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LESSON #13

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What Is Social Order

This refers to a situation in which the rules and regulations of a society arc

adhered to by its people. In other words, it is the stability within the society.

Here, the different social institutions carry out their functions effectively and

cooperatively.

How Can Social Order Be Maintained

. Primary socialization

. Sanctions

o Education

. Force

. Religious values

Threats To Social Order In Caribbean Societv1

. The fonnation of violent gangs. - t'r "i *-o |'

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. Truancy in schools. *''t'-i**'ii' !'-' {'" '' 1".

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. Labourunrest.-k!!'rr!x;;!;t " '-11- I i

. High level of unemployment. *

. The widespread use and trafficking in drugs.

. PoliticalinstabilitY.

o The break down in familY values *

. Widespread government corruption

. Iqf ustice rneted out by certain state officers e.g. police and the count. ?l::: ,

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What Is Social Control

This refers to measures used to ensure that people act in accordance with the

expectations of the society.

Agents Of Sociat Control

. The Farnily

. Education

. Religion

. The Legal System

. The Government

What Are Norms

These are guiderines or rures for behaviour within a sociery or group.

What Is Sanction

This is areward,or punishment used to enforce sociar norms.

Formal Sanction

This type of sanction foilows a set procedure e.g. so,eone beingexpelled from school.

fnformal Sanction

. This type of sanction does not folrow a set procedure e.g. a stern rookfiom a teacher to a student.

Positive Sanction

' This refers to the offering of rewards for conforming to the nonns of a

society e'g' the awarding of aprizeto a student for good perfonnance atschool.

Negative Sanction

This refers to a punishment given for not conforming to the nonxs of thesociety or social group, e.g. a parent denying his/her child some privirege fornot doing his/her homework

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What Are Values

These are things that people in a particular society or group consider good and

u'orthwhile e.g. freedom, education, peace and family.

It is irnportant to note that norms are based on values held by the society or

group.

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Candidates will be required to:

. Explain how the school and church can help to promote social order.

. Discuss the statement - "The police and the court have failed the people

of Jamaica as agents of social control.',

. Discuss the statement - the application of negative sanction on

Caribbean children is becoming increasingly futile.

LESSOI\I TARGET

Lesson #13 targets objective 2 of Module 2.

RECOMMENDED READINGS

. Module In Social Studies by Ramsawak and Umraw (p. 79-80)

. sociology: Themes and Perspectives by Haralambos (p. IX-x) sixth

Edition.

. sociology For The caribbean students by Mustapha (p. 162-166).

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Deviance [s Relative

Devianceisusuallydefinedwrthinaparticularcontextataparticulartime.

Devianceisculturallydetermined.Devianceisrelativeinthesensethatan

activrtythatmaybesociallyacceptableinoneplacemaynotbesoinanother

place.Takeforexarnple,acommonlawunionmaybesociatrlyacceptablein

Somesocietiesbutmaybedeemedsociallyunacceptableinothersocieties.The

same may be said of same sex union' etc'

Deviance can be dysfunctional for the

LESSON # 14

What Is Deviance

Deviancedescribesanyactivitythatdoesnot

expectations of a particular society'

conform to the norms and

followrng reasons - It maY'

I. threaten the social order'

II.underminetrust,makingpeople'sbehaviourfarlesspredictable'

m. createconfusion as to what is right and what is wrong'

rv.leadtounnecessaryusingupofvaiuableandlimitedresourcesofthe

societY.

Deviance may be useful to society as foilows - It may'

IPromotesocialsolidarity.Suchwastheeasetnglllterroristattackon

,n"*onoTradeCenter.TheAmericansocietysoughtunitytoputm

placemeasures that may prevent any such future attack'

II. Act as a s1'mptom in the sense that it may reveal significant personal or

socialproblems.Taketruancyforexample,itmaybepointingtosome

problem the child is having at home or at school'

III. Promote social change. The persistent efforts of freedorn fighters such

as Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu have resulted in the disrnantling

of apartheid in South Africa.

What Is Crime

Crime refers to activities that break the laws of the land and are subject to

official punishrnent by the court system.

Criure is relative to the time and place'

Categories Of Crime

L Crime against the person - murder, rape etc'

il. Crime against property - stealing, arson'

III. Crime against morality - prostitution, treason'

Crime Differs From Deviance

Deviance does not necessarily break the law but crime does. Therefore, crirnc

is punishable by law but deviance may be subjected to infonnal sanctions such

as peer pressure, ridicule or media reporting. All crimes are considered acts ol'

deviance but not all deviances are crime'

RESESARCH ACTIVITIES

Candidates are required to:

I. Analyzethe effects that crime is having on a named caribbean territory'

II. Discuss some of the main difficulties that crirne fighters are facing with

regards to a named Caribbean society'

III. Discuss some reasons crime statistics can be misleading with reference

to a named Caribbean territory.

1V. Explain how deviance promotes social change, with reference to a

named Caribbean territory.

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LESSON TARGET

I-esson #14 targets objective 4 of Module 2.

RE,COMMENDED READINGS

l. Sociology: Themes and Perspectives by Haralambos (P. 330-332) Sixth

Edition

2. Sociology for the Caribbean Students by Mustapha (P. 13 1- I 36)

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LESSON #I5

The Functionalists, perspective On f)eviance

Emile Durkheim

Durkheirn believes that high crime rates are dysfunctional to society. [Jorv5,cr.

he argued that deviance is nonnal and may be useful for the society to survivc

as a social system. Durkheirn claimed that deviance is functional for the

following reason:

I. It prornotes social change

II. It strengthens social solidarity

II1. It can be useful as a warning signal, indicating that aspects of the socict;,

are not functionally effective.

Robert Merton

Merton, an American sociologist, studied deviance with special relbrence to tlrc

predominantly middle class American society in the 1930's where there rvas

increased desire for material success. He suggested that all societies set clear

goals for people to achieve. These goals are based prirnarily on financial

success such as money, material possession, status, power and an affluenl

lifestyle.

According to Merton, society also prescribes approved means by which thr:sc

goals are achieved. These means include educational qualification. special

talents, hard work, determination and ambition. Merton sees nonnality as

confonnity to these prescribed and legitimate means. This con{bnnity depc,pds

prirnarily on one's success at school and on the-iob. Merton stated that not

everyone has equal opportunities to achieve success. He argued that when

people are denied the opportunify to achieve the approved goals, they nray

pursue alternative means. This could lead to a state of anomie. Anorrrie rclbrs

to a state of normlessness or social disintegration - a disregard for socially

approved behaviour. Merton argued that the American society coulcl respgnd l9

success goals in five possible ways:

Conformity - people accept the legitimate goals set by the society

along with the socially approved means of achieving these goals.

