OmARYlCIglARCH FARMING SYIllEWS RBSSARCH PROGRAM

mrtm LUWaf 1974-83

ICRIIAAT Iatmaatlrmrl Cmpr Research Lutitute fm tbe Semi-Md Tmplcs

1CRlSAT Pstancboru P.O. Andhra R u b b 502 324

India 1984

R\im i m an i n i o l v l raport of uork f o r 1S78-#1. mi# nport i s domiqned t o mtLnrlate th lnkinp and -tm f r a prohmmional col leaqum a d i r mot to k m m i d a r o d am a i o r v l publication boarinp tho m Q r r v n t of t ho 'Inmtitute.

%is i m one of m- mwmqrm ropor t r f m eke r a r r ino S y s t r r k w r c h Proprm. The #oven w r w r r rqmrtm include ehr f o l l a r i n g ~

A q r o e l L v t 0 1 ~ So i l Physics and Canrorration So i l F e r t i l i t y 6 O l a a i r t y ruu P w o r 6 E q u i p ~ n t Land C Water U u t a w t cmppinq symteu an-Tun m u a r c h

111. FIVE-YEAR RlGPORT

I V. PUBLICATIONS

On-farm reaerrcb ir tbe vital link between the experiment rtation and the frrWr and ir an important rtep in the process of developing improved relevant farm practicer, On-farm rerearch ir a roltidirciplinary procerr, directed at problem-rolving field oxperinntation. Though each farm situation ir unique in itrelf, rimilar frctorrr farar and region8 can be grouped into operation81 arerr and practicer can be tented for dieremlnrtion to rnalogous ryrtemr and situations.

In 1978 r cooperrtive on-farm rerearch project war initiated with AICRPDA (All India Coordinated Rerearch Project on Dryland Agriculture) three state agricultural univerritiee and ICRISAT. 6-11 wrterrhods in three villager were selected and land development was completed before the rainy season. Tho firrt 2-year experience rhowed that: (i) the crop yield levels varied widely acrorr farmerr field8 vithin the waterrhed, and (ii) on deep vertirolr, empharir on replrcing the kharif fallow by rriny-reason cropping murt be concentrated in the high rainfall regionr (750 lam and above) . DEEP Am MEDIUM-DEEP VBi@IBOL WATERBRED DIMLOPNBHT AT ICRIBAT CCATER:

Research resulte of watershed based nsnagownt of deep and medium deep Vertisolr at ICRISAT rince 1973 indicated that deep Vertisol technology developed at ICRISAT can increaee profits by about 600Q compared with a traditional ryrtem baeed on rainy-season fallow followed by portrainy rerron sorghum and chickpea.

Our experience har been that by cultivating the land immediately after the harvert of the preceding crop, by improving d.rainage, by dry reeding of cropr ahead of the onset of the rainy season, and by using improved reed8 and fertilizerr two crop# can be grown on Vertirolr where one is grown at present. By combining there aspects a maize/pigeonpea intercrop bar given an average of over 3.8 t/ha of foodgrain production par year without the ure of irrigation for over five consequetive yearr. Therefore, we decided that emphaeir will be plrced on terting and refining the deep Vtrtiaol teohnology in dependable rrinfrll areas.

In 1981 a joint project war initiated at Tadanprlly, nedak Dirtrfct, A.P., to test the technology option# under field

Page 2

condition.. Yield. of fainy rerron rorghun a# an intercrop in thir uater8b.d -re .bout 2000 kg/bar thore of intercrop m i t e 1600 kq/ba. Sole crop m i r e yielded 2300 kglha. The traditional poatralny-ua#on rorghua yielded only 700 kg/ha after fallov. In addition 600-1000 kg/ha of pigeonpea war harvested. In general production and profits were lurkedly higber under the improvd ryatea, with a 2448 return on a d d d expenditure of U.5861ha.

