Group 8

Yeni 12192

Aprilia Kartika Putri 12252

MORPHOLOGY AND SYNTAX:

GRAMMAR

Grammar and Description of Language.

Grammatical Categories and Prototypes.

Constituent Structure.

Descriptive and Prescriptive Grammar.

GRAMMAR AND DESCRIPTION

OF

LANGUAGE

Grammar is a set of rules

and examples dealing

with the syntax and word

structures of a language.

The relation between GRAMMAR

and DESCRIPTION OF LANGUAGE

is grammar is one of major areas

of description of language.

Description of

Language

GrammarPhonology

Lexicon

Grammar

Grammatical Form

Grammatical Meaning

Modern Grammarians vs Traditional Grammarians

Modern grammarians use form-based definition

when identifying grammatical properties .

On the other hand,

Traditional grammarians tend to invoke meaning

rather than form when defining grammatical

properties.

Compare these two sentences

Yeni cooked chicken curry yesterday.

It would be better if Yeni cooked tomorrow.

Now , let’s see other example

Will you come to my house? asking

Compared with

Will you get out? commanding

Will you have another cup of tea? offering

GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES

AND PROTOTYPES

Grammatical

categories :

Sets of syntactic

features defined by

form-based definition.

Traditional grammarians tend to

define

“subject” as “the doer” or “what the

sentence

is about” . Compare these

sentences.

e.g.John takes the book.John is a doctor. It was raining.The book is taken by John.

To correctly determine which one the

subject is, we can use tag question form.

John takes the book, doesn’t he?

John is a doctor, isn’t he?

It was raining, wasn’t it?

The book is taken by John, isn’t it?

Grammatical Prototypes:

Sets of syntactic features

defined by meaning-

based definition.

To define ”noun”, traditional

grammarians use terms “the

name of place, thing, or person”.

This definition can be used to

define concrete noun (e.g.

school, tree, John).

CONSTITUENT STRUCTURE

An analysis, often in the form

of a schematic representation, of

the constituents of a

construction, such as a sentence.

EXAMPLE

Immediate Constituents :

Constituents which ARE DIRECTLY BELOW

the construction .

e.g.

Noun phrase Bali island and verb phrase is

the most visited tourism place this year is

the immediate constituent of construction

Bali island is the most visited tourism place

this year.

How Do We Know How to Analyse a Sentence into Its Contituents?

Substitution

If a sequence of words can be substituted by a

single word, then we can assume that the

sequence is the constituent.

e.g. We can say Bali island is the constituent

because this word can be replaced by pronoun it.

Movement

If a sequence of words can be moved to

another position, then it is the constituent.

e.g. We can say this year is one of the

constituents of Bali island is the most

visited place this year because it can be

moved into different position,This year Bali

island is the most visited tourism place.

DESCRIPTIVE AND

PRESCRIPTIVE GRAMMAR

Prescriptive Grammar:

Grammar prescribing the

ways in which language

should be used.

This is the house which he lives in.

(This form is incorrect according to

prescriptive grammar)

This is the house in which he lives.

(This is the correct form according to

prescriptive grammar)

Descriptive Grammar:

Grammar prescribing

the ways in which

language is used.

However, according to descriptive

grammar, both forms are correct.

This is the house which he lives in.

(This form is formal)

This is the house in which he lives.

(This is the informal form)

Prescriptive Grammar tend to

operate with a simple contrast

between correct and incorrect;

Descriptive Grammar recognize

the existence of different varieties

of language; formal and informal,

written and spoken, standard and

nonstandard, etc.

Prescriptive and descriptive grammar

are not necessarily in conflict; they just

have different goals.

Prescriptive grammar present rules to

be followed, while descriptive grammar

aim to account for the grammatical

system that underlies our use of

language.

Thank You