Innovation - These people accept the goals set by society but re.lccl 1hc

socially approved means of achieving these goals. These people arc

usually frorn the lower social class. They resort to crime to achieve thcsc:

goals eg. drug trafficking.

Ritualism - These people accept the goals set by society, but rnay

abandon these goals when they realize their jobs cannot allow thetn tcr

achieve these goals. They are usually frorn the middle class and woulcl

not want to resort to crime as a means of achieving these goals.

Retreatism - These people include the outcasts, vagabonds, chronic

drunkards and drug addicts. They fail to cope with life situation. As a

result, they reject both the goals set by the society and the means to

achieve them. These people drop out of society.

Rebellion - These people reject both the goals and the means of thc

society. They want to create a new society; therefore, they want to set

their own goals and the means to achieve thern. Political radicals.

religious fanatics, terrorists are some examples of this category ol-

deviants.

Criticisms of Merton

L He fails to explain why some people who are exposed to the efTecls ol'

anomie do not become crirninal or deviants.

II. He overemphasizes working class crimes and down plays white collar

crinres.

III. He does not explain why aparticular person chooses one fbrnr o{'

deviance over another.

RESEARCH OUESTIONS

l. Analyze Durkheim's claim that deviance is functional to socicty.

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III.

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II- Discuss the rerevance of Merton,s theory on deviance in right of.anamed Caribbean territory.

LBSSON TARGET

Lesson #14 targets objective 0l of Mod ule 2.

l. Sociology: Thernes & perspectives by Hararambos (p. 330 _ 33g) SixthEdition.

2' Sociology For caribbean Students by Mustapha (p. r37 - 143).

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LESSON # 16

The Conflict Perspective On Deviance

T'he conflict theorists view the capitalist society as one of conflict between tlrc:

ruling class and the working class as they compete for dominance. l'his

perspective claims that the people with the wealth and power make thc laws to

protect their own selfish interests. Therefore, what constitutes an ac1 of

deviance depends significantly on which class of people is under the

lnicroscope. The conflict theorists believe that street crime would be

highlighted far more for its seriousness than white collar crime in the capitalist

society. Those who control the rleans of production will influence the

govemlnent to pass laws that will protect their interests'

Karl Marx

Marx believed crime is functional with regard to the class struggle within

capitalist society. To Marx, the minority ruling class benefits the most fiorn

capitalisrn and is keen to maintain the norms and values of the society. 'l-hey do

this with the use of the ideology of false consciousness and the agents o1-social

control such as the police, the army, court and prison.

Marx argued that the capitalist society is responsible for creating crime. Marx

claimed that deviance occurs at every level in society but people from the

working class are referred to more often when crime statistics are quoted' ["lc

argued that it is the rich and influential who de{ine the behaviour of the }-}oor as

criminal. The court systetn also reflects bias toward the rich, as they get away

easily in the court while the poor is often subjected to harsh purrishrrent

including prison sentence.

RESEARCH ACTIVITY

Candidates are required to:

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- Discuss the relevance of the conflict perspective on deviance to thc

Caribbean society

LESSON TARGET

Lesson # 16 targets objective I of Module 2.

RECOMMENDED READINGS

1. Sociology For Caribbean Students by Mustapha (P. 143 - 141).

2. Sociology: Themes and Perspectives by Haralambos - Sixth Edition.

(P. 381 - 3e0).

LESSON # 17

The Iabelling TheorY

This theory investigates why a person,s behaviour is labeled as deviant and the

effects such labeling have on the person in question' The theory explores how and

whycertainactsaredefinedasdeviantandwhyothersimilaractsarenotso

defined. This theory views criminals not as evil people but as individuals who

have a criminal status placed on them by both the criminal justice systern and the

corrmunitY atlarge'

Labelling a primary deviant as a criminal may lead to secondary deviance' Thal is'

one labeled act may cause the person to commit other deviant acts'

HowardBeckercontributessignificantlytothistheory.ToBecker,nooneis

inherently deviant. Deviance results from labelling specific acts or persons' I le

feels that an act only becomes deviant when others perceive and define it as such'

In the western society a nude couple within their bedroom is considered nornral'

However,ifastrangershouldenterthebedroom,nudityinhisorherpresenco

u,ouldbeconsideredsociallyunacceptable'Beckerclaimsthathowanindividual

willbehavedependssignificantlyonhowheorsherespondstohowotherssee

hifir or her. Becker believes that the labelling of an act as deviant depends on tl"re

following:

I. Who performs the act eg' an adult or child'

II. When the act is committed eg' at work or at school

III'Wheretheactiscornmittedeg.atthebeachorinchurch.

IV. Who observes the act eg' a preacher or a tourist'

when it%ecornes known that aperson has engaged in deviant acts, he or she issegregated from society and,labelled a ..thief,, ..homosexual,, etc. When a personis labeled deviant, it mayresult im a self-furfiring prophecy as the individuarenters a eareff of deviance or becomes what others expect. pfimarydeviation

refers to the original deviant acts before they are publicly labelled. Secondarydeviation refers to deviant acts deveroped as a resurt of rabering.Becker uses the tenn 'Master status,,to describe how, once a laber is appried 10sorleone' then all the activities of that person are seen in light of that raber, even if.it is not so' That is why when cerlain crimes are committed the porice may warr tosuspect certain people due to the label they carry.

The Effects of labelling

I. It promotes deviant behaviour

II. It maintains deviance

I,,' It interferes with other aspects of one,s socia] rife eg. familyrelationships and friendships.

IH ff* with a particutar rabel mavfind it difficur*o find a rife parrner or a

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1' overemph asizehow labeling create deviance whire payingrittre attention t.the effects of labeling.

' fl|:ffw "nd' to ignore the effects of sociery and sociar izationon thc

3 ' This theory tends to be biased against males from the rower socia.r crasscs insociefy' seeing thern as prime suspects for certain types of crinie.

Edwin sutherland introduced this theory in 1939' He claimed that criminal

behaviour is learned just like any other behaviour, through social interaction with

others. To Sutherland, criminal behaviour is best leamed in primary groups such

as the family, friends and peer groups' This involves learning techniques about

how to commit crime. According to sutherland, criminal behaviour is not

necessarily an expression of needs and values eg' not all alcoholics will steal in

order to buy alcohol. He claimed that a person is more likely to become a deviant

rvhen there are more factors favouring crime than those opposing it' People will

learn the values of others in the society and when their environment includes

frequent contact with crirninal elements'

l.Itdoesnotadequatelyexplainwhyeveryonewhocomesincontactwith

criminals does not become criminals'

2. It does not state how the first criminal came about

Social Control Theory

Travis Hirschi is the founder of this theory' He argued that everyone has the

potential to be law breakers. However, fear deters many people because they do

not want to destroy their social bonds with others' Hirschi tried to explain why

individuals choose to conform to the noffn' He presented four social bonds that

show the relationship between crirninal acts, socialization and confonnity' Llirschi

believed that the stronger that these four bonds are, the less likely one is to cotrrmit

criminal behaviours' These bonds are:

1. Attachment -this refers to one's interest in others eg' your parents' to

school and to one's Peers'

2' Commitment - this has to do with the individuars attachmenl to thc nroraland ethical code of society' Hirshi believes that arack of cornrnilmenl inthings such as life, properl y, andreputation may cause an individuar toparticipate in criminal acts.