In 1982-83 the verification experiwntr were laid out at 6 locations in the rtates of Andhrr Praderh, naharashtra, Karnataka and Wadhya Praderh. During 1983-84, the verification of deep Vertirol technology war expanded to 28 locations in about 2000 hectare6 involving 1406 farmerr in the four stater.

a. Analyrir of the limited obrervationr from the waterrheds indicated that improved technology rerultsd in increased production and incow. However, r wide range of marginal rate of return indicated the need for closer monitoring of the different factorr of the technology and optimirinq tbe input factorr.

b. The availability of bullock8 for small fararere varier much from year to year than it doer for large farmers. In most cares, a m 1 1 farmerr have leas rturd bullocks. Particular attention will have Lo be pard to making draft power available to rmall farmers in the potential reg ions.

c. Labour in the high potential regione for the deep Vertisol technology nay not qualif for Food for Work or Rural Development Programr. Dl!ficultier have been faced in recruiting casual labor for constructing community drains, This ruggertr a need for flexible wage rcaler if the work is to be completed in time.

d. One of the key eleetntr in the improved technology options is increased ure of fertilizers on unirrigated crops. To tap tbir potential for increasing fertilizer consumption will require inveetmntr in improving the fertilizer dirtribution network. Increare in the number of sale points will be required.

e. Credit volume in the dryland arear needs to be expanded. In addition to the abort-term credit, medium term credit would be required to purchare wheeled tool carriers and long term credit for land developwnt. An annual loan ryetern ehould be inrtituted for dryland arear embracing rainy and poetrainy rsaeon cropr a$ one loan instead of two. Tbe two dirburrerrentr of crrh credit could be nude

witbout requirement of repayment of the rainy season portion prior to di~buraewnt of the loan portion w a n t for the portrainy serson.

f. The -st important d*terainants of profitability in the irprovecl cereal/pigeonpea intercrop in Andhra Pradesh is effective Beliothis pod borer control. Poor control of Beliothis pod borer reduced yields by 700 to 000 kglha, which ir equivalent to a loss in profitr of about Rs.2500/ha ( $ 250) at 1983-04 prices.

Since, in the past SAT areas of the world have been neglected, research inforamtion is highly inadequate to solve the complex crop production problems emanating from highly diverre agroclimatic and rocio-eoonomic environments. On-farm research is a relatively new concept and therefore in its initial stager, international centres such ar ICRISAT and national institutions can compliment each other and provide the neceeeary research back-up.

Some of the components which need attention in future are (01 contribution of broad bed and furrow arnaqewnt in increasing productivity and returns in the short run; (0) efficiency and utility of wheel tool carrier and other implementor (0) method8 of Beliothir control ; (01 sequential double cropping) (0) dry seedingj (01 cropping eystems in relation to rotational needs and much needed flexibility in crop sequence choices.

Adoption and realization of the benefits of a new crop production technology depends on its effective communication to policy decision makers, input suppliers (manufacturerr, bankers, etc.) extenrion workers and farmers. Training of different groupe require8 different approaches. Two seminars for policy makers have been organired in one of whichr participation of senior executiver from financial (credit) inetltutionr was a salient feature. There proceeding8 are available.

In addition, workrhops/training were conducted for middle level state officials of Deprtments of Agriculture, who spent 190 days during 1981, 623 days in 1982 and 546 days in 1983 in training and visit program6 at ICRISAT. Attempts are being made to develop training pcograme for rpecific groups.

Page 4

1981: Improving the rrnagerant of India's deep black roil@.

1982: Second policy ukere' rerinar to review the program of inproved Vortirols u n a g e w n t in relation to assured rainfall regions of India.

1983: Waterrhed based dryland faraing in black and red soils of mnin8ular India.

Coneiderable increare in productivity and rate of return eubetantiates the viability of the deep Vertisolr technology on the rainy-season fallowe beyond doubt. There is a great scope for refining and adjurting the different components of the technology and developing relevant problem rolv ing options. Therefore, in future our major emphssir will be on multidieciplinary on-farm research emanating from the present experiences of technology verification.

I . CONCEPTUAL P W E W O R K

On-farm research (OPR) at ICRISAT is holistic search for technological eolutione to production problems by physical, biological, socio-economic and inetitutional conrtraints. A cloee working relationship between the resrarcherr and farmers remains the ereential ingredient in effective OFR that allows farmer8 agroclimatic and rocio-economic environment8 to influence the procees of development of improved crop production technology.

Farming Syetems Research at ICRISAT is conducting adaptive and verification phaee of ite work in collaboration with the national institutions on carefully selected benchmark farm situations, in order to describe and diagnose problems that the farwre face, evaluate technology 0ption8, and monitor the adoption and performance of technologies. OPR ha8 demonatration value in the transfer of technology, but extension is not the reeponeibility of ICRISAT. The OPR is conducted by the PBRP scientists in close collaboration with the Economics Program of the Inetitute.

