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Welcome to the Museum ofExpansion, Regional Separation, The Civil War and its Aftermath

1844-1877 (Unit 5)

Curator’s Offices

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CONTENT

Curator’s OfficeThis time period is possibly the most influential in U.S. history. The Civil War bitterly divided the nation but resulted in the emancipation of slaves. However, blacks in south continued to be treated poorly and were often threatened. This unequal treatment set the precedent for reform movements from the early 19th century to the 1960s. This era also set the precedent for America’s status as a global power. Industry and factories strengthened the nation while the Transcontinental railroad boosted the economy. America also began to acquire territory. The Mexican American war and the Alaska Purchase both increased the size of the U.S. and prepared it for a bold international foreign policy(Historical Argumentation)

Adam Cines, Patrick Hutson, Taurjhai Purdie

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*If you squint, you’ll find us in the picture.*

http://www.dreamstime.com/stock-photos-civil-war-memorabilia-image19620383

Room 1

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Artifact 1

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Ideas, Beliefs, and Culture

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Sectionalism Harper’s FerryUncle Tom’s Cabin Nativist MovementAbolitionist Movement Manifest DestinyNationalism Racism Unionism Slavery Apologist View Nat Turner’s RebellionRedeemers Harriet TubmanPeculiar Institution

Room 2

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Work, Exchange, and Technology

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Industrialization Economic Expansion Asian Trade Manifest Destiny Interchangeable Parts Railroads Weapons King Cotton Sharecropping Gold Rush

Room 3

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Peopling & Environment and Geography

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Wilmot Proviso Mexican-American WarCarpetbaggers Homestead Act of 1862Scalawags Texas AnnexationMass Migration Ostend ManifestoWestward Expansion Irish Potato FamineUnderground Railroad Gold Rush

Room 4

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Artifact 14

Politics & Power

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Key ConceptsThe Civil War Force ActsSouthern Secession Wade-Davis BillElection of 1860 Radical RepublicansSlavery Emancipation Election of 1876 The Electoral CollegeShare Cropping ReconstructionThe K.K.K.

Room 5

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Artifact 18

Identity & America in the World

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Key ConceptsMexican-American War Texas AnnexationTrent AffairInternational RecognitionPurchase of AlaskaThe Civil WarAmerican ImperialismFree Soil PartyU.S. TerritoriesWestward expansionRepublican PartyManifest Destiny

1. Harriet Beecher Stowe wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin in response to the Fugitive Slave Act which required that all escaped slaves were, upon capture, to be returned to their masters and that officials and citizens of free states had to cooperate under this law. Stowe’s characters debated the Fugitive Slave Law, the future of freed people, and racism, supporting the Abolitionist Movement at the time. During the late 1800s, the white abolitionist movement had been led by social reforms such as William Lloyd Garrison, and Stowe herself. Some felt that slavery was a sin and criminal, while many southern states had legalized slavery. It was a time when the nation had been divided over the issue of slavery, and whether it was morally acceptable or not. (Contextualization)2. Abraham Lincoln called Harriet Beecher Stowe, the author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, the “little lady who made this great war”. The novel opened Northerners to the cruelties of slavery and intensified sectionalism, making the north hostile to the reforms that would protect slavery. The North pressured the South to abolish slavery, while the south advocated for the right to have authority in its own affairs. This contributed the Civil War, and the North Unionists versus the Southern Confederates. (Causation)3. The southern politicians wanted to protect state’s rights in regards to whether to allow slavery or not in a particular state. This relates to the idea of a limited federal government put forth in the Articles of Confederation. Under the Articles of Confederation, the central government had very little power and authority to overrule state actions. Consequently, states had authority over their own affairs without government intervention. (Comparison)

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Uncle Tom’s Cabin emphasized the immorality of slavery, changing the viewpoints of some Americans during the Pre-Civil War Era.