3' Involvement - this concerns a preoccupation with activities that pronrotethe interest of the society. Hirschi berieved that invorvement in schoor,farni,y and recreation wi, Ieave no time for idreness which can lead tocrirainal activities.

4' Berief - This invorves the respect for the laws, and the peopre andinstitutions which enforce the laws. If such beriefs weaken or disappear,one is,ore likery to engage in criminar acts. Adorescents who are strongryattached to their parents have been found to be less likery to engage incriminal behaviour.

This subculture theory is based on the work ofAlbert cohen. cohen berieved thatdelinquency is most common among the rower crass, and thatgang derinquency isits most colnmon fonn' cohen argued that derinquency is a coilective responsewhere individuars.ioin together in committing acts of deviance.The theory posturates that the lower-crass boy is judged by the rniddre_crassstandards' The lower-class boy accepts the goars of the middre-crass even thoughhe will not be able to achieve them' The whore matter of curturar deprivation isresulted' accounting for the lack of ed ucationarsuccess among members of the.Iower-class' This cultural deprivation reads;;;;uskarion,

which refers 1o thclevel of frustration associated with low status in socieity. In response to thisfrustrarion' rower-crass boys deverop ".r;";;;."rn* r".,..rs rniddre crass varuesand to seek status in other ways' These lower-crass boys with simirar frustraliontend to fonn gangs.

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To Cohen, delinquency is a reaction to middle class values and judgrnents, where

the lower-class juvenile, unable to live up to these values, become frustrated.

Cohen proposes that gang behaviour does not serye any good purpose, not even tt-r

the betterment of the gang. It is done to destroy rather than to build up society.

Cohen states that the delinquent subculture takes the norms from the dorninanl

culture and turns them upside down eg. They place a high value on acts such as

stealing, vandalisrn and truancy. It must be noted that some of these deviant acts

gain recognition and praise from their peers. This, in a sense, addresses the

problem of status frustration, as some gangsters are seen as heroes or as a 'Robin

hood'.

Recommended Readings

1. Sociology: Themes And Perspectives by Haralambos (P. 356- 362) (P. 372-

379) Fifth Edition.

2. Sociology For Caribbean Students by Mustapha (p. 148-161).

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LESSON # 18

What Is Official Punishment

This is a negative sanction imposed on individuals for the violation of the law.

T),pes Of official Punishment

Il. Corporal punishrnent * g,s /o-r'q boort','. I 9" Sta*i t" 1_) rr

III. Imprisonment * 6*in(.ilg -"f i-/r1rri,r, 1

ff. Fir" * \uu, l$.^*l go1 ,6ot!,_,,,,,), ,

V. Cornmunity services - J j

Alternatives To Corporal Punishment

I. Denialofprivileges - (nSdp6,d of teeetr"J l$*u*d..o..{,II. Counselling

IIl. Scolding F

IV. Grounding

V. Curfew

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VII. Writing of lines

VIII. Public apology

I. Probation *'

II. Fine

III. communiry service -?b ulqvK ,h frr€d ;^ t* '*?nt } n re' Fux F

IV. suspended sentence - 60hauruqr 4o{t relue.- *\r N' rf4rar$' {ruun'

v. Restitution -* Lhraq^er reftrencg G Cun rT r.rpue bo*,rrdr"J baat'lo{hae)

VL Refo,n camps \ Oir,n hol &h*oiVll. House arrest - I

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I. Corruption

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II' Political interference % c*""h'Uht bulb'?'i''5. Lxct-t'' *l

III. Poorpolice investigation - *f A*,lr*ord tasogfrj''f0*"' 3

IV' The lack of eye witnesses due to the fear of reprisar. *V. Lack of adequate court personnel. _

VI. People,s lack of confidence in the police force. .*_

RESEARCH ACTIVITIES

Pupils will be required to:

I' Analyze argument for and against corporar punishment.

II. Discuss thoroughry the statement - .,Imprisonment

in the Caribbcan

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society is a waste of time,,.

III' Critically assess the effectiveness of the police force in a namedCaribbean territory.

IV' Discuss the statement - capitar punishment has rost its significancc..

LESSON T.ARGET

Lesson # 18 targets objective 3 of Mod ule 2.

Sociology For caribbean students by Mustapha p. 169 - 176.

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LESSON # 19

Social Distribution Of Crime

Does Age Have Anything To Do with Crime?

It is a globalphenomenon that criminal activity is more prevalent among

younger people for various reasons such as:

I. Unemployment rate is higher among young people.

II. Young people are more likely to break away from the tradition of

society and adopt a rlore radical approach to life

III. Young people tend to be more adventurous and willing to take chances.

How Does Class Contri.bute Towards Crime

In most rryestern societies, people from the lower class tend to do the least r.l,cll

in the education system. A number of factors could be responsible for rhis

outcome eg. The lack of affordability, discrirnination, forced absence frorn

school to support family work, etc. the relatively poor educational attainrnent

among the working class makes it difficult for them to obtain good paying.iohs

and other opportunities. As a result, a number of them turn to various forms of

crime. The general stigma affixed to working class people by the society seems

to impact on the justice system. People frorn the middle to upper classes seern

to be less labeled for certain offences such as street crirne, gangs, drugs-related

crimes, extortion and rape. Some of the depressed communities also seem tcr

pas on a culture of crime to its inhabitants as being socially acceptable. T'l-rcsc

youngsters are taught to be tough and to be part of gangs, as fileans of survival.

The above argument points to the assurnption that one's social class will

significantly detennine the level of crime that one may be involved in.

However, another school of thought,has it that crime may determine one's

social class. One's involvement in certain crime such as street crirne and gangs

may prevent one from attending certain schools and getting certainjobs. This

rvill eventually result in one rernaining in the working class.

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Ethnici8 And Crime

In rnost industrialized countries such as the U.S.A.-and the U.K., most ethnic

minority groups tend to have far fewer life chances in comparison to their

white counterparts. They experience greater level of m arginalization wherc

educational and job opportunities are concerned. Some of these ethnic

*inorities include people of Asian, African and caribbean descents. T.he

poverty level is relatively higher among these ethnic groups. Social and racial

prejudices, at times, impact on society's view of these people when it cornes to

crime' These ethnic groups are more easily labeled as crime suspects than thciru'hite counterparts. They corne under greater police harassment and courl

in iustices.

