mse walls & geosynthetics - design basics webinar april 2016
TRANSCRIPT
Randy McDonald, P.Eng.Director of Engineering
ArmtecDrainage Solutions
Frank KlitaSales Representative
ArmtecDrainage Solutions
Michael McQuaid P.Eng.Design Engineer
ArmtecDrainage Solutions
Andrew ListerSales Manager
Mirafi® Geosynthetics,TenCate Geotube®
FRIDAY APRIL 22, 2016 / 9AM PST / 11AM CST / 12PM EST
TECHNICAL WEBINAR
MSE WALLS AND GEOSYNTHETICSDESIGN BASICS
YOUR HOST
Janine YetkeDirector of Marketing Armtec, Drainage Solutions
LinkedIn: ca.linkedin.com/in/janineyetke/enEmail: [email protected]
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Armtec is one of Canada’s largest infrastructure company supplying precast, corrugated steel and HDPE products and solutions. Every day, our proven products, engineered solutions and dedicated people are counted on to support construction and infrastructure projects in communities everywhere. With a national presence and a local focus on exceptional customer service, we are dedicated to building excellence.
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ABOUT ARMTEC
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ABOUT ARMTEC
Armtec Drainage Solutions’ centralized engineering department consists of design engineers, a drafting team, and estimators.
Additionally, professionally licensed Region engineers are located in all Market Areas across the country.
DRAINAGE ENGINEERING SUPPORT & ROLESABOUT ARMTEC
YOUR SPEAKERS
Michael McQuaid P.Eng.Design EngineerArmtec, Drainage [email protected]
Andrew ListerSales ManagerMirafi® Geosynthetics, TenCate Geotube®
AGENDA
1. Review of Geosynthetics
2. Types of Geosynthetics
3. Geogrids
4. MSE Wall Components
5. Analysis of MSE Walls
6. MSE Wall Types & Facing Options
REVIEW OF GEOSYNTHETICS
GEOSYNTHETICS:
GENERIC TERM FOR ALL SYNTHETIC MATERIALS USED IN GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING APPLICATIONS, INCLUDING• TEXTILES• GRIDS• NETS• MEMBRANES• COMPOSITES
POLYMERS USED IN GEOSYNTHETICS
POLYPROPYLENE (PP)TOUGH, FLEXIBLE SYNTHETIC THERMOPLASTIC MATERIAL MADE BY
POLYMERIZING PROPYLENE
• SIMILAR TO POLYETHYLENES, BUT HARDER AND TOUGHER
• PROVIDES GOOD TENSILE STRENGTH RELATIVE TO ITS WEIGHT
• TRANSLUCENT IN ITS NATURAL STATE, PP REQUIRES ADDITIVES TO CREATE UV STABILITY.
• SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF 0.96 (FLOATS); DURABLE, INERT
• MAJORITY OF NONWOVENS AND WOVENS MANUFACTURED FROM PP
POLYMERS USED IN GEOSYNTHETICS
POLYESTER (PET)
LONG-CHAIN POLYMERS CHEMICALLY COMPOSED OF AT LEAST 85% BY WEIGHT OF AN ESTER AND A DIHYDRIC ALCOHOL AND A TEREPHTHALIC ACID
• FABRICS AND FIBERS ARE EXTREMELY STRONG – HIGH TENSILE AT LOW STRAINS
• VERY DURABLE: RESISTANT TO MOST CHEMICALS, STRETCHING AND SHRINKING, AND ABRASION RESISTANT
• HYDROPHOBIC (REPELS WATER) IN NATURE AND QUICK DRYING
• POLYESTER USED TO CREATE HIGH STRENGTH TO WEIGHT PRODUCTS E.G., GRIDS
GEOSYNTHETICS
• NONWOVEN - TEXTILE STRUCTURE PRODUCED BY MECHANICAL, CHEMICAL, THERMAL, OR SOLVENT BONDING AND/OR INTERLOCKING OF FIBERS
• WOVEN - TEXTILE STRUCTURE PRODUCED BY INTERLACING TWO OR MORE YARNS, FIBERS, OR FILAMENTS
• KNIT - TEXTILE STRUCTURE PRODUCED BY INTER-LOOPING ENDS OF YARN
• GEOGRID - A GRID LIKE POLYMERIC MATERIAL FORMED BY INTERSECTING RIBS JOINED AT THE JUNCTIONS USED FOR REINFORCEMENT
FUNCTIONS OF GEOSYNTHETICS
• Separation
