motivation and emotion. motivation internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our...
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Motivation and Emotion
Motivation
internal processes that activate, guide, and maintain our behavior
Drive-Reduction Theory
Theories of Motivation
Drive-Reduction TheoryHumans sometimes engage in behaviors that
increase rather than reduce drives Arousal Theory
Motivated to be at optimal level of arousal
Yerkes-Dodson Law There is an optimal level of arousal for the
best performance of any task. The more complex the task, the lower the level of
arousal that can be tolerated before performance deteriorates.
Theories of Motivation
Incentive theoriesMotivation incentives/pay offs
Cognitive approaches thoughts, expectations, and goals Intrinsic vs. Extrinsic motivation
Intrinsic motivationA desire to perform a behavior originates
within the individual
Extrinsic motivationA desire to perform a behavior to obtain an
external reward or avoid punishment
Maslow’s Hierarchy
Identify the motive… Have I got a terrible headache. It’s really
splitting. It gets lonely in my apartment on the
weekends. My roommate goes to visit her parents and most of my neighbors are away too.
I feel really bored by this course. It’s a lot like the one I took last year. I was hoping it would be more challenging.
Identify the motive…
He really makes me furious. I’m tired of his put-downs! Who does he think he is anyway?
Uh, listen, do you mind if we don’t go into that nightclub? I hear that some tough types hang out there and that someone got beaten up there last week.
Hey, guess what? I just got an A+ on my term paper. Pretty good, eh?
Human Needs & Motivation
Hunger and Thirststimulated by internal and external cues
Hypothalamus (lateral and ventromedial) Blood levels
Glucose, fats, carbohydrates, insulin, leptin
Cells in stomach and small intestine
Insulin: secreted by pancreas; controls blood glucose
Leptin: protein secreted by fat cells; when abundant, causes brain to increase metabolism and
decrease hunger Orexin: hunger-triggering
hormone secreted by hypothalamus Ghrelin: hormone secreted by empty
stomach; sends “I’m hungry” signals to brain
PYY: digestive tract hormone; sends “I’m not hungry” signals to brain
Human Needs & Motivation
Hunger & ThirstSights and smellsBody Mass Index (BMI)Stress
Motivations-to-Eat (Jackson et al., 2003)
Suggests that there are four specific motivations for eating beyond the “need” for nourishmentTo cope with negative affectTo be socialTo comply with others’ expectationsTo enhance pleasure
Means
Females 1.78 coping 2.74 social 1.60 compliance 2.33 pleasure
Males 1.40 coping 2.66 social 1.54 compliance 2.28 pleasure
Eating Disorders
Anorexia nervosaA serious eating disorder that is associated
with an intense fear of weight gain and a distorted body image
Bulimia nervosaAn eating disorder characterized by binges of
eating followed by self-induced purging
Eating Disorders
Increased incidence in relatives Serotonin Perfectionism Dissatisfaction with body
Ladies Home Journal poll (2003)
On a scale from 1-10, 43% rated bodies between 6-9. 1% rated perfect, 20% ranked themselves at 5
One out of three said they were currently on a diet
When given a choice between a facelift or a refurbished kitchen, 78% chose the kitchen
52% would rather have smaller hips or thighs than a two-week vacation “to get away from it all”
87% said it’s more acceptable for men to go gray and get out of shape than it is for women
75% said they would rather have a root canal than wear a thong bikini
Need for Affiliation
Interest in establishing and maintaining relationships with others
Ostracism
Emotions Body Response (arousal)
Expressive Reaction
ConsciousExperience
Emotions
Primary emotions Secondary emotions
James-Lange Theory
Certain stimuli in the environment can bring on physiological changes.Emotions arise from our awareness of those
changes. Facial feedback hypothesis
Neuroscience of Emotions
Specific patterns of biological arousal associated with specific emotions
PET scans Amygdale link between perception of
stimulus and recall of stimulus later
Communicating Emotions
Voice Quality and Facial Expression Body language Personal space Explicit Acts
Gender and Emotion Research findings
Men and women may feel emotions similarly, but differ in how they are expressed.
Same situation may provoke different emotions.
Women are better at reading emotional cues than men.
Anger
Response to perceived misdeeds Common when acts are seen as willful,
unjustified, and avoidable Can promote prejudice and heart disease
Catharsis hypothesis
Happiness
Feel-good, do-good phenomenon
Subjective well-beingSelf-perceived happiness/satisfaction with life