In the caribbean society, most of the prison imates are people of African

descent, especially males of dark complexion. They are targeted mainly for the

major violent ".i-", within the society.

why Do M"n T"nd ro co-*it Mor" vior.rt c.i-", Thu, F.*ur",I' Lifestyle choices - men are rlore involved in activities such as drinking.

smoking, and ga,rbling. These activities tend to promote crime and

violence.

II' Socialization - males are often exposed to a higher level of aggressio,

during their childhood days than females.

IlI. our males are dropping out of schools at an alarming rate. At the

tertiary level, over 75o/o of the enrollment are females. .rheir

lack ofeducational and job opportunities is leading several to tum to crime lbrsurvival.

IV' Males are more willing to take chances in illegal activjties such as

gangs, drug pushing and anned robbery.

I'he depressed inner city communities tend to suffer from many depri'""ations

eg. poor housing, poor roads, poor sanitation, poorly-runned schools' fiequent

water lock-off etc. these people suffer much discrimination. Their children are

often hindered from attending the more prestigious schools and from getting

good paying jobs. unemployment is usually high and the opporfunity lor

upward and social mobiiity is very limited'

In the inner city comrnunities a gun culture prevails' Here young boys are

introduced to gang affairs, Rivalry between these gangs resuits in frequent acts

of violence and crimes. The people fiom these communities are oflen sub^iccts

of police brutality and affest. This confrontation breeds further violence within

the communities.

RESEARCH ACTI\TITIES

Candidates are required to:

l. Analyze t}ree measures or strategies put in place to counter the\>\.\^()t:

q'"r-di.tribrrtion of crime in a named Caribbean territory' -*iV- ^,

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IL Assess the effectiveness of the various security *"u*,rtis bein-e placed

' within the schools of a named caribbean territory' v9"'"",-'L

IIl. Discuss the reasons that may be responsible for the high spate of

violence in the Jamaican schools.

LESf,ON TARGET

Lesson #19 tatget objective 3 of Module 2'

Mustapha {P. 177 - 179)

Sixth Edition bY Haralamhos' (P'

Sociology

Sociology:

867).

For Caribbean Students bY

Themes & PersPectives -

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Drug AbuseDffi;sQeenaglobalproblemforthepastthreeormoredecades.Drug

abuse is fuelled by a combination of social, economic, and cultural factors'

Drug abuse is perpetuated by the following reasons:

Peer pressure

Economic- the monetary returns from the selling ganja and cocaine

o Leisure- people use drugs to get high

Cultural-Rastafarians use ganja for religious purposes

Personal problems-divorce lost ofjobs etc'

ln the Caribbean, there are harsh laws against persons caught trading in illegal

such as ganiaand cocaine. There is also the problem of drug-related crimcs rvhcrc

people are being killed for being police informers, for refusing drug dealers ol-1er

of being drug rnules etc.

A number of social surveys are revealing that there is a link between users of hard

drugs and crimes eg murder, rape and armed robberies

The high level of unemployment, povefiy, and the constant absence of father

figure frorn the home are among the main push factors for young people to turn tcr

drugs and crime for survival'

mnmit more serious crimes within two years of their release from iuvenile

il*rrs. The U.K has a 70-78% a\erageand Barbados, a 38o/o average rvhere this

mcerned. The record shows that institutionalization does not act as a deterrcnl

since re-offendi -L r . .rng rates remain high for those who receive custodiar sentences.There has to be a review of the custodial sentence polices, as custodial punishmentdisrupts the-iuvenile's attachment to his family, comm*nity and education. whenthe juvenile is deprived of a good education this leads to fewer chances of himgetting a good job and increases the risk of him turning to crime. Further more, itcosts a lot to keep these juveniles in institutions. Barbados suffers a lot fromjuvenile crimes as the rest of the Caribbean.

It is obvious that caribbean governments need to put in prace prograrnmes thatwill address the issue of poverfy alleviation, educafion and unemproyment. Thefamily has a major role to play in helping with the rehabilitation of these juveniles.Professional counselling is also necessary.

Domestic Violence

This refers to violent crime committed against family members and otherpersonswho are close to or known by the perpekators. These offences incrude physicar,emodonal and child abuse' Domestic violence is a major sociar problem affectingthe caribbean society. It is responsible for a high spate of murder, w_o,nding andrape' It is more prevalent in the depressed inner city communities.The offenders are difficult to be prosecuted as they either bribe or threaten thevictims from even reporting the of,fences.

Edwin sutherrand defines white collar crime as crime commified by persons ofhigh social status and respectability in the course of their occupation. white colrarcrime includes bribery comrption, fraud, etc.

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o It involves complex' sophisticatec

The money involved is usually large

Itintermingleswithlegitimatebehaviouroti3htb.llb

I u.. t }L"-*g:-*t*1t#',.- -^ -^r.nnc .rf white collar/-45- B o The police finds it much harder to prosecute persolls of white

.^^airra , nrison SentenCe

The offenders of white collar crimrc rarely receive apnsonrt/},,/ a" a1?\e.)1)

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#;;;;; ;".s not atffact detailed media coverase as street crime

does.

Whitecollarcrimedoesnotbearthestigrnathatisassociatedwithstreet

crime.

gorporate crime J ber n !Fu^' t*$-{ ,, , _-.:

Corporatecrimeissimilarinoffencetowhitecollarcrime,onlythatitisthe

responsibilityofanorgalizattoninsteadofanindividual.Corporatecrimes

includetaxevasions,co{poratefraud,pricefixing,misrepresentationin

advertising, breach of nade reguration etc' ' * 'd ,^ { ' '' '

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ddsffirffi,ffifij%ufnj;LffuuRESEARCH A

Candidalgs are required to: -t'('" !" ^r' rq ='a

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\'(-i"**-1]r"-d**e

impact the drug trade is having on a named Caribbean ':T*o ''.!. t

oDiscusstheeffectsthatdomesticviolenceishavingontheeconomic,.*.

development of a named Caribbean territory' ., - -

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. re,- . ,r :^r- -.,r-ir dversely affecting the

i .,) Analyze ways in which white collar crrme 1s a

econoilIlc development of a named Caribbean territory'

{

o Farniliarizethemselves with relevant Caribbean studies on domestic

violence, corruption and substance abuse.

LESSON TARGET

Lesson # 20 target objective 4 of Module 2

RECOMMENDED READINGS

Sociology For Caribbean Students by Mustapha Vol.2 P. 180-187.

Sociology: Themes and Perspectivq by H.arlarnbos (Siixth Edition) (P .3 43 -3 46)

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LESSON # 21

Concepts of Development

l. Development

predictable as there is no clear way of guaranteeing its outcome'

2. Under-development

Thisrefertothestateofacountrywhereitsresourcesareunderutilized'These

resultsinthepaceofdevelopmenttobeslowerthanitshouldbe.Sorneofthe

rnain evidence of under-development is the lack of: jobs opportunities' health carc'

drinkable water, food, education opportunities, housing and technology.