• Confinement
• Reinforcement
• Filtration
• Drainage
Geosynthetics and MSE Walls – Design BasicsTYPES OF GEOSYNTHETICS
GEOTEXTILES
• ANY PERMEABLE TEXTILE USED IN ANY
GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERED SYSTEM • ALSO REFERRED TO AS
• Filter Fabric• Filter Cloth• Filter Paper• Construction Paper
NON WOVENS
• ADVANTAGES• High Flow Rate• Fine Filtration• High Elongation• Flexible• Can Provide Cushion/Protection
• DISADVANTAGES• Low Strength to Weight Ratio
WOVENS
• ADVANTAGES– High Strength to Weight Ratio– Controlled Filtration– Controlled Flow Rate– Durable– Low Elongation with High Tensile Strength– Installation Resistant
• DISADVANTAGES– Can have poor Flow and Filtration
WOVENS
Woven Monofilament polypropylene geotextiles• Filtration• Drainage
Woven slit tape polypropylene geotextiles• Separation
WOVENS
High Performance woven polypropylene geotextiles• Subgrade Stabilization• Reinforcement
High Performance woven polyester geotextiles• Reinforcement
GEOGRID
WOVEN / COATED POLYESTER - UNI-AXIALEXTRUDED / PUNCHED DRAWN PP – BI-AXIAL
• ADVANTAGES• High Strength to Weight• High Soil Interaction• Protected Yarns - UNI• High Connection Strength - UNI• Bi-Axial or Uni-Axial Strength
• DISADVANTAGES• No Separation
WHAT’S BEHIND YOUR WALL?
Geosynthetics and MSE Walls – Design BasicsGEOGRIDS
TYPICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF PET GEOGRIDS
• High strength uniaxial polyester geogrid
• Strongest geogrid reinforcement available
• Woven and coated with a PVC coating• Vast LTDS tensile strength range
• 18.5kN/m – 253kN/m• Excellent durability properties• 3.6 meter (12 feet) wide rolls• 1.8 meter (6 feet) wide rolls• 1.2 meter (4 feet)wide rolls
PET GEOGRIDS
• Flexible and Tough• Delivers immediate soil geogrid stress transfer
• High Long Term Design Strengths• Long term design strengths are backed up by more than 100,000
hours of creep testing performed at an outside, independent test laboratory
• Easy Handling• No sharp edges which may injure workers
• No Recoiling• Remains in place after being installed; does not recoil
• Cost Effective• Creep resistant polyester fibers provide a higher allowable tensile
strength, minimizing the required number of geogrid layers
GEOGRIDS – WHY POLYESTER (PET)
HDPEreinforcement
Polyesterreinforcement
100 kN/m
75 kN/m
25 kN/m
Same Ultimate tensile strength
Long term design strength
Strain %
Log time (s)21 3 4 5 6 7
10
20
30
1hr 1 d 1yr
PolyethylenePolyamide
Polyester
Polypropylene
Creep at 60% load
Polyester is the strongest design polymer
Analysis of Different High Strength Geosynthetics
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
Are extensive independent performance testing studies available?
PULL OUT TESTING
CREEP TESTING
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
Mobilization of high tensilestrength at low strain.Wide Range of LTDS (12kNm-180kNm)
Good interlocking and high interface friction.Stable open grid matrix interlocks andInteracts with soil to provide high shearing resistance. The rough surface of grid provides further frictional and shear resistance compared to smooth polyethylene geogrid which relies mainly on interlocking mechanism.
High Strength Polyester Geogrid – Benefits
High resistance toconstruction stress.Protective polymercoating for enhancedchemical and mechanical stressresistance.
