moore, edward r & texarch assoc., texas indians, native americans of tejas joanne howard

Moore, Edward R & Texarch Assoc., Texas Indians, http://www.texasindians.com/

Native Americans of TejasNative Americans of Tejas

Joanne HowardJoanne Howard


ObjectivesObjectivesBy the end of this power point, I would like my students to be able to…– Understand where the Indians first came

from– Understand the different areas where

Texas Native Americans lived– Be able to identify the type of food,

clothing, and housing the Indians used– Identify unique attributes of certain tribes


The First AmericansThe First Americans

• It is thought that most Native Americans are descended from people that crossed over from Asia to America on a land bridge– the Bering Land bridge.

This picture demonstrates the diminishing of the bridge over thousands of years


Migration PathsMigration Paths

• As the world's glaciers and ice sheets melted over the following millennia, rising sea level flooded the land bridge.


The Plains Culture Area• The Great Plains

stretches from Canada into Southern Texas. Many Native American groups lived along the edges of the plains to farm and entered the plains to hunt buffalo. With the arrival of the Spanish came the arrival of horses. Many plains Indians became excellent horsemen. Most lived in tepees.


• Some buffalo weighed up to 1,600 pounds and were 6 feet tall at the shoulder and 10 feet long. Indians used a variety of techniques to hunt buffalo.


The ComancheThe Comanche

• Migrated from Wyoming

• Hunters and gatherers

• Used the horse for their main source of transportation and food-getting

• “Well dressed”– The Comanche

leaders often wore fine European clothes, with many silver conchos and fine leather boots.


The ComancheThe Comanche

• Lived in tee-pees• Good warriors and

traders (although, thieves)

• Often spoke more than one language

Click here for more important facts


Comanche The Comanche lived in bands headed by a peace chief. If you were the best fighter and rider you were the war chief. The Comanche were skilled buffalo hunters. Because of the their skills they soon controlled much of the plains including west and northern Texas.


The Tonkawa• Lived on the north-central

plains and on the southeastern edge of the Edwards Plateau. They depended on the buffalo for food, clothing and shelter. They were considered hunter-gatherers. The Tonkawa were driven from their hunting grounds by the Apache.


The TonkawaThe Tonkawa

• “The people of the wolf”– Believed descended

from mythical wolf

• Totemic belief system– each clan had a

mythical animal or spirit to guard them

Click the picture or the wolf on the next slide for more information.


The TonkawaThe Tonkawa

• Tattooed bodies• Hill country of

central Texas– Shared land with

the Karankawa and Coahuiltecan

• Friendly, but enemies with Comanche and Apache tribes

• Hunted and gathered food– Fish, deer,

blackberries

• Lived in huts, wickiups and tee-pees


The Apache• The Apache culture originated

in Canada but migrated to the Great Plains . Two Apache groups settled in Texas. These are the Lipan and Mescalero. Apaches. They were organized into bands that traveled, hunted and fought together. The Apaches were skilled horsemen and often teamed up when hunting buffalo. Lipan Apaches were also farmers. Which was very unusual for Apaches.


The ApachesThe Apaches

• Migrated to Texas from Canada

• “Apache” is probably Zuni which means “enemy”– The Apache and

Navajo called themselves the Dine

– Dine in Apache or Navajo means "the people”

• Built wickiups and teepees

• Semi-sedentary – Farmed and

hunted


• Most Lipan Apache men cut their hair very short on the left side but allowed the hair on the right to hang long. They tied feathers and other decorations to their hair. The men had no facial hair and the women wore earrings. Apaches were feared throughout Texas.


The ApachesThe Apaches

• Wore leather boots and wide cloth headbands

• After the horse, stopped farming to hunt

• Pushed further south by Comanche– Two groups: Lipan

and Mescaleros

• Sought refuge in Spanish missions but treated like slaves

• Geronimo- famous leader of the Mescalero Apaches– 1870s- led a famous

raid in southern New Mexico and far west Texas


Kiowa• The Kiowa were the last plains

group to arrive in Texas. They hunted buffalo, and gathered berries, fruits and nuts. They traded with other groups for what they did not have. The hair of the Kiowa men was long but over the right ear it was short. The Kiowa and the Comanche were allies.


The Southeastern Culture Area

• Caddo-moved into Eastern Texas from Arkansas, Louisiana and Oklahoma. They built permanent villages and became expert farmers. They practiced crop rotation. The Caddo grew beans, corn, squash, sunflower seeds and tobacco. They organized their tribes into three confederacies. The Caddo built mounds and temples for religious events. In addition to a religious and political structure the Caddo had healers and craftspeople.


The Wichita confederacy included four groups. They settled along the Red River. They lived along creeks and rivers. They grew beans, corn, melons and squash. The Wichita used horses to hunt buffalo and deer. They lived in permanent villages. Like the Caddo, the Wichita tattooed their bodies. Theirs was more extreme.