3. Modernization

This refers to the process of cultural' economic' political'

change within a society' that shapes the life of its people'

This refers to the economic and cultural transformation from a

to a modern one. This social change involves an irnprovement

new value sYstem, wbanizalion' etc'

technological and social

DeveloPrrent is not

traditional socictY

in technology. a

JJJ{!

4. Industrialization

Tlrisisaprocessofsocio-economicchangewhichinvolvesthetransfortrration

fiom a traditional society to an industrial society. The use of modern technology

and a change in philosophy forms the basis for industrialization'

l. Health care

l:::1-::rn rhe percentage of ehildren for irnmunization, the number of docrors

L,,,' l;llr*:::^:: rhe society, the tife expect ancy rate,rhe number ofpeoplellvine rvith HIV/ AID'. the percenrage of the popurations that can arr1 brd essenlialdrugs etc.

2. Education

This includes the teal:h-e-rpqpil ratio,,adult litera cy rate,thepercentage of prinraryand second ary teachers with the requireO qualifications.

3. Welfare

;::,:T:'.l,l::.r*.1ofpubric spending on education, heatth care, rhe needy, e1c..;;,;; ;;"i"*:;--;.*^ r:' 7,. v(,-t 0I

::::'*ting meapures and in providin g financiar assistance to vicrinis of vari.rus

rrrr)

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cflInes.

rJ- This takes in the percentage of the population accessing running water. tereprronc.internet services. erectricity, garbage coilection services, go.od roacis, seweragesysterns and recreation parks.

-lhis includes the Ievel of gender equa lity withrespects to education, prorbssio,,politics' etc' The availability of good job opportunities, the avairabilityof variety

@

volvement and

LESSON # 22

1. Early Evolutionary Theory

This theory argues that society becomes more complex and intricate as it develops,similarly to biological evaluation. Living organisms develop from simple tocomplex by adapting to their environment. The chance of complex organismsurviving in their environment is greater than that of simple organisms. The sameway the more complex societies tend to survive greater than simpler societies.

2. Social Darwinisryr

This theory is based on Charles Darwins theory of evaluation. Societies are

depicted as being in a struggle for the scarce resources available. The Westemsocieties have been to succeed in this struggle as they are considered to representthe highest stage of socio-economic and political progress. This theory was use tojust & white supremacy over the other social groups. By the 1930's it was

completely discredited.

3. The Dependenclz Theorv

This theory is based on the work of Andre Frank and Samir Amin. It explains

global social inequalities in terms of historical exploitation of the poor societies by

thep richer societies. The poorer countries make up the periphery while the richer

countries forming the core. To Frank the wealthy nations of the world need a

periphery of poorer countries to remain wealthy. This theory states that the

poverty of ttre countries in the periphery is not because they are not integrated into

the world system but how they integrated. The poorer nations provide the cheap

nafiralresources, cheap labour, a destination for obsolete technology and a market

for the wealthy countries.

The richer countries that make up the core actively perpefuate a state of

dependency among the poorer countries, using various world policies and

iniiiative. Frank claims that the core societies would exploit the countries of the

periphery through unfair trade of good. and service, media control, politics,

finance, education, etc. .

,

After receiving cheap natural resources and cheap labour from the poorer

countries, the core countries sell their goods back to those of the periphery at

exorbitant prices.

,When they invest in the periphery they withdraw the bulk of the profit and send itI,

back to theu home land leaving those counties even more destitute than before any

attempt to resist the influence of these core societies on the periphery could result

in economic sanctions and/ or military invasion and occupation. The trade

embargo on Cuba and the invasion of kaq and Afghanistan by the USA are some

example of how core societies fiy to impose their influences on these poorer

countries. Samir Amin argues that for the peripheral countries to develop, they

must break their link with the core societies and expand regional cooperation.

Criticisms of the Dependency Thoery

o This theory ignores the economic effort of rich countries by claiming that

their wealth comes by exploiting the poorer countries.

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whiletheCaymanlslandsarestillacolonyofBritain'Thesecounhesare

experiencing rapid economic growth and development'

oThistheoryfocusestoomuchoneconomicfactorsasthecauseofpoverty

among peripheral counties while ignoring political and cultural

malpractices such as comrption, crime, higfu fertil tty rate,lack of interest in

educationandtheneglectofwomenandtheilcontributiontosociety'

Candidates are required to:

o Discuss the statement - "The Caribbean Society Is Too Dependent On The

Core Nations For Survival'"

.ExplainwhatareSomeofthethingstheCaribbeansocietyneedstodoto

reduce it dependency on the core soclety'

LESSON TARGET

Lesson # 22 tatgets objective 2 ofModule 3'

RECOMMENED READINGS

.SociologyforCaribbeansfudentsbyMustapha,Vol.2P.Lg6-|91,200.203.o Sociology, A Global Introduc-tio"

"Jv r"r*ionis/ Plummer (Second Edition)

P.219 -221.

capital for investrnent and a sound education system. Middre incomecounfries such as Thailand and Indonesia are now at this stage3. Drive to technological matr

or . growth, i s wi dery "*.oII;Tffi:?Hi f#;, i. : ",:*,standard. M*y toaditions wscare quest ror educati"; ;r1J:ffir::ffi il: :ilffI,rnr84Q and rhe usA in r86oAt tlri, ,tug, ;ro.rr*;;*"_e

ppverryhas significantly-decrined. peopre ,rd; fldck the urban centes in searchof the manvjob opporruniries rhat sr@r to .*ro. ;;;;;;.*** .women steadily becomes more equal to that ofmen. countries ,rrffi:-Mexico' puerto

Rico and south Korea are now at this stage

4' 'High Mass consumption- Tfus shge of deveropmentis driven by \,industrial technology. Masr

mass cons;:::: j:rr: producrion of goods and serviJes promotes

Most or e*op. #ilffi^ #;ffiJ, .,Xff:ffi; ;_,,_,ffi:,ffi:: iltffi:H ;::red

tris srage after.r'orrd war * Hong

modernizatir

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*"""* this stage ordevelopment rhe

countriesrnpromofi nggrobal.r"r"#_;'ff.,;"rJ#T"3*:fl .rH:,under wfuch rich countries contribute toward grobar ecrare:

_ rvvys(r Srooru economic development

1. Assisting in population control _ where they export birth controltechnology and promote-rxrusep. They promote social prograrnmes fhatadvance the social stafus of women

2. fncreasing food supply _ hereintroduced t" ; ffi,##;::ff":ff*:ffi:s

rhesetechniques incrude new hybrid seeds, modern irrigation system,chemi cal fertrlizers and pesticides