Objectives of OFR:

1 To study the existing eyeteae in an effort to identify farmere' conrtrafntr to production, and indicate potential research areas.

Page 5

2. To teat, r c r n n and evaluate technolcyly optionr--co.ponentr and/or ryrtenr under real vorld rituatianr.

3. To monitor the &doption and arrerr the impact of technolog ier .

4. To develop and tert. OFR rethodolopier and rpproacher, and prrticipate in trrininq program vith OIR field activitieo.

5 . To provide a channel for technology tranrfer in cooperation vith national program#.

FARMING SYs'rEMs RESEARCH PROGRAM

? 4

ECONONICS COHPONENT PROCRAM RESEARCH 1 FIELD SCALE f OPERATIONAL CROP IWROVWEXT j! RESURQi PROGRAN

t TRAINING 1 P,, d h

AWPTION AND IMPACT ANALYSIS I

2 . 4. Demonstrat lon an'! i.&tens~on training

t-

9 Z

' -J a

, 5. Research in OFR rthodologaer and approaches

1. Surveys and base lane s t u d t c l

2. Diagnostic or exploratory research

3. Monitoring and Agro-economic

.-; 3-4 evnluat ~ o n -r C

ICRISATtr farming ryrtwr rerearch a i m at dovelopin improved production practicer that will optimire the ure of agrocliutic, biological and rocio-economic factorr, to increase and rtabilire crop productivity.

Since r u l l SAT f a t u r 8 vith their variable rerource bare react differently and are unable to provide experiment rtation conditionr, it ir errential that new technological optionr are adjurted to meet specific local needr. On-farm rerearch ir the vital link between the experiment rtation and the farmers and is an important rtep in the procerr of developing improved relevant farm practicer. Thou h each farm situation is unique in itself, but for rimllar Pactorr, farms and areas can be grouped lnto operational arear and practicer can be disseminated to analogour ryrtenr and rituationr. Since, farming systems are complex and problemr related to agro-ecoloqlcal, biotic and rocio-economic factors are multidimensional in nature, on-farm rerearch ir a multidirciplinary process, directed at problem-rolving field experimentation.

Farmerr and extenrion workerr interact with the multidisciplinary tears in developing problem-rolvinq innovationr based on experiment station basic rerearch. On-Farm Waterrhed Develop~ntt Stage I

In 1978 a cooperative on-farm rerearch project war initiated with AICRPDA (Indialr dryland research project), three rtate agricultural universities and the ICRISAT Program8 on Farming Systems and Economicr. Small waterrhedr in three villagee were selected and land development war completed before the rainy season.

The objectives of tbe project were (1) to adapt, teat, and measure the performance of prospective land and water aanaqement technology on faraers fieldrr ( 2 ) to find ways for farmer8 to partici te in the technology develop~rsnt rocerrj and ( 3 ) to exam r ne the need and feasibility of roup action for adoption of watershed-based systems of arource development and aanagement. f

The waterrhedr developed were; An 11.7 ha Alfirol terrhed at Aurepalle, Andhra Praderhr 10.8 ha medium rtirol watershed near Aanzara, and 13,9 ha deep Vertirol terrbad near Shirapur in naharastra atate (Pig. 1).

Page n

Experience of the first 2-years (1979/80 and 1980/81) showad that: (1) no si nificant difference in proflts war observed ( 2 ) improved see!, chemical fertlliser and better o i l and crop managerent in red soils of Aurepallc gave higber yield6 than the traditional technology, but higher gross returns from the higher yields were evened out by higber cost levels ( 3 ) in Shirapur watershed, rainy-season crops failed due to early cessation of rains and traditional postrainy-season sorghum benefited from the application of chemical fertilizers ( 4 ) broadbeds and furrow6 (BB?) in red soils are not advantageous ( 5 ) the crop yield levale varied widely across farmers fields within the waterehed, and ( 6 ) on deep vertisole, emphasis on replacing the kharif fallow by rainy-season cropping must be concentrated in the high rainfall regions (750 mm and above).