Crusher runGeogrid
Interlocking mechanism
Tension
Load
Interface friction0
20
40
60
80
100
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14Strain (%)
Perc
enta
ge o
f cha
ract
eris
tic sh
ort-t
erm
tens
ile st
reng
th (%
)
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
The Geogrid Manufacturer Should
• Have a full complement of geosynthetic testing equipment
• Be Active in developing and maintaining ASTM standards
• Have a GRI-LAP Accredited Laboratory• Be A2LA Accredited• Be ISO 9002 Certified
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
“Rumor vs. Fact”’
• RUMOR: POLYESTER GEOGRIDS MAY NOT BE USED IN RECYCLED CONCRETE SOIL BACKFILLS AND HIGH PH SOILS.
• FACT: GEOSYNTHETICS HAVE BEEN TESTED AND INSTALLED IN ALL SOIL TYPES. PET GEOGRIDS ARE SUITABLE FOR ALL SOIL TYPES BASED ON PROPER DESIGN. SEE FHWA ELIAS TECHNICAL PAPER “THE EFFECT OF PH……OF POLYESTER GEOSYNTHETICS”
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
Chemical Resistance• PVC coating process binds the molecules for a tighter,
stronger bond resulting in superior durability without cracking or spitting
(FHWA Montana DOT Study)
• PVC is inherently inert to contaminated soils.
(Iowa State University …….impervious to gasoline)
• Service life beyond 120 years
Durability of PET
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDSGeogrid Creep Testing
ASTM D5262
• High Creep Resistance
• Over 100,000 hours of creep data
• RFCR PET = 1.47 NTPEP (check with mfg.)
Design Life Exceeds 100 years
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDSCreep Rupture Curve : NTPEP
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
Independent Evaluation Testing
NTPEP Evaluation• Required by most public
agencies and DOT’s
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
NTPEP Installation Damage Testing
Did you know the testing method has changed?
‘Old Test Method’• 200mm fill lift• Moderately-sized compaction
equipment (44 kN)
‘New Test Method’• 150mm fill lift• Large-sized compaction equipment
(111,000 kN)
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
NTPEP ALLOWS FOR EASY COMPARISON OF MATERIALS
– NTPEP Published Reports
Property Tensar Strata MirafiCreep (RFcr) 2.68 1.49 1.45
Installation Damage (RFID) Type 3 Silty Sand
1.24 1.24 1.05
Durability (RFD) 1.1 1.15 1.15Total RF 3.66 2.12 1.75
Reduction Factors for Type 3 Backfill (Silty Sand)
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
NTPEP ALLOWS FOR EASY COMPARISON OF MATERIALS
– NTPEP Published Reports
Property Tensar Strata MirafiCreep (RFcr) 2.68 1.49 1.45
Installation Damage (RFID) Type 1 Coarse Gravel
2.57 1.88 1.61
Durability (RFD) 1.1 1.15 1.15Total RF 7.58 3.22 2.68
Reduction Factors for Type 1 Backfill (Coarse Gravel)
If LTDS of 18.9 kN/m needed: • Tensar – 143.8 kN/m • Strata – 61.09 kN/m • TenCate – 50.46 kN/m
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
“Rumor vs. Fact”
• RUMOR: NEED TO SPECIFY ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH, 95% OF TULT STRENGTH, OR JUNCTION STRENGTH ALONG WITH LTDS.
• FACT: THE DESIGN OF MSE STRUCTURES USES LTDS ONLY. THERE IS NO DESIGN NEED FOR SPECIFYING ULTIMATE TENSILE STRENGTH, 95% OF TULT STRENGTH OR JUNCTION STRENGTH.