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Surdolanep aql m tusrluuedun pue ursrleruolocgro lcedun eg1 saror61l1 -n

'X'n aW puu V'S'n eqlJo sellle ssu[3 ar? [oersl pue Buoy Buo11

'u?,\trBl 'arodeSurS s3 qcns solsrmo] ",{8o1ouqce}

lB]ssnpln rnBiloc ssoccs

pporls sor4rmoc Smdolenop qcrqa ol se ,{lqe4red,,noqs suoqpu qclr eqJ .E

'peprpcsry ro peror6r oru sepercos [Buollrpu4 eh

Jo assrp erql( palourord er? ssnls^ rrrolsed\ 3q1 s? rr.4'uacourpe.{q8rq sr 11 .z

,rqrp EmllaE orB raqclrjt

eql opqru, rorood 8uqle8 oJ?'suoqBu rSrood ssorpJo ,(ueru ppelsul 'plro,{4.

aw ssoJce saporsos rarood arpJo,{uuur ur mcco lorr ssop up4Bzrruepotr\l -I

^rooql uolluzlurapotr{tr orl} Jo sm!-r.fFrl)

'c1e 'sercqod 1o-4uoc uo4elndod

'uo4ucnpa 'fSolouqcel uloporu m lsoreltnJo {cel4o{r ol anp dpdiod

4erp JoJ elqrsuodser 3r3 suoB?u rood oql leql sonEre droerp uo4szrruepoul arIJ

' amlcrurse4rn Alussacsu

eW rp1rv\ 3uo1u 'seuolcu3lpue s1ue1d -ro,uod p11nq ol prru 'secpcerd

lemqnclGe naq1 ozruroporu o1.,(suour eql osn plno, f,rqJ 'lueurdolaaep

go e8els ggo-e{e} aq} qo?or o} tuaql 8qd1eq 'seulunoc Surdolanap oq}

o11e1rdec luerulsaAur eprnord suo4eu qrIJ eqr - plB u31ero3 3urp1,ror6 'V

'ssacord s5p rtllr\e lsrsss r(8o1ouqca1 uorlerruoJul prre frarmtrceur

Jo uoqcnponur eqI '{ro^d ocraros prre l?lqsnpur o1em1pcffie

trro{ sncoJ orp ssn1s sry} - {SoJouqcat lulrlsnpul 8u1cnporlu1 'E

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Research Activities

Candidates are required to:

1' Assess the effects of moderni z.artonon a narned caribbean territory.2. Discuss the statement - ..The

poor countries are gefting poorer, who is to beblamed?,, Make reference to the Modernizafion Theory.

I,esson Tarret

Lesson #23 targetsobjective 2 of Module 3.

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Recommended Readings

1. Sociology For Caribbean Student, ::::,";,;;obar

rntrodu,r*,]lf;r:#il:r,3J ffiT p 216-

L/.

arnoes ol JapJo {n uoqpu rlcu erl}Jo crsmu oql o} {e1d o1 aneq {aq1 'srsuc }qap rrarp or

anp suoqeu qcp eql o1luepuedap aroru auocaq suo4eu lereqdFrod aqJ - lqap u8ra.rog -s

'eoro) rprol{}}rtry6Ft"se qcns aseeld ol fSolouqca}Jo peerds eqt tua.rard

ol soul v'S'n eql 'sar4rmoo eruos m pe,&olle sr ,{Solouqcol pocrrulpe aFqAA 'senlal prru

seJrsep 'slsorelur 4aql llns 01soqorcos oJoc ,(q pelepuuoJ oJE sercqod plJo,'tr }?ql sumirdroeql slr{J 'X'n oqt puu 'V'S'll rprm saq prcads rrery ot onp ,{Eolouqoat poorruApe

ponrocoJ IIB e^eq laersl prre eeroy gnog 'erode8urg '8uoy Euog 'ue,u1e1 'seu1tmol

I rarood aq] o1slgeuoq ro ltrau4uel lenba apr,rord lou op solqunor rood ptre qcF

u3a&qeq seq ,ftuouoca l"ql sanSru,&oeqt urelsd5 plrolll er{J 'se4 pcprlod pu? cfluouoce

neql uo Eurpuedep '.{8o1ouqce} oserp aArocor ppdql3egunoc qcry.&r otuuuo}op ,(eqJ'dSoiouqcel plroffi aqlJo lsoru io4uoo sor$rmoc aroc ai11 'epe+ uoltoc 4erll qllflr erBq

ol sFIt prp puelSug sree,{ ro4 ,,fudqduad aql ot {cuq secud qBH 1e plos eru qclq^^ spoo8

Jo'uos il? o{Bur 0} lr 3sn orlllr suo4uu pozqel.4snpq aql ol rfideaqc sleuo}ellI,e\BJ nerp

fies o] saurmoi rood eq] so^eol,srgJ 'sor4snpu] rrorl] ololrord ppo.u 1eq1 .(8o1ouqce]

umuar Smssecce urog p.eueq sr.,{reqdF?d erIJ - z{lrcrder JulrtsnpuJJo {rBA 't"

, 'slgord afnq p ,fteqdued eqt o1pt0sar pue spooS

poqsruq olm pernlceJrureru ere {eq} eJoq,e\ ser.urmoc aroc oq} o} slerro}B{tr.v\er aseq},{:rec

s,JNtr\tr esarlJ 'suo4erofuoc luuorteu-p1nur neql g8norp serqrmoc q3u atp o, ,{ldeeqc

slcnpord esaql gas ,(sqg'slcnpo.rd peseq d;pmqncuSe pue sl?uoluru ,lrsr,laoJ BJo

uoqcnpo:d oW uo soleguocuoc dreqdued eql * sd[ffio-iroea pafucyo - fiodxo',morri;g 'I

:acuepuedepulJo ,{.reqdued oq} ploq ot sroroeJ ursu

ooJrfl osn suo4eu qclr orlJ 'suoqeu rood erp Suoure ,{uanod 8ur}en}efued pue slgord snouuolrr

Suqe.raua8 .(q suorleu qclr eql slgaueq.{roeql urels{s plro.rri ^eou

oq} teql pen8re tne}suelp.\\

'suorleu rood eql pue qclJ erp uao.,tr1eq de8 eqlJo Srmraprrrr aW uI 8u41nser 'rfuuopuadsp

Jo alsls e ru.,fteqdued erp deel ser4rmoc oroc eseqJ 'secmosor ocrecs rogiuogqaduo:-

ecJoII eq1 uo{: s{nsar luaruclolenop-roprm pue lueurdolaAap }Bq} e}ou o} }ueuodut sr U "

