Kotawaringin Barat waters in 2016-2018.

The data obtained in May 2018 shows improved condition of the seagrass from medium

to good. In general, the seagrass condition in Kotawaringin Barat waters has improving

quality if compared to the last observation in previous year. The seagrass condition in

Kotawaringin Barat mostly influenced by the patterns, current velocity, as well as the

waves in Kumai Bay. This is proven by the loss of some seagrass spots caused by change

of coastal morphology in the sandbar, and most of which are influenced is the seagrass

type/class of pioneer.

Table 7. Seagrass Ecosystem Condition in Kotawaringin Barat Regency

Station Score

Total Seagrass Condition Types Coverage

Senggora Terendam (ST 1) 3 1 4 Medium

Senggora Besar (ST 2) 3 2 5 Good

Sepagar (ST 3) 2 1 3 Medium

Sepagar (ST 4) 3 3 6 Good

Beras Basah (ST 5) 2 1 3 Medium

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1 2 3 4 5

Seag

rass

es

Typ

es

Station

2016

2017

2018

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3. Seagrass Density

The seagrass density is the number of a types individuals in a certain area. The results of

seagrass observation in Kotawaringin Barat waters shown in Table 8 below.

Table 8. Seagrass density (ind/m2) in Kotawaringin Barat waters. Type ST 1 ST 2 ST 3 ST 4 ST 5

Cymodocea serrulata 13,94 175,64 45,33 0,36 -

Cymodocea rotundata - - - - 7,27

Enhalus acoroides 0,12 58,91 2,30 - 15,52

Halodule pinifolia - - - 10,42 -

Halodule uninervis 28,24 8,24 - 992,85 -

Halophila ovalis 112,61 0,48 - 24,97 -

Syringodiun isoetifolium 101,33 - - - -

Thalassia hemprichii - - - - 23,76

The highest number of seagrass density in 5 stations is the Halodule uninervis with 992,85

(ind/m2) in stasiun 4. The second highest is the Cymodocea serrulata with 175,64 (ind/m2)

in station 2. The density of Halodule uninervis is very thight according to Braun-Blanquet

(1965) in Haris and Gosari (2012). This condition is very good for dugongs, who prefer

Halodule uninervis seagrass, based on the result of dugong meal observation in

Kotawaringin Barat waters located on the type of seagrass, Mira (2016) and DSCP (2017).

The Enhalus acoroides type has the least density types with 0,12 (ind/m2) in station 1. The

density types varied from very rare to very dense, according to Nienhuis et al. (1989) in

Kiswara (2010) explains that the density of seagrass sprout per unit area depends on its

type. The type of seagrass that have a large morphology, such as Enhalus acoroides have

a low density compared to the type of seagrass that have a small morphology such as

Halodule uninervis.

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CONCLUSION

The condition of the seagrass ecosystem in Kotawaringin Barat waters especially in

Senggora sandbar, Sepagar sandbar, and Beras Basah sandbar experienced an increase in

coverage percentage shows in observation from 2016 until 2018. The highest coverage on

observation in 2016 was 35,58 + 16,30 % and the lowest is 18,83 + 9,62 %. In 2017, the

coverage was only 27,24 + 2,750 % and the lowest is 0,85 + 0,292 %, while in 2018 the

highest coverage reached 40,21 + 3,013 % and the lowest is 4,73 + 1,1,153 %. With that

results, the condition of seagrass coverage percentage in Kotawaringin Barat waters

classified as damaged/less rich. The number of species found also decreased from 10

species to 8 species, namely Cymodocea serrulata, Cymodocea rotundata, Enhalus

acoroides, Halodule pinifolia, halodule uninnervis, Halophile ovalis, Syringodium

isoetifolium, and Thalassia hemprichii.

CLOSING

The observation of seagrass beds ecosystem in Kotawaringin Barat waters is expected to

provide marine potential data. And this data is expected to be a series of data in knowing

the condition of the seagrass beds ecosystem in particular, and fishery quality condition

in general.

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REFERENCE

COREMAP-LIPI. 2014. Panduan Monitoring Padang Lamun. Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi

LIPI, Jakarta.

DSCP Indonesia, 2017. Monitoring Dugong dan Habitat Lamun Kabupaten Kotawaringin

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