Motivation and EmotionTheoretical ApproachesMotivation is the force that initiates, guides, and maintains goal-oriented behaviors. It is what causes us to take action, whether to grab a snack to reduce hunger or enroll in college to earn a degree. The forces that lie beneath motivation can be biological, social, emotional, or cognitive in nature.1) Instinct Theory of Motivation - According to instinct theories, people are motivated to behave in certain ways because they are evolutionarily programmed to do so. An example of this in the animal world is seasonal migration. These animals do not learn to do this, it is instead an inborn pattern of behaviour.2) Incentive Theory of Motivation - The incentive theory suggests that people are motivated to do things because of external rewards.3) Drive Theory of Motivation - According to the drive theory of motivation, people are motivated to take certain actions in order to reduce the internal tension that is caused by unmet needs. For example, you might be motivated to drink a glass of water in order to reduce the internal state of thirst.4) Arousal Theory of Motivation - The arousal theory of motivation suggests that people take certain actions to either decrease or increase levels of arousal. When arousal levels get too low, for example, a person might watch an exciting movie or go for a jog. When arousal levels get too high, on the other hand, a person would probably look for ways to relax such as meditating or reading a book.5) Humanistic Theory of Motivation - Humanistic theories of motivation are based on the idea that people also have strong cognitive reasons to perform various actions. This is famously illustrated in Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which presents different motivations at different levels.BIOLOGICAL BASES OF BASIC MOTIVESPsychologists have divided motives into three typesBiological motives, social motives and personal motives1) Biological Motivation and Homeostasis: Biological motives are called as physiological motives. These motives are essential for the survival of the organism. Such motives are triggered when there is imbalancement in the body. The body always tends to maintain a state of equilibrium called Homeostasis- in many of its internal physiological processes.a. Hunger motive b. Thirst motivec. Need for oxygend. Motive for regulation of body temperaturee. Need for sleepf. Need for avoidance of paing. Drive for elimination of wasteh. Sex motivei. Maternal drive2) Social Motives: These are called social motives, because they are learnt in social groups as a result of interaction with the family and society. That is why their strength differs from one individual to another.a. Achievement motiveb. Aggressive motivec. Power motived. Acquisitive motivee. Curiosity motivef. Gregariousness3) Personal Motives: In addition to the above said physiological and social motives, there are some other motives which are allied with both of the above said motives. These are highly personalized and very much individualized motives. The most important among them are:a. Force of habitsb. Goals of lifec. Levels of aspirationsd. Attitudes and interestsPatterns of Motivation Motivation deals with explanations of why people do the things they do.The first pattern, direction in making choices, deals with what option is chosen when individuals are confronted with different possible alternatives.The second pattern, persistence, is an indicator of the motivation of an individual.The third pattern, intensity, speaks of the intensity with which one attends to doing something.PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL MOTIVATIONWHAT IS MOTIVE AND DRIVE?MOTIVATION comes from the Latin word movere, OR MOVE.The term motive and drive both generally refers to any internal stimulus condition of the organism that impels it to activity. While the words to describe motivations, like needs, urges, impulses, desires, goals, or purpose, refer to the circumstances that energize behavior and give it direction. PSYCHOLOGICAL MOTIVES OR SOCIAL MOTIVES The psychological needs, sometimes classified as social motives, is that which arises as a result of interaction with other people. The so-called motives substantially depend on social groups and concern social dominance, conformity to societal norms, and obedience to authority. They are very numerous as well as complex. They are not innate and are dependent almost entire upon training and experience, immediately upon social environment, and individuals own personality. Some of this social motives may be stronger than inborn drives. The influence of his previous life experience will be obvious. The common psychological and social motives are; 1.) AFFECTIONAL DRIVE- this drive may develop from one or both of these sources: it may be unlearned drive that emerges in the normal course of maturation; or it may, on the other hand, be learned through experiences with people who satisfy survival needs. 