Doep and I(ediu18-Deep Verti801 Watershed Devslopl~ent in On-Farm studies: Stage I1

Research results of watershed based management of deep and medium deep Vertisols at ICRISAT since 1973 indicated that deep Vertisol technology developed at ICRISAT can increase profits upto 6008 compared with a traditional system which vae based on one crop a year (rainy-season fallow followed by poetrainy season sorghum and chickpea). Thin technology consists of five steps which need to be practised together for maximum impact. Theee aret

o shaping the land into graded broadbeds and furrows to faciliate cultivation and surface drainage after the harvest of the preceding;

o preparing seedbeds during the dry season with improved bullock-drawn equipmentr

o sowing dry just ahead of the moneoonr

o using moderate amount8 of fertilizere and recoramended high yielding cultivarsr

o cultivating a second crop on the same land after the firet crop ha6 been harvested.

Using this technology a maize/pigeonpea intercrop has given an average of over 3.8 tonne8 of foodgrain production per year without the use of irrigation for over five consequtive years. Therefore, we decided that emphasis will be placed on

test in! and refining the deep Vertisol

technology in dependab e rainfall areas.

Page 9

Tbereforb~ in 1981 joint project was initiated with Indian rtrearch inrtitutionr, the Andhra Pradarh Department of A riculture~ and 14 farmers at Tadanpally, Medak Distrfct, A.P. to teat the technology option, under f I6ld conditione. Objactivee of the project vcre tot

1. Verify whether the experience galned at ICRISAT could be replicated in farmers fielder

2. Evaluate the pcrforuiancc of the technology optional

3. Test the abilit of delivery system8 to rupport demand0 of the 7 aproved technology optlonsj

4 . Study the technical and economic performance of the options in real world conditioner

Yields of rainy season hybrid sorghum as an intorcrop in the waterehed were about 2000 kg/hat thoae of intercrop maize 1600 kg/ha. Sole crop maize yielded 2300 kg/ha. The traditional postrainy-aeason sorghum yielded only 700 kg/ha after fallow. The detailed economic analyses of the resulto are presented by the economics program. In general production and profits were markedly higher under the improved system, with a 244t return on added expenditure of Re.586/ha.

The Indian Ministry of Agriculture, the Indian Council of Agricultural Research, and ICRISAT organised the first policy makers eeminar on the Management of Deep black eoile and ae a follow-up action the department8 of Agriculture in Andhra Pradeeh, Karnataka, Maharaahtra and Madhya Pradesh started verification trials in an area of 120 ha with 59 farmers in 1982-83 seaeon.

The verificstion of ICRISAT's deep Vertieol technology was expanded to 28 locations in about 2000 hectares involving 1406 farmers in the four states during 1983-84.

Important obbervation~

1. Analysie of the limited observation8 from the wateraheds of Tadanpally and Sultanpur in Andhra Pradesh, Parhatabad in Karnataka and Bcgumganj in Madhya Pradesh, indicated that improved technology reeulted in increased production and income. However, a wide range of 26 to 2187b marginal rate of return indicated the need for clo8er monitoring of the different factore of the technology and optimising the input factors.

Page 10

2. Tadanpally and Sultallpur teats showed that the m8t important determinants of profitability in the in roved crreal/pigeonpca inter-cr~p in Andhra Prrber% is effective control of Beliothis pod borer. Timely spraying with endosultan reduced loseer from ueliothis a s yields ranged fro* 1150 to 1250 kgs across the three types of sprayers. The results showed that poor control of aeliothis pod berer reduced yields by 700 to 800 kgr/ha, which is equivalent to a loss in profit8 of about Rr.2500/ha rt 1983-84 prices. Farmers relying on existing support services sprayed oevaral times to control a heavy Beliothis infestation, On an average, they harvested about 450 kq/ha of pigeonpea grain.

3. In the first year of watershed testing in Tadanpally and Sultanpur, farmers planted 65% of the watershed to systems that featured a rainy season cereal usually 8orghum, that was either inter-cropped or sequentially sole-cropped with a pulse in the postrainy season. In the eecond and third year, farmere reverted to their more traditional practice of plantlng rabi eorghum and sowed a non-cereal based cropping eyotem, usually a kharif fallow chillies sequence.