Audience- White Christians (slavery was morally wrong) and/or WomenPurpose- To publicize the horrors of slavery, bringing them to the attention of Americans. This was during the time when there were debates over the continuance of slavery. Point of View- Harriet Stowe was a 40 year old female when she wrote Uncle Tom’s Cabin. She was an American abolitionist and Christian.

http://www.blackpast.org/aah/uncle-toms-cabin-1852

http://hti.osu.edu/history-lesson-plans/united-states-history/m

anifest-destiny-westward-expansion

1. The United States had been concerned that the European powers, especially Great Britain were seeking to acquire colonies and/or greater influence in North America. This was because Great Britain had possessed the Oregon Territory, and Mexico had possessed the western and southwestern land. This resulted in calls for expansion and the idea of Manifest Destiny, the idea that American settlers were destined to expand throughout the continent in order to emphasize the U.S. and in order to assert its strength. (Contextualization)2. President Lincoln signed the Homestead Act (1861) in order to build upon Manifest Destiny, the idea that the U.S should span coast to cast, which had been emphasized through the painting American Progress, and that encouraged Western migration by providing settlers with 160 acres of public land. Consequently, white settlers were unleased into Native American land. Native Americans lost their traditional land, and due to the sense of America’s cultural superiority, they were forced to assimilate, or relocate. Native Americans were forced to surrender aspects of their culture in exchange for “the American culture”.(Causation)3. The Manifest Destiny relates to the Monroe Doctrine. The Monroe Doctrine stated that the U.S would intervene if European nations attempted to colonize land or interfere with states in the North or South. President James Polk announced to Congress in 1845 that the principle of the Monroe Doctrine should be strictly enforced and that the U.S should aggressively expand into the West, Manifest Destiny. (Comparison)

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The Manifest Destiny was built on the belief in a sense of American cultural superiority, impacting the U.S political decisions.

H- During the 19th Century, the idea of Manifest Destiny arose in which America was destined to stretch across the entire content. Followers believed that God had destined them to undertake the mission of expansion. P-Gast used the painting to tell the message that the United States is destined to expand west. The West is dark and is populated by Native Americans, but where the woman enters it is light. So it shows how the U.S will civilize the territory when it expands.POV-John Gast painted American Progress in 1872. He was Prussian-born, and lived most of his life in New York. The painting was meant to be an allegory of Manifest Destiny which had been influential in the actions of the U.S during the time.

Historical Context: During the time of the presence of Nativist flags, migration to the United States increased. This was due to the Irish Potato Famine occurring at the time, German immigration, etc. Nativists were unhappy with foreigners and people with different cultural backgrounds encroaching onto their soil.

Purpose: To warn Americans of foreign influence by writing “Beware of Foreign Influence” due to the fact that the Irish had been immigrating and maintained their cultural beliefs and practices instead of adopting the American one.

Point of View-: The flag is from the point of view from Nativists who fear foreign encroachment and influence as a result of immigration.

1. Following the mass immigration of Irish Catholics into the United States during the Irish Potato Famine, the fear of foreign influence on the American society led to anti-immigrant sentiment, nativism. The number of Roman Catholics grew from 30,000 to 300,00 by 1820, but by the 1850s, Anti-Catholicism intensified. The Irish reacted by turning toward the church, and began to set up charities for other immigrants. This was seen as a rejection of American customs and values, so nativists were angered and had launched Hate Campaigns. Nativists believed that American values were based on Protestant Christianity, so that is why the artifact warns of foreign influence. (Contextualization). 2. As a result of the anti-immigration sentiment. The nativists attempted to align the United States with its anti-foreign beliefs by the creation of the Know-Nothing Political Party. In 1844, the Nativist Party elected six congressmen and dozens of local officials. They sough to curtail the political powers of the immigrants, especially the Catholics. The party attracted more than 1 million members are a result of the belief that immigrants would have a negative impact on the American society. (Causation)3. The anti-immigration sentiment during the 1844-1877 time period resembles the anti-immigration sentiment in 1924. The Immigration Act of 1924 was a federal law that limited the annual number of immigrants who could be admitted from any country to 2% of the number fof people who were already living in the United States. This had been in order to “preserved the ideal American homogeneity.” In both time periods, Americans attempted to maintain its current demographic makeup, and did not want to experience an abundance of new ideas or cultures. (Comparison)

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Anti-immigration sentiment transpired into the Nativist Movement during which nativists aimed at limiting immigrants’ cultural influence on the American culture.

