MORPHOLOGY

Presented to

Mr Nazir Malik

Presented by

Amnah Moghees

100784015

Nouman Malik

100784014

Morphology

The study of internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed

Morphology: the word of language

Important part of our linguistic knowledge

Word

“A unit of expression which has universal intuitive recognition by native speaker, in both spoken and written language”

(Crystal)“The smallest of linguistic unit which can

occur on its own in speech or writing”

(Richard & Schmidt)

Conti….

“A unit of meaning”

(Finch)“A minimal free form”

(Bloomfield)

Word at different level

Orthographic word (I saw a cat on sofa)Phonological word (Deer is dear but dear)Lexical item\ Lexeme (take,took,taken…)Grammatical word form\ Morphosyntactic

word (ball, balls)Semantic words (table, table)

analysis of song at levels of words

“Lost”

by Coldplay

Dictionaries

Lexicography

Content words

Noun, verbs, adjectives and adverbsDenote concept such as objects, action,

attributes and ideasOpen class words

Function words

Grammatical functionConjunctions, preposition, articles,

pronouns, Articles indicate definite or indefinite nounPreposition indicate relationship or

possessionClosed-class

Content words and function words

Brain treats differentlySlip of tongue phenomenonLanguage acquisition

Morpheme

“the minimal unit of meaning or grammatical function”.

The minimal grammatical linguistic unit- is thus an arbitrary union of a sound and meaning that cannot be further analysed.

Every word in every language is composed of one or more morphemes.

boy  (one syllable)

 desire, lady,

boy + ish

desire + able

boy + ish + ness

 desire + able + ity

gentle + man + li +ness

 un + desire + able +ity un + gentle + man + li+ness anti +dis + establish +ment+ari + an + ism

 

lexical (child, teach)

free functional (and, the)

Morphemes

bound inflectional (re,ness)

derivational (‘s, -ed)

Bound Morphemes

Cannot normally stand alone or typically attached to another form

All affixes (prefixes and suffixes) in English

Prefix

Bound morphemes which occur only before other morphemes. Examples: un- (uncover, undo) dis- (displeased, disconnect), pre- (predetermine, prejudge)

Suffixes

Bound morphemes which occur  following other morphemes. Examples: -er (singer, performer) -ist (typist, pianist) -ly (manly, friendly)

Infixes

Bound morphemes which are inserted  into other morphemes. Example:             fikas "strong"             fumikas "to be strong"                (Bontoc Language)

Circumfixes

Bound morphemes that are attached to a root or stem morpheme both initially and finally. Example:              chokma "he is good"          ik + chokm + o "he isn’t’ good"        (Chickasaw Language)

Root

Non-affix lexical content morphemes that cannot be analyzed into smaller parts  (ex.) cran (as in cranberry), act, beauty, system, etc.. 

     Free Root  Morpheme: run bottle, phone, etc.

     Bound Root  Morpheme: receive, remit, uncount, uncouth, nonchalant, etc. 

Stem

When a root morpheme is combined with affix morphemes,  it forms a stem. 

Other affixes can be added to a stem to form a more complex stem. 

Root           believe    (verb)

Stem           believe + able (verb + suffix)

Word          un + believe + able  

(prefix + verb + suffix)

Free Morphemes

Can stand by themselves as a single word Example:    girl, system, desire, hope, act, phone, happy..  

Set of separate English word form such as basic noun, adjectives, verbs, etc.

Root        system    (noun)

Stem       system + atic    (noun + suffix)

Stem       un + system + atic   

(prefix + noun + suffix)

Stem       un + system + atic + al 

(prefix + noun + suffix + suffix)

Word      un + system + atic + al + ly 

prefix + noun + suffix + suffix + suffix      

Rules of word formation

Knowledge of individual morphemes, their pronunciation and their meaning and the knowledge of the rules for combining morphemes into complex words.