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
• INDUSTRY ACCEPTED METHOD TO DETERMINE THE LONG TERM USABLE STRENGTH OF A GEOGRID PRODUCT
• SAMPLE CALCULATION, PET IN COARSE GRAVELWIDE WIDTH TENSILE STRENGTH = 50.46 KN/M
RFID = 1.61 RFCR = 1.45RFD = 1.15 (TYPICAL SOIL PH RANGE)
LTDS = WIDE WIDTH TENSILE STRENGTH RFID X RFCR X RFD
LTDS = 50.46 / (1.61 X 1.45 X 1.10) = 18.9 KN/M
Design Properties
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
Design Properties
• INDUSTRY ACCEPTED METHOD TO DETERMINE THE LONG TERM USABLE STRENGTH OF A GEOGRID PRODUCT
• SAMPLE CALCULATION, PE GEOGRID IN COARSE GRAVELWIDE WIDTH TENSILE STRENGTH = 143.8 KN/M
RFID = 2.57 RFCR = 2.68RFD = 1.10 (TYPICAL SOIL PH RANGE)
LTDS = WIDE WIDTH TENSILE STRENGTH RFID X RFCR X RFD
LTDS = 143.8 / (2.57 X 2.68 X 1.10) = 18.9 KN/M
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION
• MULTIPLE PRODUCT LABELS TO ENSURE EASY IDENTIFICATION
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
PET GeogridsKnow what you are getting
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
PET GeogridsKnow what you are getting
Made in NA
ISO 9002 Certified manufacturing facility
On-site GAI-LAP accredited geosynthetics lab
Up to date NTPEP evaluation and report
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
PET GeogridsKnow what you are getting
Product Certification
Multiple labels on roll
Identification on geogrid itself
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
PET GeogridsKnow what you are getting
Extensive connection data, including sustained load connection testing.
Extensive Creep testing, including conventional > 10,000 hours.
Installation damage testing with multiple soil types.
PET yarns that exceed CEG and MW requirements.
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
As a designer, how do you protect yourself?
– Thorough and enforceable specifications
– Manufacturer QC Program
– On-site QA Program
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
1.6 SUBMITTALS A. Submit the following: 1. Certification: The contractor shall provide to the Engineer a certificate stating the name of the manufacturer, product name, style number, chemical composition of the filaments or yarns, manufacturing location and other pertinent information to fully describe the geosynthetic. The Certification shall state that the furnished geosynthetic meets MARV requirements of the specification as evaluated under the Manufacturer's quality control program. The Certification shall be attested to by a person having legal authority to bind the Manufacturer.
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
A. Submit the following:
2. Quality Standards: The contractor shall provide to the Engineer the manufacturer’s Quality Control Plan along with their current A2LA, GAI-LAP, and ISO 9001:2008 certificates.
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
1.7 QUALITY ASSURANCE A. Manufacturer Qualifications: The geogrid manufacturer shall have all of the following credentials: Valid NTPEP REGEO report on geogrid material used for this project Geosynthetic Accreditation Institute (GAI) - Laboratory Accreditation Program (LAP) American Association for Laboratory Accreditation (A2LA) ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System
B. The geotextile manufacturer shall have a GAI-LAP accredited laboratory at the location of production capable of performing the ASTM tests as outlined in the specification.
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
1.8 DELIVERY, STORAGE, AND HANDLING
A. Geosynthetic labeling, shipment, and storage shall follow ASTM D4873. Product labels shall clearly show the manufacturer or supplier name, style name, and roll number. Product identifications labels, including manufacturers name, product style and roll number shall be included on the outside of the roll packaging material and one the inside of the core of the roll. The material must also be labeled so it is easily identified when deployed.
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
2. Alternate Materials
A. Alternate geogrid may be considered if the material meets all of the requirements outlined in this specification. In addition to the submittal requirements already outlined, the contractor shall provide the manufacturers submittal that includes the name and address of the original manufacturer, technical data sheets of the products submitted, installation damage reports from a 3rd party accredited laboratory, creep testing data, including conventional data >10,000 hours, connection testing of the geogrid and block combination being submitted as an alternate.
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
• As the designer (Engineer of Record), how do you handle requests for alternate materials?
• Geogrid
Alternate Materials
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
• There are some quick resources that can help you review alternate geogrids.
• Website
Alternate Materials - Geogrid
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
• There are some quick resources that can help you review alternate geogrids.
• Website• Geosynthetics Specifier’s Guide
Alternate Materials - Geogrid
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
Alternate Materials - Geogrid
• Suppliers submit material for inclusion.