The WichitaThe Wichita• Semisedentary

lifestyle – farms and villages, but

also moved around

• Fall would migrate west to go on a buffalo hunt

• In spring lived in grass huts in villages– grew maize, pumpkins,

squash, beans and plums


The WichitaThe Wichita

• Tattoos— “raccoon-eyed people”

• Wore clothes made of tanned hides

• Men: shirts, loin cloths and leggings

• Women: dresses that reached from their chin to their ankles

• Moccasins

• Elk teeth were very valuable – trade items with

neighboring tribes

Click the picture for more info


The Caddo was a matrilineal society. This means they traced their families through their mother’s side. Their houses were wooden poles covered with grass. Some may have plastered the outside walls with mud. Both men and women tattooed and painted their bodies.


The CaddoThe Caddo

• Lived in piney areas of East Texas– Grass huts like the

Wichitas

• Farmers– corn, beans, squash

and other crops

• Set fires in the woods to burn away clearings to farm

• Women would gather wild plant food like acorns, black berries

• Men would travel in hunting parties for buffalo

• Buffalo robes


The CaddoThe Caddo

• Texas is a Caddoan word – It means "those

who are friends"– The Tejas Caddo

tribes were all "friends”

• Made bows and arrows out of bois de arc wood

• Made axes to cut down trees

• Beautiful pottery

Click the ax for more information


• Atakapan-between the Caddo and the Gulf of Mexico lived the Atakapan people. They were farmers with corn being their main crop. Not only did they farm but they hunted wild game and alligator. Little is known about their houses but it is thought they lived in huts made from brush.


Lets Review!Lets Review!

1. Where is it thought that the first humans that came to America came from?

2. Where did the Comanche Indians live? The Wichita? The Caddo?

3. What kind of house did the Comanches live in? The Wichita? The Caddo?

4. Which Native Texans were hunter/ gatherers?

5. Which were farmers?6. What does “Tejas” mean?


The Western Gulf Culture Area

• Karankawa-hunters and gatherers who lived in the area of Galveston to Corpus Christi. They were nomads. They used dug-out canoes to fish, hunt sea turtles and collect shells. They also hunted deer and small animals. They lived in wigwams.


The Karankawa did not need much clothing. Their clothes were made out of deerskin or grass. They painted themselves with bright colors. To keep the insects away they rubbed alligator fat and dirt into their skin. The Karankawa treated their children with kindness. They gave their children two names, one of which only their family knew.


The KarankawaThe Karankawa

• Galveston and Corpus Christi area

• Food= fish, fish, fish!

• Clothing– Men: breach cloths

or nothing at all– Women: grass skirts

• Lived in wickiups during the winter

• Got around in canoes– Could hold a

family and all their possessions


The KarankawaThe Karankawa

• Larger than most Native Americans at 6’

• Often unfairly labeled as cannibals

Click on the fish for more information on the Karankawa culture


• Coahuiltecan-hunted and gathered food in south Texas. They were nomadic and covered large distances following buffalo, deer and small animals. The Coahuiltecan also fished and hunted for wild plants. Their diets included ants, eggs, lizards, snakes, spiders and worms. They did not build permanent homes. Both men and women wore their hair long. They worked hard but they like to gather for feasting and dancing.


The CoahuiltecanThe Coahuiltecan

• Many similar groups of Indians in the same area– called the

Coahuiltican Indians out of convenience

• South Texas, Eastern Mexico

• Hunters and gatherers until people started to come to America

• “Dirty and smelly”– Diseases– Became extremely

poor


The CoahuiltecanThe Coahuiltecan

• Wickiups, sometimes

• Little clothing, if any

• Made sandles out of lechuguilla plants

Click the cactus for more info.


The Pueblo Culture Area• Jumano-made permanent

houses made of adobe. The Jumano lived along the Rio Grande River. They were able to grow corn and other crops because they settled near the river. They also hunted buffalo and gathered wild plants for food. The Jumano lived in large villages. They used bows and arrows and carried heavy clubs into battles.


JumanoJumano

• West Texas• Farmers

– grew corn, beans and squash

– grew cotton for clothes and blankets

• Adobe houses


JumanoJumano

• Clean and neat• Men shaved their

heads except for at the top

• Traders• Supposedly naked

except for when it was cold- wore blankets


Lets Review!Lets Review!

1. What did the Tonkawa Indians call themselves?

2. Which Native Texans lived in adobe houses?3. How did the Karankawa clans get around?4. Why were the Coahuiltecan clans “dirty and

“smelly”?5. What was Geronimo’s Indian heritage? 6. What type of homes did the Tonkawa,

Apache, Karankawa, Coahuiltecan, and Jumano Indians live in?


Before you go to the next slide, Before you go to the next slide, see if you can remember see if you can remember

where these Native Texans where these Native Texans lived! When you get to the lived! When you get to the next slide, try to guess the next slide, try to guess the names in order before you names in order before you

click.click.


Comanche

Caddo

1

2

6

5

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moore, edward r & texarch assoc., texas indians, native americans of tejas joanne howard

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