2.) NEEDS FOR SECURITY AND SAFETY- the urge for security is one of the most powerful socializing forces. It motivates people to be cooperative and thereby builds a society that enables individuals to live together in peace and harmony.3.) SEX URGE- although sex is s biological motive, the survival of an individual does not depend on it. The sex drive is classified as a social motive since it evolves another person. It is limited in its expression by social pressure; that is, society sets the pattern for acceptable modes of sexual gratification.4.)THE NEED FOR AFFILIATION - this is the desire to connect or associate oneself with others. The affiliation needs account for high motivation of individuals to join clubs, organization sports, and so on.5.) GREGARIOUSNESS- this is the desire to be in the company or in the presence of other people. We feel lonely when we are alone. Our tendency is to be near someone to talk with, especially with person who has same interest.6.)DEPENDENCY (or succorance)- closely related to affiliation drive and probably a sub classification of it, dependency drive is the need to seek aid, protection, and sympathy from another, the need to depend on others, the need to have someone to look up to and depend on for help. 7.) SOCIAL APPROVAL- the desire for group approval is one of the strongest urges of a man. We exert great effort to win this approval by behaving in accordance with what society expect us. We therefore, tend to avoid doing anything that will meet the disapproval of people around us. THEORIES OF HUMAN MOTIVATION1.) THE BEHAVIOR THEORY, formulated by Whiting and Child (1953), stated that a few basic motives acquired in early infancy proliferate into the behavior system in later life. Many kinds of behavior are influence by the motive of stimulus-response relationships and learning (habit formation) Adult behavior was classified into five behavior systems: oral, anal, sexual, dependency, and aggression.2.) THE THEORY OF UNCONSCIOUS MOTIVATION, originated from FREUD and psychoanalysis. Unconscious motives are manifested in the form of dreams, mannerisms, slips of tongue and symptoms of neurosis.3.) THE COGNITIVE THEORY OF MOTIVATION, formulated by John W. Atkinson (1964), accepted some important findings of other theories. According to this theory, goals control behavior. Some persons are highly motivated by hope of success, while others by fear of failure. OTHER THEORIES OF MOTIVATION1.) THE THEORY OF INSTINCT, by William McDougall (1871-1936) asserts that humans were motivated by a number of different instincts. Instinct refers to innate tendencies or biological forces that determine behavior.2.) THE DRIVE REDUCTION THEORY, of Clark Hull asserts that a living organism have certain biological needs that must be met if they are to survive.3.) THE AROUSAL THEORY, refers to a person's state of alertness and mental and physical activation. According to Yerkesdodson law, there is a close link between arousal and performance. Performance of a task is best when arousal level is appropriate to the difficult task (Samuel Wood 2004). THEORIES OF EMOTIONWILLIAM JAMES-CARL LANGE THEORY (1884-1885) Emotional experience occurs after bodily changes. The sequence of events in emotional states are: (1) perception of the situation which will produce the emotion; (2) reaction to the situation; and (3) perception of the reaction. The bodily states, internal changes, or overt movements precede the emotion that is felt. Perception->Motor Reaction->Visceral Arousal-> Emotion WALTER CANNON-PHILIP BARDS THALAMIC THEORY (1927) The nervous impulses going into the hypothalamus from the receptor stimulate that center to send impulses to the cortex and vice viscera simultaneously . When the impulses reach the cortex, an emotion is generated. The motor impulses sent into viscera by way of the sympathetic nervous system result in the emergency state. The responses expressed occur at the same time as a result of hypothalamic activity. The theory can represented this way:Perception->hypothalamic->Emotional visceral arousal ->Arousal ACTIVATION THEORY OF EMOTION HABER AND FRIED (1975) Haber and Fried states that in 1951, D. B. Lindsley formulated the activation theory of emotion. This theory states that emotion is a heightened state of activity of nervous system, particularly the cerebral cortex. COGNITIVE THEORY OF EMOTIONS STANLEY SCHACHTER (1927) The phases in the emotional process are: (1) perception of the emotion-producing situation; (2) a stirred-up bodily state which is ambiguous; (3) interpretation and labeling of the bodily state that fits the perceived situation. LIMBIC SYSTEM AND EMOTION Approximately ten years later, E. Gelhorn formulated the limbic theory of emotion. According to this theory, we have a visceral brain that comprises the limbic system composed of a variety of neural centers lying in the old area of the cortex and the hypothalamus. The Development of Emotional Patterns and Various Aspects of EmotionEmotional DevelopmentThere are two factors of emotional development. This are maturation and learning, they are closely interwoven in the development of emotions that at times it is difficult to distinguish the effects.1. The Role of MaturationThe growth of maturation and understanding and the increase in ability to remember and anticipate likewise effect emotional reaction. Development of the endocrine glands is essential to mature emotional behavior.2. The Role of LearningFive kinds of learning contributes to the development of emotional patterns during childhoodTrial and error LearningLearning by ImitationLearning by IdentificationConditioning TrainingThe Basic Emotional PatternsAfter early months of babyhood, differentiated emotional patterns emerge. The most common Emotional Patterns/ Basic Emotions are as follows:1. FearCaused by belief that someone or something is dangerous, likely to cause pain, or a threat. Types of fearLearned FearAcquired fear through imitationFears that