'qsepupuug pue ueaqqlru3 oqI ?cuaurb-

urleT 'ecrryy srBrIBS - qns sB qcns sel4rmoc sopnlcur dreqdued aqJ 'spoo8 prRsnpm 4eW rql

lo{reru }seA e prre rnoq€l dueqc,'sleue}eru rv'e-r deeqc qlur' sCIu1rmoc qclr srp.,{1ddns .&aqduad

eqJ 'elrl[o]es ro freqdued eq] tueserder sor4rmoc oruoc(n,,vrol oIIJ 'orode8urg pIrB Farg?Ipq 'Burrl3 'eeloy qmos epnlcur sor-Brmoc esor{I 'se4llqoe 8r}prrt roJ sot4tmoc eroc arp uo

pusdap seulunoc ssoqJ 'freqduad-r-uros ,T ort sor-4rmoc eruocul elppry aql fnd urelsualle-\\

,fueur;a5_pue uedel ''X':] et11

'V'S'fl eq1 '3'e 'aroc aql rn selqrmoc pez{er$snpu} pu? qclr aql paceld eH 'seuoz cmrouol3

epql olrn plrol',r erpJo serqrmoc aq} pepr^rp uretsuellel6 'droaql sH} q}l^{ po}Blcosse ,i1aso1l

sr tnalsuell?16 Isnueruu{ lsregu plJo&r eq}Jo &\eIA }srxJBN - rod e slueserder.,{.roaql srql

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debt reschedure' debt forgiveness and other assistance.

oI.

,TffiI|f,uttt' "' apart from economic reasons,cultural, political and social factors.

Lesson Thrset

e.g.

Xffi J"ffi l,'.T:Jf :H:ffi -."-comrprion,inrernarsociarstrarincarioo,r*.*,and incompetence in gor.**"rrt.

iffi i:lffi :;i;.::fi ,:r#:,::i:f:o,ormodernizanonbecauseitinvorvesther$clinkoduction of Western culture on fhem

n ., Research Activitiesrupils are required to:

1. Discuss ,"n ,Unr* has experienced such enormcolonies' Make reference *'*, rerevanr roriorogll;I[".t"T:*

in contrast to its former

1.

2. ffi,ff,,i::*Y1d"l' bv Mustaphu p 2os - 204

il ::"il #,obar rnte;;il ffi:Il,ltffi i.; ilh,,

2.

**oorrrr IiIl-9FfLesson #24 tragets objective 2 of Module 3.

221 - 224.

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'd '(ZAO) reurrmld/sruorc,Inl [q uorlcnpol*I IEqolC y :dEo10rco5 i@

'ArcT.'(q.&ercos rreaqqlre3 erp uo e^eq [F.&r vartezrluqop pgl lcudurr {laTI oq} ssncsr6 .I

:ol pelcadxe e"re sp&r4

I siilriiryq'luspuadsp puu pedolo^Op-roprm peumtuar rrreq] e^Br{ prre solqrmoc rood lroldxe o1

esn I[I^t suCIt]uu gclr arp 1?q] {ustu?qceIu e se uortezrluqop oos solqrmoc preqdFed aq1 -E

'pljo.{4. erl} Jo LnowzttJvcueurv,,eql se sor4rmoc 4aw pue sJapBoI plrolrr oruos .,(q uees sr uo4ezrl?qolc -7

'suo4?u qcueq] uo,(cuepuadap sot4lmoc rood oql paworcrr s?q uorluzqeqopgo uopcnpo4ur erLL -I

fpualclga secrlros ptre spoo8 ecnpord ol pa8emocuasq III A,(aql se 'suolJeu rsrood arpJo lueurdolerrep srrrouoro aW ocu?qus ,{[quroprmoc

IIII\ uo4?zqeqof lerp san8ru ,ftoer;l srqJ 'tuorudolaaap prre op?4 plro^4. rrr asser3urluecgn€rs uI llnsor lrrn,{urouoce pqop EJo uor}urrrroJ arp leq} surrelc norqf uoqszqgqolg

'lgsueq ol alqs 39 IIrr ser.4rmoc sroru {cnlm Eo+qlFo1Yr OJolrr pIIB erotu elersue8 IIp4. ocroJ clruouoto uB sB lusrplrdec puorleruolq l?q] sen3re

{roeql srql '.{roaql uoqezrueporu oWJo uorsue}xe rru sB oea. eq uuc ,tr-oeql uo4uzr{BqolC eqt'efelpn pqoF

euo olm 'p[iom oq] ssorc? ]e{rBIIrJo Eu4ceuuoo aq} p{re sreuruq ep?$Jo IBAoruaJ eql .srro4err

Jo ocuopuedepralut Euqoruord uo sesncoJ r1 '.{8o1ouqca} uo4erruo3rn.{q pelsrssu slueuaa-6epIrB }IrottrlseAul 'apBJ} I?uoqBIrJa}III,(q uazrup sr ssacord sryI 'pIJoAr aql ssoJc? slueunuaaoE

pue soruudruoc taldoed aql Euouru uo4e-6e1ur prru uopcerrl

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'suorsrsep luerulue^oS umues esuenuw ol3ur.&1 'eleN

eqlJo sreuBrrr f,4se(uop oql ur eJoJjeltrt o1i{rBAL plnolA s.)Nr\[ aq]Jo eruos

'.{4snpur eurump/elr-xneq aq1 '3a

'uo4urado;o esJnoc reqt Smrnp r.uJoJ prrul eql for]sap s.JNW oserpJo aruos

'sJeryo.u Buoure

lsrulJo Iosl pue cured Eursnm ',{lueppns uor8er er11 sAcel IIp\ s.JNIAi eseql

etuoq lues sl s.JNI\i asaqt,,(q epetu lgord ar#Jo {lnq sql

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uollull^ul rig uollu4lur4snpul Jo sr{ruq,raurq

'lueuue,ro8 er{} JoJ enu€AeJ epl,,loJd 'A

'spnpord pcol rno JoJ peprAoJd sr leqreur sEesJoAO 'AI

uo6er etp ot pecnpor1ur sr,,{8o1ouqco} tuapol{ IIe8rmqcxe u8terog ureg 'il

1uaur,(oldrua eprAoJd'I

uollBll^ul r(g U;ollvzllvlrlsn puJ Jo soEBtrrrB^py

'uBeqqlJEJ aw ol pmnpo4ur se,u uorlElraur

iquoqezqeglsnpuJo ldecuoc eql'l1nser e sy 'qi.tro-r8 Jrrrouooo ro3iaur8ue eq1

epr.rord p1no.A& uor1ezqeulsnpul s? 'sJolsea.ur u8prog eql urog epe4 org rrreol plnoqs

sro$e^w lecol or.Il 1uqt pen8re eH 'saryrsqns puu s.(upqoq xel sE qcns seluuecu] qtpr

