motivation
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ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIORS T E P H E N P. R O B B I N S
W W W . P R E N H A L L . C O M / R O B B I N S
T E N T H E D I T I O N
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. PowerPoint Presentation by Charlie CookPowerPoint Presentation by Charlie Cook
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–2
AFTER STUDYING THIS CHAPTER,YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
1. Outline the motivation process.
2. Describe Maslow’s need hierarchy.
3. Contrast Theory X and Theory Y.
4. Differentiate motivators from hygiene factors.
5. List the characteristics that high achievers prefer in a job.
6. Summarize the types of goals that increase performance.
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© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–3
AFTER STUDYING THIS CHAPTER,YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO:
7. State the impact of underrewarding employees.
8. Clarify key relationships in expectancy theory.
9. Explain how the contemporary theories of motivation complement each other.
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© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–4
Defining MotivationDefining Motivation
Key Elements
1. Intensity: how hard a person tries
2. Direction: toward beneficial goal
3. Persistence: how long a person tries
Key Elements
1. Intensity: how hard a person tries
2. Direction: toward beneficial goal
3. Persistence: how long a person tries
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–5
Hierarchy of Needs TheoryHierarchy of Needs Theory
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–6
Maslow’s Hierarchy of NeedsMaslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
E X H I B I T 6-1
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–7
Theory X and Theory Y (Douglas McGregor)Theory X and Theory Y (Douglas McGregor)
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–8
Holland’s Typology of Personalityand Congruent Occupations
E X H I B I T 6-2
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–9
Two-Factor Theory (Frederick Herzberg)Two-Factor Theory (Frederick Herzberg)
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–10
Comparison of Satisfiers and Dissatisfiers
Comparison of Satisfiers and Dissatisfiers
E X H I B I T 6-3
Factors characterizing events on the job that led to extreme job dissatisfaction
Factors characterizing events on the job that led to extreme job satisfaction
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–11
Contrasting Views of Satisfactionand Dissatisfaction
Contrasting Views of Satisfactionand Dissatisfaction
E X H I B I T 6-4
Presence Absence
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ERG Theory (Clayton Alderfer)ERG Theory (Clayton Alderfer)
Core Needs
Existence: provision of basic material requirements.
Relatedness: desire for relationships.
Growth: desire for personal development.
Core Needs
Existence: provision of basic material requirements.
Relatedness: desire for relationships.
Growth: desire for personal development.
Concepts:
More than one need can be operative at the same time.
If a higher-level need cannot be fulfilled, the desire to satisfy a lower-level need increases.
Concepts:
More than one need can be operative at the same time.
If a higher-level need cannot be fulfilled, the desire to satisfy a lower-level need increases.
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–13
David McClelland’s Theory of NeedsDavid McClelland’s Theory of Needs
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nAff
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–14
Matching Achievers and JobsMatching Achievers and Jobs
E X H I B I T 6-5
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Cognitive Evaluation TheoryCognitive Evaluation Theory
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Goal-Setting Theory (Edwin Locke)Goal-Setting Theory (Edwin Locke)
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–17
Reinforcement TheoryReinforcement Theory
Concepts:
Behavior is environmentally caused.
Behavior can be modified (reinforced) by providing (controlling) consequences.
Reinforced behavior tends to be repeated.
Concepts:
Behavior is environmentally caused.
Behavior can be modified (reinforced) by providing (controlling) consequences.
Reinforced behavior tends to be repeated.
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–18
Flow and Intrinsic Motivation TheoryFlow and Intrinsic Motivation Theory
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Ken Thomas’s Model of Intrinsic MotivationKen Thomas’s Model of Intrinsic Motivation
Employees are intrinsically motivated when rewards an employee gets from work result from:– Choice– the ability to freely self-select and
perform task activities.– Competence– the sense of accomplishment
from skillfully performing chosen tasks or activities.
– Meaningfulness– pursuing a task that matters in the larger scheme of things.
– Progress– the feeling of significant advancement in achieving the task’s purpose.
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–20
Equity TheoryEquity Theory
Referent Comparisons:
Self-inside
Self-outside
Other-inside
Other-outside
Referent Comparisons:
Self-inside
Self-outside
Other-inside
Other-outside
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Equity Theory (cont’d)Equity Theory (cont’d)
E X H I B I T 6-7
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Equity Theory (cont’d)Equity Theory (cont’d)
Choices for dealing with inequity:
1. Change inputs (slack off)
2. Change outcomes (increase output)
3. Distort/change perceptions of self
4. Distort/change perceptions of others
5. Choose a different referent person
6. Leave the field (quit the job)
Choices for dealing with inequity:
1. Change inputs (slack off)
2. Change outcomes (increase output)
3. Distort/change perceptions of self
4. Distort/change perceptions of others
5. Choose a different referent person
6. Leave the field (quit the job)
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–23
Equity Theory (cont’d)Equity Theory (cont’d)
Propositions relating to inequitable pay:
1. Overrewarded employees produce more than equitably rewarded employees.
2. Overrewarded employees produce less, but do higher quality piece work.
3. Underrewarded hourly employees produce lower quality work.
4. Underrewarded employees produce larger quantities of lower-quality piece work than equitably rewarded employees
Propositions relating to inequitable pay:
1. Overrewarded employees produce more than equitably rewarded employees.
2. Overrewarded employees produce less, but do higher quality piece work.
3. Underrewarded hourly employees produce lower quality work.
4. Underrewarded employees produce larger quantities of lower-quality piece work than equitably rewarded employees
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–24
Equity Theory (cont’d)Equity Theory (cont’d)
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–25
Expectancy TheoryExpectancy Theory
E X H I B I T 6-8
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–26
Performance DimensionsPerformance Dimensions
E X H I B I T 6-9
© 2003 Prentice Hall Inc. All rights reserved. 6–27
Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation
Integrating Contemporary Theories of Motivation
E X H I B I T 6-10