• There is no review or audit of the material submitted.
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
• There are some quick resources that can help you review alternate geogrids.
• Website• Geosynthetics Specifier’s Guide• Who is the original geogrid
manufacturer?• NTPEP
Alternate Materials - Geogrid
SPECIFYING GEOGRIDS
• There are some quick resources that can help you review alternate geogrids.
• Website• Geosynthetics Specifier’s Guide• Who is the original geogrid manufacturer?• NTPEP• Request actual test data for creep, ID, and
pullout.• If PET, request CEG and MW certs.
Alternate Materials - Geogrid
Geosynthetics and MSE Walls – Design BasicsMSE WALL COMPONENTS
WHAT ARE MECHANICALLY STABILIZED EARTH WALLS?• Mechanically Stabilized Earth (MSE) walls are retaining walls or grade
separation devices
• MSE walls utilize a reinforced soil gravity mass to resist external forces
• Reinforced soil is created through the use of horizontal soil reinforcing elements and compacted backfill material.
COMPONENTS
• Soil Reinforcement
• Backfill Material
• Facing Unit
TYPICAL MSE RETAINING WALL
GEOSYNTHETICS • Uniaxial Geogrids• High Strength Woven Geotextile
METALLIC• Steel Grids• Smooth or Ribbed Steel Strips
SOIL REINFORCEMENT OPTIONS
BACKFILL MATERIAL
• Gradation Requirements as per AASHTO LRFD Construction Specification
Sieve Size Percent Passing (%) 100 mm (4.0 in.) 100 4.25 mm (No. 40) 0 – 60 75 μm (No. 200) 0 – 15
• Free draining, granular material typically recommended for soil reinforcement backfill
• Minimum backfill compaction is typically 95% Standard Proctor Maximum Dry Density (SPMDD)
LONG TERM DESIGN STRENGTH
𝐿𝑇𝐷𝑆=𝑇𝑢𝑙𝑡
𝑅𝐹 𝐼𝐷×𝑅𝐹𝐶𝑅×𝑅𝐹𝐷
Installation Reduction Factors, RFID
GeosyntheticsType 1 Backfill Type 2 Backfill
Max. Size 4" (100mm) Max Size 3/4" (20mm)D50 about 1-1/4" (30mm) D50 about #30 (0.7mm)
HDPE Uniaxial Geogrid 1.20 - 1.45 1.10 - 1.20 PP Biaxial 1.20 - 1.45 1.10 - 1.20PVC coated PET Geogrid 1.30 - 1.85 1.10 - 1.30Acrylic coated PET geogrid 1.30 - 2.05 1.20 - 1.40Woven Geotextiles (PP & PET)a 1.40 - 2.20 1.10 - 1.40Non Woven Geotextiles (PP & PET)a 1.40 - 2.50 1.10 - 1.40Slit Film Woven PP Geotextilea 1.60 - 3.00 1.10 - 2.00a. Minimum Weight 8.0 oz/yd2 (270 g/m2)
Creep Reduction Factor, RFCR
Polymer Type Creep Reduction FactorPolyester (PET) 2.5 - 1.6
Polypropylene (PP) 5.0 - 4.0High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) 5.0 - 2.6
DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
• Wall Height
• Wall Batter
• Backfill Slope
• Surcharges
• Water Table Elevation
Geosynthetics and MSE Walls – Design BasicsANALYSIS OF MSE WALLS
MSE WALL DESIGN METHODS
Design Methods most commonly used and are Industry Accepted Standard of Practice are:
• National Concrete Masonry Association (NCMA)• Used most frequently for Private Works• Design Manual “Segmental Retaining Walls” is currently in its Second Edition, although it is
currently being revised.
• Federal Highway Administration (FHWA)• Used most frequently for Public Works• Design Manual “FHWA NHI-00-043, 044, Mechanically Stabilized Earth Walls and
Reinforced Steepened Slopes, Design and Construction Guidelines” is currently in its Second Edition, first Edition was known as “Demo 82”
• Developed following AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications and AASHTO LRFD Bridge Construction Specifications.