http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/nativism

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1. A issue that worsened the regional and economic differences between the North and South had been slavery. The Southerners resented the economic prosperity amassed by Northern businessmen from marketing cotton, while Northerners stated that slavery had been a “peculiar“ institution” that had been responsible for the South’s “backwardness”. Sectional tension continued to build as abolitionist feelings grew in the North, became more powerful, and had been accompanied by the Free Soils Movement which opposed the extension of slavery. Southerners of the 1850s felt that slavery had been an integral part of the region. The Southerners felt that freeing slaves would result in more competition, and a lower status. Due to these ideological differences paired with others, the North and South were divided. (Contextualization)2. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aia/part4/4h3141.htmlIn the 1800s, cotton became the principal cash crop in the South. The British textile industry created the demand for cotton, and the invention of the cotton gin made it practical. However, the southerners had to use slaves. George Fitzhugh wrote Sociology for the South, or the Failure of Free Society in 1854, defending slavery due to the fact that it provided him with food and shelter. Other southerners felt that slavery was a necessary evil and could not be eliminated without destroying the south. The North did not support slavery, and wanted it to be abolished. Consequently, the North and the South were involved in the ideological debate over slavery, and were against each other, intensifying sectionalism. (Interpretation)3. The intensifying sectionalism can be compared to the abortion debate today. The Conservative Republicans, and the Democrats have ideological debates concerning the right of women to have abortions. The Republicans, oftentimes, consider Christianity while making the decision and have sought ensure that it is illegal. Some Democrats feel that abortions should be allowed. This issue has also separated the U.S. just as slavery did in the 1800s. (Synthesis)

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The institution of slavery and its ideological debates signified cultural differences between the North and the South intensifying sectionalism.

Historical Context: During the Era of the Civil War, the North and South had been divided over the issue of slavery, and other political ideals. Consequently, the United States was not united in that the North wanted the South the abolish slavery, and the South wanted to maintain its slavery. This intensified sectionalism between the two regions.

Purpose: Because the U.S map is split, the purpose of the illustration was to show how the issue of slavery divided the U.S, and pit the South versus the North.

Y: This is significant because the sectionalism and the division between the North and South led to the Civil War.

Lhttp://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:M._Reilly.Clipper_ship_Thermopylae.JPG

1. During this time period, U.S interest in expanding trade and developing the economy grew significantly. Many inventions were made that served to connect the western United States with the eastern United States. The clipper ship was one of such inventions.

2. As the United States developed a more expansive economy, the demand for items from the West grew. Chiefly among these may be the demand for gold which greatly influenced the production of clipper ships. These ships were fast, small ships designed to make a quick voyage from the East around Cape Horn to California and return with ample gold.

3. The demand for a quicker way to acquire goods from the East Indies is what prompted Christopher Columbus to said West and “discover” America.

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U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic innovations like the clipper ship

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew_C._Perry#/media/File:Gasshukoku_suishi_teitoku_k%C5%8Dj

%C5%8Dgaki_(Oral_statement_by_the_American_Navy_admiral).png

1. This relates to increasing U.S. interest in expanding trade led to economic, diplomatic, and cultural initiatives westward to Asia.

2. The expeditions of Matthew Perry in Japan had a significant impact of the United States. The expeditions led to the Treaty of Kanagawa on March 31st, 1854. The treaty guaranteed that the Japanese would save shipwrecked Americans, that they would provide food, coal, water, and other provisions for the American ships that docked in Nagasaki.

3. Japanese isolationism in the early and mid 1800s can be compared to American isolationism in the early 1900s. Both countries didn’t want to be subjected to the influence of Europe, but in both cases eventually the isolationism had to end. It ended in with Perry in Japan and with WWI for the U.S

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The Establishment of Diplomatic Relations Between the U.S and Japan through the Expeditions of Commodore Matthew Perry

http://www.cprr.org/Museum/Maps/

1. During this period United States expansion helped influence the need for a railroad that could transport goods across the country.

2. Railroads in the U.S had a profound impact on the United States. Huge railroad companies were able to make a lot of money and in some cases perform illegal activities as in the Credit Mobilier Scandal.