V+ify→verbV+ify→+ify+ication→noun

The form that result from addition of a derivational morpheme is called a derived word

Derivational MorphologyDerivational morphemes derive a new word

by being attached to root morphemes or stems

They can be both suffixes and prefixes in  English. Examples:    beautiful, exactly, unhappy, impossible, recover

Change of Meaning  Examples: un+do (the opposite meaning of ‘do’) sing+er ( deriving a new word with the meaning of a person who sings). 

The Hierarchical Structure of Words

A word is not a simple sequence of morphemes. It has an internal structure.

Hierarchical structure is an essential property of human language.

More about Derivational Morphemes

MoraliseFriendshipConformistAbstraction

reprintDecentralization

Lexical gaps

Recognition of possible and impossible words.

Rule productivity

Morphological rules can be used freely to form new words from the list of free and bound morphemes

Un → antonymsDoes not change grammatical class

Sign language morphology

Pullete surprise

Knowledge of the morphemes of the language and morphological rules we may guess the meaning

Errors lead to non deviant form e.g.Diatribe→ food for the whole clanBibliography→ holy geographyHomogeneous→ devoted to home life

Word Coinage

Invention of totally new termsWords are used usually without capital

letters e.g,Kleenex, Xerox, etc

Compound

Joining of two words together to form third

Involves two nouns (frequently)

Book+case=bookcase

Wall+paper=wallpaper

Lambs+wool=lambswool

Acronyms

Words derived from the initial s of several words

National Aeronautics and Space Agency

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation

Random Access Memory

Video Cassette Recorder

Some Commonly Used Acronyms

CDRadarLaser

ATMPINGB

Compact Disk

Radio Detecting and Ranging

Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

Automatic teller machine

Personal identification number

Giga Byte

Back-formation

Specified reduction processWord of one type is reduced to form a

word of another type (usually N → V)

Continued…….

Television ………TeleviseDonation………...DonateEmotion………… EmoteEditor …………... Edit

Clipping

Abbreviation of longer words may become lexicalised

Eponyms

SandwichRobotGargantuanJumbo

Gargantuan

Robot

Sandwich

Jumbo

Blends

Smog

Motel

Broast

Brunch

Grammatical Morphemes

Have not any clear lexical meaning

have only clear sense in a sentence , e.g. to , it and etc

Inflectional Morphemes

Inflectional morphemes signal grammatical information such as number (plural), tense, possession and so on. They are thus often called bound grammatical morphemes 

They are only found in suffixes in  English.  Examples:  boys,  Mary’s , walked 

Inflectional Morphemes

Inflectional morphemes signal grammatical information such as number (plural), tense, possession and so on. They are thus often called bound grammatical morphemes 

They are only found in suffixes in  English.  Examples:  boys,  Mary’s , walked 

Conti….

No change of Meaning  Examples:       walk vs. walks                          toy vs. toys 

Never change the syntactic category of the words or morpheme to they which they are attached.

They are always attached to completed words Examples:          walk vs. walked or walks (V--> V) 

Conti….

In English, inflectional morphemes typically follow derivational morphemes

 Examples:unlikelihood,  unlikelihoods   (not  *unlikeslihood)

English Inflectional Morphemes

-s     third person singular present             

She waits at home. -ed   past tense 

She waited at home. -ing  progressive                                     

She is eating the donut.-en   past participle                                 

Mary has eaten the donuts.

-s     plural                                              

She ate the donuts.-’s    possessive                 

          Disa's hair is short.-er    comparative                  

             Disa has shorter hair than Karin.-est  superlative                                      

Disa has the shortest hair.

Morph

Phonological realization of a morpheme Allomorphs and variantsThe appearance of one morph over

another

Exceptions and suppletions

Exception of irregular plural form and past tenseSome morphological shapeNoun is used in compound words and lose its

meaning

Morphological analysis

Speaker of a language have the knowledge to perceive the component morphemes and morphological rules for their combination

Conclusion

Reference Books An Introduction to Language

By Victoria Fromkin The Study of Language

By Goerge Yule What is morphology?

By Mark Arnoff & Kristen Ferdiman An Introduction to English Morphology

By Andrew Carstairs-McCarthy An Introduction to Linguistics

By Loreto Todd

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