comes as an aftermath of unpleasant experienceMost common fear-provoking stimuli in babyhoodLoud noiseAnimalsDark room and high placesSudden diplacementBeing alone PainStrange person, place or object2. AngerIs a more frequent emotional response than fear. The reason for this is that anger-provoking stimuli are more numerous and children discover at an early age that anger is an effective way of getting attention or what they want(Tantrums)Anger-provoking stimuliThose involving body restraintInterference with movementsBlocking of activitiesThwarting of wishes, plans and purposes child wants to carry out3. Jealousy Is a normal response to actual, supposed or threatened loss of affection. It is an outgrowth of anger, giving rise to an attitude of resentment directed toward people.Jealousy-provoking stimuliPreparation for the arrival of the new babyAge difference among siblingsFeeling that they have been deprived of material possessions other children have (this kind of jealousy comes from envy)4. GriefIt is a psychic trauma, an emotional distress resulting from the lost of something loved. In it's milder forms, it is known as sorrow or sadness. The typical overt expression of grief in childhood is crying5. CuriosityCuriosity of the child starts after the 3 months of life. At the age of 3, it is in the terms of questions already. When the child is old enough, his curiosity is satisfied by reading.6. Joy, Pleasure and DelightJoy in it's milder forms is known as pleasure, delight and happiness. A positive emotion.Joy-provoking stimuliPhysical well-beingIncongruous situationSlight calamitiesSudden or unexpected noisesResponse to JoySmiling LaughingRelaxed state of the entire body7. AffectionIt is an emotional reaction directed towards a person or a thing. It indicates warm regard, friendliness, sympathy or helpfulness. And it may take a physical or verbal form.CHILDS AFFECTION ARE LEARNED NOT INATEThe various aspects of emotionThere are three central aspects of emotion.BiologicalCognitiveSocial-culturalFive Biological Aspects of EmotionsAutonomic Nervous systemEndocrine systemNeural Brain circuitRate of Neural firingFacial FeedbackAutonomic Nervous systemArousal and regulations of the heart, lungs and musclesEndocrine systemActivation of the glands and hormonesNeural Brain circuitLimbic brain structures such as hypothalamusNeural activationRate of Neural FiringHow quickly information are processedIt is the pattern or Electrocortial activity (in the brain) at any time. Different emotions are activated by different rates of cortical neural firingFacial FeedbackPatterns of facial musculatures Facial Feedback Hypothesis Cognitive AspectsAppraisals Emotions only occur with an antecedent appraisal of stimulus eventsAppraisal, not the stimulus event causes emotionsEmotional knowledgeExperience leads to an understanding of different variations of emotions.We learn to distinguish finer shades of emotions as we developAn individual's emotional knowledge is the number of emotions he/she can distinguishAttributionsIt is the reason why a person uses to explain an important life outcomePrimary attribution- good or badSecondary attribution- causePA+SA= EMOTIONSocial and Cultural AspectsEmotion KnowledgeExpression ManagementEmotion ManagementPhysiological Responses in Emotions When an emotion-producing situation or stimulus is encountered, the organisms respond all over. The whole system is involved. Sensory messages reach the hypothalamus and here nervous impulses set of instinctive or learned patterns of behavior. Many of the bodily changes in emotion under the control of automatic nervous system.Automatic Nervous SystemThis system is connected with the central nervous system but independent of it in many ways.THERE ARE TWO DIVISIONS :Sympathetic Divisions Located along each side of the spinal chord and its composed of a chain of ganglia. GANGLIA send out motor fibers to various organs. It takes over in times of emergency and stress, when we are experiencing an emotions such as fear or rageParasympathetic Divisions divided into two; The CRANICAL PART ( nervous from the brain ) and SACRAL PART ( nerves leaves the lowest part of the spinal chord ). This is is more active during relatively calm periods in which of the body is vegetating such as sleeping, relaxing, digesting or storing food and etc.Emotional responses may be MAL ADAPTIVE reactions, as in phobia. Phobias morbid fears that may interfere with normal adjustment. Common forms of Phobia are claustrophobia, zoophobia, necrophobia, acrophobia etc.Physiological ChangesGalvanic skin responseBlood pressure and volumeHeart rateRespirationPupillary response Salivary secretionPilomotor responseGastrointestinal motilityMuscle tension and tremorBlood CompositionEmotions and Health All emotions contribute usefully to the quality and type of adjustment of human being. Though emotions can facilitate behavior, they can also cause trouble. The individual can learn emotional responses that are inconvenient or debilitating, or one can indulge in situations that produce persisting emotions which interfere seriously with normal body function through continuous physiological processes. Long-continuing emotions can produce actual damage to the body. Psychosomatic reactions can manifest itself through migrane, peptic ulcer, asthma, obesity, highblood, neurodermatitis and etc. Report in General PsychologyLeader:Jorie Anne B. DungcaMembers: Alvina Jane EncomiendaDiane AsinasJhe-Ann Alinab