tuar11 cpilord pue srolsenur u8reroy e]raur uor8er oql 1eq] pa6e33ns sl&eT 'esrpedxa

pembel eql pue ptrdec go {cel eq} ,(q pereduruq su,r 'Jeae.Aroq '}decuoc srU.I-

'Z reN\plro/l& rerJe lrlSg tnoqe etuuc ueeqqlruf, erp roJ uortezrpulsnpulJo tdecuoc

sI[{ 'rrBeqqr.rsJ eql ult{ll.a{ uortszllBlrlsnpulJo e}Pco^pB lsrg erfl sB.,\{raT rruilrv rrs

uBeqq JrBJ eq&pvY awBzllulrlsn pul;"atV^ I,i,

'(Eolouqcel pmrrc^pe puu uorl€zrusqoeru Jo uor1ecqdde

eql senloAur qcil1,&r uep,{s f;opq u ur spoo8go uoucnpord sseru e{t o1 srEel srqf

uollrzllBI4snpul sI lBrtral

97, # NOSSflT

What ls Urbanisation

'l-his retbrs to a shift in focus among a country's population where an increase number o1'thc

people flock to the town centers and suburbs for residential purposes.

Causes Of Caribbean [Jrbanisation

I. The search for jobs or educational opportunities

Il. Night life attraction.

III. The desire for urban status

IV. lo access better social services

Comparison Of The Pattern Of Urbanisation In The Developed With Those

In The Developing Countries.

I. Urban Growth in the developed countries is due mainly to imrnigration. rvhile that o1'

developing countries is due mainly to rural-urban drift and high fertility rate.

IL Slurns are rlore visible in the cities of developing countries than in those of developcd

countries.

IIL The means of transportation is more organized in the developed countries rvhich lroast a

better road and railway system than that of the developing nations.

IV. Undenvorld activities, such as drug pushing, armed gangs and extortion. are rrore

visible in the cities of the developing countries.

V. A higher percentage of people in developed countries live in high-rise apartrtrcnt

buildings.

VI..lob and educational opportunities are much greater in the developed nations.

VII.Healthcare and other social services are relatively better in developed countries.

IES

are required to:

I- Discuss the argurnent-" Foreign investrnent has not contributed enough to Caribbcan

development".

- II. Explain how urbanisation has contributed to various sociological problems affbcling thc

Caribbean societY.

N,f,SSON TARGET

# 26 targets objective 3 of Module 3.

MENDED READING

I- Modules in Social studies by Ramsawak/umraw (p.206-207).

II. A level Sociology by Stephen Moore (1991)P.294-299.

tII- Sociology For Caribbean Students by Mustapha vol-2' P.201-211

LESSON # 27

weber states the bureau cracy is a social organization with a hierarchy of full tirne ofllcinls

frmed a chain of command. Government departments, political parties' the security lorcc

thurches are some otganizations that are associated with bureaucracy'

Pu roose of Bureauerasll

fo designed to be an agent of social control. It serves to stamp out or prevent corruption and

dher malpractices at the work place and the society in general'

Bureauc Inhibits Ca

I- It is costly to maintain.

|I. It can frustrate i$vestors due to,the lengthy delays it may cause to process ccrtain

docutnents.

III.lt may,cause delafs of certaii social projects eg. Road construction, healthcare anrl

housing facilities.

IV.lt may give rise to comrption due the lack of accountability and transparencl" I)c<tplc

may iust " Pass the buck" around'

V- Bureau cracy usually changes when a new government assumes power, resulting in thc

discontinuation of certain government programmes and projects'

How To Reduce Bureaucrac)'

I. By decentralising the public sector'

II. By putting more workers on contract'

prior to the 1970,s, Caribbean women were subject to rruch gender discrilnination' 'l'hcr/ \\/crc

eirher barred fiom entering certain profession or were not paid the same wages filr thc s,rlc

.iobs done by rlen. They were not encouraged to attend colleges and universities.

I-Iorvever, since the 1970's, Caribbean women started to dominate the enrollmen I at all tcrtiary

institutions. Caribbean women have made significant progress in entering, what orrc considcrs.

male-dominated professions such as medicine, law, engineering, construction and tlre policc

fbrce. The necessary legislations are now in place that entitle women to equaljob and cducalion

opportunities, equal pay for similar jobs etc. They are also protected against sexual harassincnt

at the work place.

Health And Caribbean Development

I-lealth is an important issue assoeiated with Caribbean develo.pment. The state o1-health ol'the

people within a country will detennine the following:

I. The cost of treating avoidable illnesses

I1. The productivity level.

III. T'he employability of the people.

T'he rnost irnporta?{bt ,.rorr"b of any country is its people. Whatever level of dcvelopmcnt u,,ill

depend significantly on the general health of the people. Certain illnesses are now having

adverse impact on Carjbbean labour force. The region is regarded as a high risk area lort",tt 6k

l-llV/AIDS. This fbrlbT6ts rnost prevalent among people who are in the prime of their work li1b.

This afl'ects the proOuctirity level of those who suffer frqm the disease. Diabetes, high hlood

pressure and heart disease are very prevalent among many Caribbean workers. These ilhicsses

put untold pressure on the lirnited resources within the health system. A lot ol'rnoney has 1o bc

spent on tnedical supplies and personnel. The high spate of violence and motor vehiclc

accidents also affbcts Caribbean developrnent for the same reason that money tl-rat could irc

used for special development projects eg. Road construction, education and skill trainirrg. has

to be spent on medical supplies etc.

Caribbean Tourism And Development

'ltrurisrn is one of the main income generating industries for all Caribbean territories. Aparl

liom the fbreign exchange been earned. it provides several jobs and linkages that strcngthc,ns

olher industries. This leads to the creation of thousand of indirect jobs and other opporlunitcs. It

--n

pomotes cultural enrichment' However, tourism can also hinder develop,rent in various

s.It may promote a dependency on foreign food to cater to the tastes of the tourists' 'l'his

r^ --l:'1,^ 'l'1"i.,

;;", ;ur uerirulture. Tourism promotes prostitution- male and t-e,rale alikc' 'l'his

figger off a HIV/AIDS epidemic. There is usually an increase in garnbling activitics

.1..r i-l'rcirr

;;;,;;;;r; eg. casino. This could erode the nations moral.''he tourist industrv is

essociated with an increase in substance abuse eg. Ganja smoking. This practice givcs risc

sorts of crime.

CHA IV

are required to:

" health and tourism are the key to developrnent in the

Bureaucracy is a road block to Caribbean development"'

Discuss the statement-

N ARGE

#27 targets Objective 3 of Module 3'

ADINGS

Sociology For Caribbean Students Vol' 2' by Mustaphap'213-216'

Modules in Social Studies by Ramsawak/Umaraw p' 421-459 '

Caribbean".

Assess the argument- "