MSE WALL ANALYSIS
External Stability
Sliding Movement
Sliding Resistance
Sliding Resistance
Sliding Overturning
Overturning Movement
MSE WALL ANALYSIS
Bearing Capacity Settlement
Movement
External Stability
MSE WALL ANALYSIS
Internal Stability
Connection Tension Pullout
Units Active Wedge Passive Zone
PULLOUT RESISTANCE
= Pullout Resistance = Pullout Resistance Factor = Correction factor = Effective Vertical Stress at the soil-reinforcement interface = The embedment length in the resisting zone behind the failure plane = The reinforcement effective unit perimeter (ex. = 2 for grids)
= peak friction angle of soil
SOIL TYPE
Gravel 30° – 50°
Sand and Gravel with fine grained soils
30° – 40°
Sand 32° – 50°
Silt and Silty Sand 27° – 35°
Clay 20° – 30°
MSE WALL ANALYSIS
Internal Stability
Overturning
Bending Bulging
Shear
MSE WALL ANALYSIS
Compound and Overall (Global) Stability
Geosynthetics and MSE Walls – Design BasicsMSE WALL TYPES & FACING OPTIONS
MSE WALL TYPES
TEMPORARY (36 month life span)• Geotextile Wrapped• Welded Wire Mesh / Geotextile
PERMANENT • Welded Wire Mesh with Geogrid• Geocell with Geogrid• Binwall with Geogrid
TEMPORARY MSE WALLS
MSE WALL CONSTRUCTION - WRAPPED FACESTEP 1
1. Check level of base
2. Check all line, grade and curves
3. Place removable form at front of reinforced mass
4. Install first layer of geotextile over removable form
Removable formGeotextile Reinforcement
Native Soil
STEP 21. Pull Geotextile tight, keep tension applied
until backfill is placed.
Compacted fill
Native Soil
Depression for geotextile wrap
Removable form
2. Place backfill in specified lifts and compact to 95% Standard Proctor Dry Density.
MSE WALL CONSTRUCTION
STEP 3
1. Wrap geotextile back over compacted fill
2. Place & compact fill above upper wrap portion and level
Native Soil
Fill on top of geotextile
MSE WALL CONSTRUCTION
STEP 41. Place second removable form by repeating step 1.
(provide required batter with set back)
Native Soil
2. Place second layer of geotextile and reinforced fill by repeating steps 2 through 3.
3. After completion of second lift, remove the first form.
MSE WALL CONSTRUCTION
MSE WALL CONSTRUCTION
1. Repeat steps 1 through 3 until wall is at required height
Native Soil
Finished Grade
High Performance Woven Geotextile
• Geotextile Wrapped
TEMPORARY MSE WALLS
TEMPORARY MSE WALLS• Wire Mesh / Geotextile Walls
PERMANENT MSE WALLS• Reinforcement and Fascia
MSE WALL SYSTEMS
Welded Wire Mesh Face / Geogrid
Finished Grade
Reinforced Soil Zone
FOUNDATION SOIL ZONE
Native Soil
GeosyntheticReinforcement
Welded Wire Fascia
Wire Mesh with Geogrid(Rock Faced)
Cobourg, ON
GEOCELL
Abbotsford, BC
Wire Mesh With Geogrid
(Vegetated Face)
Oakville, ON
q = SURCHARGE
Geogrid ReinforcementFinished Grade
Reinforced Soil Zone
Foundation Soil Zone
Native SoilGeocell Fascia
Geocell with Geogrid MSE Walls
GEOCELL
GEOCELL
GEOCELL
Newmarket, ON
GEOCELL
BIN WALL WITH GEOGRID
BIN WALL WITH GEOGRID
Mississauga, ON
Contact Your Local Sales Rep:www.armtec.com/sales-offices/
Todays Speakers:
Michael [email protected]
Andrew ListerMirafi® Geosynthetics, TenCate Geotube®
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Todays Speakers:
Michael [email protected]
Andrew ListerMirafi® Geosynthetics, TenCate Geotube®