4 . In Begumganj there was more plot to plot variability in profits in the watershed than in neighbouring farmerr' fields. Although the improved technology options were on an average more profitable, they were also more variable. Also aoybean/piqeonpea inter-crop appeared to be more profitable and is likely to become increasln ly

system8 research in Madhya Pradeeh. 9 popular. There is a need for more adaptive cropp ng

Future planr and approacb

Subetantial increase in productivity and rate of return underscored the viability of the deep Vertisols technoloqy on the rainy-season fallowe beyond doubt. Therefore, as a first step attempts were made to pass-off the technology through analogous transfer and extension to the probable potential areas through the extension agency of the department of Agriculture. This approach had the elements of specification bias in technology prescription and inspite of encouraging results it ha8 been experienced that there is a great scope for refining and adjueting the different components of the technology and develop relevant problem solving options. Therefore, in future our major emphasis will be on multidieciplfnary on-farm research emanating from the present experiences of technology verification.

ICRISAT role v i a - a - national research institut~s and eztenaion p r o g r a u

C6IAR Technical M v i e o r y Committee of CGIAR laid carphasir on

national systems for am-farm and farming syrteu research since they are directly linked with the transfer and extenrion of new technologies, which is a continuin proceas. The international centres and national institutions for agricultural research and extension represent the formal systems of research engaged in developing basic informtion and techniques neces84ry to support the on-farm research work. Since, in past the m~ areas of the world have been neglected, research informstion is highly inadequate to solve the complex crop roduction problem. emanating from highly diverse agroclPutlc and socio-econoaic environments. Relativel on-farm research is a new concept and therefore initially International centres such ae ICRISAT and national institutions can complifaent each to provide the necessary research back-up.

ICRISAT, in collaboration with the national instituter, is setting up on-farm reoearch projects in different reprceentative areas for which research leads are available. Thene projects will eerve the dual purpose of feed-back to the scientists and necessary demonetration and training to the extension workere and farm leaders.

The limited experience from on-farm verification trials hae been extremely useful in establishing priorities for component research, Some of the components which need attention in future are

1. contribution of broad bed and furrow management in increasing productivity and returne in the short runt

2. utility and efficiency of wheel tool carrier and other implements;

3. methods of Beliothis controlr

4. eequential double cropping1

5. dry seeding;

6. cropping systems in relation to rotational needs and much needed flexibility in choice of crop eequence,

A t present there is little information on the parameters which can indicate the confidence limits for the viability of a technology in terms of its adoption. The number of farmers involved in the verification trials is totally arbitrary. Also there ie a wide variation in productivity and marginal returns on the plots within a project area. As a research methodology it is essentjal to determine ur optimum number of participating farmers and the

distribution of variation in productivity and returns, which help8 in establishing and transferring a prrticular component or components.

Training

On-farm reeearch or vtrification is a vital link in the delivery system of new technology. Adoption and realization of the benefits of a new crop production technology depends on its effective communication to policy decision makrrr, input suppliers (manufacturers, bankers, etc.) extension workers and farmere, who are the ultimate ueere. Since each of them have different roles to play in the technology delivery system, they need exposure to the new technoloqy appropriate to their reapactive role. Therefore, t,raining of different groups requires different approaches.

T o follow up the first policy makers' eeminar of 1981, the second policy makers seminar was conducted at ICRISAT Centre from in 1982, to formulate specific proposale takinq into consideration the experience6 of on-farm verification trials conducted or underway in the Vertisols of different states. Thirtyeight officers repreeenting the Miniotry of Agriculture, Government of India, the States of M.P.1 A . P . , Maharashtra and Karnataka, ICAR, ICRISAT and credit institutions had participated in the seminar which included field visits to the operational experiment8 on the Vertieol watershed at ICRISAT Centre and to on-farm vtrlfication trials at Tadanpally/Sultanpur, A.P. This was followed by the visits of 5 groups of senior officers from the States of M.P., A.P., Maharashtra, Karnataka, Tamilnadu, Gujarat, and Government of India to ICRISAT for 2-5 days, each between 31st August and 4th December, 1981.

Workshops/training were conducted for middle level state official8 of Department8 of Agriculture, who are responsible for guiding and supervisinq the adoption of deep Vertisol technology. The officers spent a total of 190 man days during 1981, 623 man days in 1982 and 546 man days in 1983 in training and visiting various programs at ICPISAT.

Attempts are being made to develop training programmes for specific groups and to organiee and follow-up the training of skille required for the transfer of technology at the project level in cooperation with the national institutions and training eysteme.

