The threat of violence marred parliamentary elec-tions on Oct. 16, 2016, when 20 Serbs, including theformer commander of Serbia’s special forces unit,

were arrested by Montenegrin police for suspected terroroffenses. The elections had been widely seen as a choicebetween closer ties with the EU or Russia, and pro-Western Prime Minister Milo ,ukanoviç decried the plotas an attempt by Russia to influence the elections.Whereas ,ukanoviç’s Demo-cratic Party of Socialists cap-tured the most votes, theyfailed to gain a clear majority,and 10 days later ,ukanoviçresigned. He had held power aseither president or prime min-ister for most of the previous 25years.

Vital statisticsBirth rate per 1,000 pop-ulation (2015): 11.9(world avg. 19.5).

Death rate per 1,000population (2015): 10.2(world avg. 8.1).

Life expectancy at birth(2015): male 74.7 years;female 78.6 years.

DemographyPopulation (2016): 623,000.Density (2016): persons per sq mi116.8, persons per sq km 45.1.

Sex distribution (20154): male 49.43%;female 50.57%.

Population projection: (2020) 618,000;(2030) 608,000.

Major settlements (2011):Podgorica 150,977; Nikßiç56,970; Pljevlja 19,136;Cetinje 13,918; Bar13,503.

Urban-rural (2014):

Montenegro

Official name: Crna Gora (Montenegro).

Form of government: multiparty republicwith one legislative house (Parliament[811]).

Head of state: President Filip Vujanoviç.Head of government: Prime MinisterDußko Markoviç.

Capital: Podgorica; Cetinje is the OldRoyal Capital.

Official language: Montenegrin2.Official religion: none.Monetary unit: euro (>)3; valuation

(Sept. 1, 2016) 1 U.S.$ = >0.89; 1 £ = >1.19.

Ethnic composition (2011):

Age breakdown (20154):

Religious affiliation (2011):

Area and populationarea population area population

2015 2015Municipalities sq km estimate5 Municipalities sq km estimate5

Andrijevica 283 4,785Bar 598 43,688Berane 717 32,666Bijelo Polje 924 44,224Budva 122 20,523Cetinje 910 15,817Danilovgrad 501 18,346Herceg Novi 235 30,729Kolašin 897 7,678Kotor 335 22,574Mojkovac 367 8,017

Nikšiç 2,065 70,798Plav 486 12,709Pljevlja 1,346 28,595Plu\ine 854 2,772Podgorica 1,441 195,524Ro\aje 432 23,152Savnik 553 1,748Tivat 46 14,460Ulcinj 255 20,081|abljak 445 3,273TOTAL 13,812 622,159

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National economyBudget (2013). Revenue: >1,587,100,000 (tax revenue 47.6%, contribu-

tions 25.1%, grants and loans 21.4%). Expenditures:>1,605,300,000 (transfers 36.0%, wages and salaries22.8%, capital expenses 4.6%).

Public debt (external, outstanding; 2014): U.S.$2,285,-208,000.

Production (metric tons except as noted). Agriculture,forestry, fishing (2013): potatoes (2014) 150,000, cab-bages 47,000, watermelons 42,000, grapes 40,000, toma-toes 22,000, chilies and peppers 16,000, oranges 9,100,plums 9,000, apples 5,700, figs 4,000, peaches6 3,800,olives 2,900, cherries 2,000, garlic 800, walnuts 670; live-stock (number of live animals; 2014) 190,843 sheep,89,058 cattle, 20,572 pigs; roundwood (2015) 968,000

cu m, of which fuelwood 78%; fisheries production (2014) 2,415 (fromaquaculture 36%). Mining and quarrying (2013): bauxite 61,154.Manufacturing (2008): base metals and fabricated metal products(mostly of aluminum) 697,563; food products 88,590; chemicals andchemical products 14,766; paper products, publishing, and printing3,709; wood and wood products 68,989 cu m. Energy production (con-sumption): electricity (kW-hr; 2012) 2,844,000,000 (3,220,000,000), bysource (2013): fossil fuels c. 36.8%; renewable energy c. 63.2%, ofwhich hydroelectric c. 63.2%; hard coal, none (none); lignite (metrictons; 2012) 1,790,000 ([2011] 1,930,000); crude petroleum, none (n.a.);petroleum products, n.a. (n.a.); natural gas, none (n.a.).

