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The Indian Wars

Exlcudes pictures

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War for the Plains In 1874 Quannah Parker and 700

Indians attacked a group of hunters The hunters had been killing thousands

of buffalo for their hides The hunters had superior weapons so

they easily won the fight Quannah Parker was wounded in the

shoulder and his horse was killed One of the many battles the Plains

Indians would fight for their land

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The Sand Creek Massacre In 1859 100,000 miners were trespassing on land

promised to the Cheyenne and Arapaho Indians What Treaty promised them land? The government tried to negotiate a new treaty

but the Indians knew better and refused to sell their land

Indians attacked wagon trains, stage coaches, and mining camps

Government put together a military force

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Sandcreek Massacre Cont.

Nov. 1864 Col. John Chivington led his soldiers in a surprise attack on a peaceful Cheyenne village camped at Sand Creek

Chief Black Kettle waved an American flag and then a white flag of truce, but Chivington attacked.

More than 200 men, women, and children were killed

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Reservations 1860’s Indians continued to attack and

settlers continued to ignore the established borders

1867 Congress decided to end the attacks; can you guess what they did?

– Only way was to separate Indians and Settlers

You guessed it! RESERVATIONS!!!!!!! (areas of land set aside for Indian nations.

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Reservations

Indians were forced to move on these plots of land

This would totally change the Indians way of life. How?– Could no longer be nomads and hunt the

buffalo– Had to learn how to raise crops– Learn the customs of settlers

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Reservations

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Red Clouds War 1863 Gold discovered in Montana miners

flocked Miners cut through on Teton Sioux land Angry Teton Sioux attacked trespassing

miners Government built three forts in the area to

protect the traveling miners Red Cloud a strong chief was determined to

protect the Teton Sioux’s homeland

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Red Cloud’s War Cont.

He and Crazy Horse led their warriors in repeated attacks on travelers along the trail

After months of fighting and 80 dead soldiers the government abandoned the forts

As soldiers left the forts Red Cloud signed a peace agreement-The Second Treaty of Ft. Laramie

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Red Clouds War Continued Although Red Cloud’s War was a

victory for the Plains Indians the treaty he signed was not

It established a reservation for northern Plains Indians located in Montana, Wyoming, and the Dakotas-The Great Sioux Reserve

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Red Cloud’s War Cont.

Red Cloud hated to move his people onto a reservation but he was happy with the thought that he had preserved his people’s homeland forever

Does that word forever ring a bell? Do you think the treaty was observed by

the government?

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The Battle of Little Big Horn The peace brought by the Second Treaty of

Ft. Laramie was short lived When miners found gold in South Dakota

what do you think happened? You guessed it…the miners invaded the

boundaries of the Sioux and Cheyenne’s hunting ground

Angry warriors attacked mining camps and so the government sent the Army to fight

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Battle of Little Bighorn Cont.

June 25 1876 General Custer led his men to war

He ignored his scout who said they were way outnumbered and pushed on

Sioux and Cheyenne warriors led by Sitting Bull, Crazy Horse, Two Moons, and Lame White Man defeated General Custers army and it would later be known as CUSTER’S LAST STAND!

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Battle of Little Big Horn Cont.

It was a great victory for the Indians however it would be their last

Before a year had past most of the Sioux and Cheyennes had been defeated in battle or had moved onto reservations

Crazy Horse was captured and murdered Sitting Bull escaped to Canada with a few followers

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Chief Joseph’s Retreat Nez Perce Indians-French for Pierced Noses They were under pressure from settlers to leave their land Most signed a treaty and moved to a reservation Four young Nez Perce refused to go and killed four white settlers Their Chief, Chief Joseph, wanted to avoid war at all costs

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Chief Joseph’s Retreat He led 800 men, women, and children

on an amazing retreat for 3 and a 1/2 months and almost 2,000 miles

Their goal was to reach Canada and join Sitting Bull

Traveled with honor; they paid for supplies and did little harm to settlers

Do you think that they made it????

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Chief Joseph’s Retreat Cont. They might have made it all the way had they not

stopped to rest 40 miles from the border Federal troops caught up with them On a bitterly cold day Chief Joseph, surrendered.

He told the soldiers:– “I am tired of fighting. My heart is sick and sad.

From where the sun now stands, I will fight no more forever.”

The Nez Perce were

sent to Oklahoma

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Geronimo By 1881 most Indians were living on reservations Except for a small group of Apaches who were

determined to hold onto their freedom Led by Geronimo the band roamed the mountains

of Arizona and New Mexico Government soldiers tracked the group closely but

it took them five long years to capture the group By 1886 Geronimo’s group had declined from about

150 to a few dozen men, women, and children.

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The End of the Indian Wars When Geronimo’s group finally

surrendered in 1886, a generation of Indian wars ended.

The group moved onto a reservation and Geronimo was imprisoned for two years and lived the rest of his life in exile in Florida and Oklahoma

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The Ghost Dance Religion Indians feeling defeated and depressed Living on reservations and in poverty Forced to accept a new way of life Looking for a miracle=New Religion

Danced, chanted, and prayed Wanted relatives, friends, and buffalo to come back to life

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Death of Sitting Bull Do you remember where he fled to? Came back and joined Ghost Dance Rel Govt. tried to talk him into banning the religion but he

refused So they arrest him Police surrounded his house in ND and told him he was

under arrest At first he agreed to go with them but changed his mind A scuffle followed and he was killed along with 7

followers and 6 policemen

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Massacre at Wounded Knee Alarmed by the death of their Chief Sitting

Bull’s followers fled Near Wounded Knee Creak they met the

Seventh Cavalry Troops decided to disarm the Indians when

all of a sudden someone fired and nervous soldiers fired into the group

150 Indian men, women, and children and 25 soldiers lost their lives

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It was much like this massacre. Do you remember this one?

BOSTON MASSACRE

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Reformers People were finally waking up to the

tragic situation of the Native Americans The govt kept on breaking promises Eventually both Indians and whites

began to call for reform Helen Hunt Jackson was a huge

reformer who wrote books and spoke out to try to stop the injustice

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The Dawes Act Some believed that the only way to help

the Plains Indians was to convince them to adapt to American culture

So congress passed the Dawes Act– Ended tribal ownership of land and gave

each family a plot of land

Do you think the Indians liked this?Why or why not

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Failure of the Dawes Act Families assigned plots of land but they didn’t

want to farm What did they want to do? Plus they were given the poorest farmland available

so they had to rely on weekly food rations from the govt

Because they had never had land before they did not realize how much it was really worth

Settlers cheated them out of money by buying it for less

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Changes on the Great Plains

Indians confined to reservations Buffalo nearly extinct Railroads reach westward across the

continent Cattle ranchers and farmers are soon to

come and with them came new ways of life

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Ghost Town in Montana

Do you remember why this became a ghost town?

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The Machine Invasion

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The Invasion of the Settler

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Answer the following questions using your notes Define reservations. What was the Dawes Act? What happened at the Sand Creek Massacre? Who won Red Cloud or the Government? Where was Custer’s last stand? What group of Indians was Chief Joseph the

leader of? What Chief led his people on a huge retreat and

was later captured? In what religion do they dance and chant in order

to bring back the dead? What act gave the Plains Indians individual plots

of land?