I V . PtlBLIaTIONS

TCRfSAT ( I n t e r n a t l o n u 1 Crops fiaS0art-h ' inst i t u t n f c r t h o Sami-&rid T m r ~ l c a ~ . s 8 1 . XapXmvinq the s l a q e ~ n t or Indin'r bsl Rlnck Sr?f Is. P r O C d i n g S of the S w i ~ r an Hanaaemsnt <>I Deep Plnck SOL l a f t r r I n c r e a s e d P r o d u c t i o n of C e r s a t a , P u l s a n . ariil Oilacsndn, NW m l h i , 21 May 1981.

ICRISAT ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l Crops R e a s a r ~ . h I n s t i t trt r f n r t h a Ssrni-At i d T r n l > l r a ) . 1982. Second P o l i c y m k s r s ' Seminar t Pnviav t h e P r w r r m t h e Improved V e n i s o l s Mmnsrmfml i l r R ~ l n t ic'n t o Maure\l R n i n f a l I Reg ions o f I n d i a . 10-11 S s l > t e n b c r 1'382. A 5mxnat-y. II'RS!;AT, ICRISAT P a t a n c h e m P.O. A . P . C.O: f T 4 , ln t l in .

ICRISAT ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l C r o p s Research Trrat I tnth for t Ire Semi- ArZti Trc~lric'a) . 1984. P r o c s b d i n q s of t h e NARARIs-t('AR- T('R1SAT Workshril 11n W o t erahrd- Rased Dryland Farminq i n Black and Red !:oils of P*ninntrlnr l h ~ l i \ , 3-4 D c t n b e r 1983, Pntancher i r , A . 1 ' . , Ind1.r.

ICRISAT ( I n t e r n a t i o n a l t ro1,e Hesen?c-h :ri:it i t ~ : t r* 1 , , r t lrt. ' : I T : - ti, 1 !

T r o p i c s ) . 1984. r'rocoedinrrq ..f Moet tncr wiYh 7)irect r *. . . ' A q r i c u l t u r e , NAHARD, and TCRT!;AT :: inn' 1 9 t q hntrl c,r: I. hr.r I !

1984 a t TCRTSAT C e n t e r , I'atari, ! r rr \ i , A , [ , . I r r d i r . l 'n~rni l i , : .CIyst.em Roaearch Prnqram. TC'Plt:Aw, T!'PI..AT I 'nt an, her:; r :,. , Andhra Prodesh 502 1 ? 4 , T n t l r . ~ . A v r ; ! ! < 4 1 4 . 1 .

wan, J . G . , V i rmani , S.M. and SwiniY~~lr*, ? . ! I i ' ~ ~ ~ ? . l x ( * t e n ! T e c h n o l o q i e s f o r Daep Rlar rk ? $ ) I I !, i r , P e l :tt i r w l v In~,t+r;,\.J~l r* R a i n f a l l Reqions o f lndia. FJn!>@: !,rc~;i.t.i* c . ! , A ? t )lt, '.t.mlti.?! on I n n o v a t i v e T e c h n o l n a i e s !r3r l r , t P I I ~ ,$* r v ! N , I t , ~ l tw*>col, r n v r j t

omanizod by t h e I n d i a n Rank i n :<w Imlhl, IS - ! ' ) A T * ! i 1 : , i ' ' ' .

S u b m i t t e d a s C.1'. No. 105 by tlir I r ) t ~ - r n , ? t i w n l ' r.{!rm l ~ ~ - ~ d r . . i ~ ~ !I

I n s t i t u t e for t h e Semi-Arid Trrir 1 f *..

D. Sbarmn

Y . Nishimura

S.V.R. Shrtty

G.M. Heinr~ch

R.T. Hard~man

Ranlodh Singh

N.A. Naldu

R.D. Sangle

T.P. Ravindran S.A. Waten

ON-FARM m R C H S f A W (A8 o f Jan 1984)

P n n c ~ p r l Au!rtnnt Agronomi~t (From Drc H I t o Nov 83 )

Intrmat~onrl Intern (Nov 81 to Mnv 8 3 )

Intt.mrt~onrl Intern 1Fron1 Srpt 19831

Nat~onal R r s c u c h Fellow (From June Rl t o Mar H L I

Conrultrnt (From Junc R I - t o Feb 84)