Population economically active (2015): total 300,000; participation rates:age 15 and over, male 60.0%; female 48.0%; unemployed 18.0%, ofwhich youth (ages 15–24) 38.0%.

Gross national income (GNI; 2015): U.S.$4,503,000,000 (U.S.$7,240 percapita); purchasing power parity GNI (U.S.$15,890 per capita).

Average household size (2011): 3.4.Land use as % of total land area (2011): in temporary crops 2.3%, leftfallow 1.0%, in permanent crops 1.2%, in pasture 24.1%, forest area40.4%.

MilitaryTotal active duty personnel (November 2015):

2,080 (army 72.1%, navy 16.8%, air force11.1%); paramilitary 10,100. Military expen-diture as percentage of GDP (2015): 1.7%;per capita expenditure U.S.$106.

Foreign trade9

Imports (2014): >1,783,700,000 (food and food prod-ucts 22.3%, machinery and apparatus 19.0%, min-eral fuels 13.3%, chemicals and chemical products10.3%, beverages and tobacco products 3.5%). Major import sources:

Exports (2014): >338,000,000 (miscellaneous manu-factures [significantly aluminum and aluminumproducts] 24.5%, food and food products 18.2%,mineral fuels 15.2%, beverages and tobacco12.3%, machinery and apparatus 6.7%). Major export destinations:

Transport and communicationsTransport. Railroads (2014): route length 155 mi, 250km; passenger-km 76,142,000; metric ton-km cargo94,359,000. Roads (2014): total length 5,061 mi,8,145 km (paved 71%); passenger-km 108,000,000;metric ton-km cargo 122,483,000. Vehicles (2014):passenger cars 174,073; buses 1,247.

Education and healthLiteracy (2015): percentage of total populationage 15 and over literate 98.7%; males literate99.5%; females literate 98.0%.

Health (2011): physicians 1,297 (1 per 478 per-sons); hospital beds 3,951 (1 per 157 persons);infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births(2015) 2.2; undernourished population(2006–08) less than 5% of total populationbased on the consumption of a minimum dailyrequirement of 1,950 calories.

1All seats directly elected; the rule reserving four seats for Albanians was abolished in September 2011.2Serbian, Bosnian, Albanian, and Croatian can also be used as official languages per article 13 of theconstitution. 3Montenegro uses the euro as its official currency, even though it is not a member of theEU. 4January 1. 5The 2015 estimates of the new (2014) municipalities of Gusinje (split from Plav) andPetnjica (split from Berane) were 3,887 and 5,082, respectively. 6Includes nectarines. 7Taxes on productsless subsidies. 8Unemployed. 9Imports c.i.f.; exports f.o.b. 10Subscribers.

Internet resources for further information:• Statistical Office of Montenegro www.monstat.org/eng/index.php• Central Bank of Montenegro www.cb-cg.org/eng/

Structure of gross domestic product and labour force2014 2012

in value % of total labour % of labour>’000 value force force

Agriculture, forestry, fishing 280,086 8.1 2,505 1.3Mining and quarrying 39,758 1.1 1,893 1.0Manufacturing 134,168 3.9 13,041 6.6Construction 117,980 3.4 8,360 4.3Public utilities 202,703 5.9 7,721 3.9Transp. and commun. 270,514 7.8 14,215 7.2Trade, hotels 626,261 18.1 50,894 25.9Finance, real estate 388,372 11.2 5,661 2.9Pub. admin., defense 250,800 7.3 23,600 12.0Services 488,813 14.1 38,641 19.6Other 658,4677 19.17 30,1888 15.38

TOTAL 3,457,922 100.0 196,719 100.0

Communications units unitsnumber per 1,000 number per 1,000

Medium date in ’000s persons Medium date in ’000s persons

TelephonesCellular 2015 1,00810 1,62010

Landline 2015 154 249

Internet users 2009 280 449Broadband 2015 11210 18110

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