3. The connection of the United States with the railroad can be related to more current times and the connection of the United States with the internet.

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The Transcontinental Railroad was an innovation that help to unify and connect the United States

http://www.americancivilwarstory.com/gatling-gun.html

1. The Civil War broke out in America in 1861 and called for the creation of new weapons and processes to create these weapons. One of the most innovative of these inventions was the first machine gun.2. This gun caused the death of many Americans through shooting bullets that killed them, and it also helped to change the way war was fought. With longer range automatic guns, line formation fighting became a very poor tactic. 3. The invention of the Gatling Gun could be equated to the invention of the Atomic Bomb because both weapons caused the death of thousands of people and influenced a change in the way war was fought.

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The Gatling Gun represented an increasingly innovative time period that transformed the way war was fought.

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1. The American Civil War ended in 1865, and the nation entered a period of Reconstruction during which the winner, the Union had attempted to rebuild and reintegrate the South. The Northerners migrated to the South and were called carpetbaggers. The carpetbaggers played an important role in the Reconstruction of the South after the Civil War. Carpetbaggers were able to migrate South, and dominate political office due to the restriction that the United States government had on former Confederate leaders (they could not vote, or hold office). As a result, the carpetbaggers had a detrimental impact on the South. They were able to change the traditions of the South by improving the education of blacks, restoring roads and infrastructures of the Southern cities, and expanding the ability of black people to vote. The Southerners did not react well to these immigrants, for the Ku Klux Klan terrorized black people, and worked to oust the carpetbaggers. Overall, the immigration of the carpetbaggers proved to be significant to the development of the Southern states following the Civil War. (Contextualization)2. Following the United States Civil War, the southern economy had collapsed. The Northerners, white business people, moved to the South. Many were former abolitionists who remained passionate about equality. The Southerners did not see these Northerners as business people, they were seen as political and economic opportunists. The fact that they had changed the southern governments only induced the tension between southerners and the northern immigrants. Consequently, they were seen as being opportunists so were called “carpetbaggers”. That is why the political cartoon shows the man labeled as a carpetbagger going towards the group of people. That is how the South view Northern immigrants, and the reason is due to the South’s vulnerable state at the time. (Historical Causation).3. “Carpetbagger” is a term used to refer to outsiders that move into new areas so that they can exploit a community. White democrats announced their intentions to move into minority districts as minority representatives were leaving or retiring. Arizona is approximately 30% Hispanic, but conservatism plays a major role. Barry Goldwater allowed for Ronald Reagan’s rise to power in Arizona, and gave way to the Republican youth movement that is across the United States. It shows how politicians move into new areas only to change the political demographic and dominate in office as the southerners had perceived the Northerners for doing. (Synthesis)

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Northerners migrated during Reconstruction in order to take

advantage of economic opportunities.

Historical Context: Following the end of the Civil War, the Union had been reincorporating the rebellious states into the Union. So, the northerners sought economic gain when they migrated to the South. This is because they had hoped to work on the behalf of newly emancipated slaves. The Southerners coined the term “carpetbaggers” for those Northerners because they felt that the Northerners came in order to exploit the South, and were opportunities Republicans,Audience: Most likely the Northerners because the Southerners expressed their dislike of them in the political cartoon by referring to them as “carpetbaggers”.Point of View: This political cartoon was drawn by Thomas Nast from the viewpoint of a Southerner. This is evident by the word “carpetbagger” on the man’s bags. Carpetbagger was a derogatory term used by people in the South to describe the incoming Northerners.

Historical Content: The California Gold Rush began on January 24, 1848 after James W. Marshall found gold in Coloma, California. A total of 300,000 people migrated to California from the rest of the United States. The flyer emphasizes the Gold Rush and how people get there by utilizing transportation types, as did many.

Audience: Miners who were in search of riches. This is because they had the opportunity to find gold if they went to California, and were capable of doing so.

Purpose: The purpose was to persuade people to travel westward to California in order to find gold. This is evident because the flyer says “Getting There is Half the Fun” indicating that the flyer is attempting to persuade Americans to travel westward because I would be fun.

1. When the United Sates and Mexico signed the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, ending the Mexican-American War, California became apart of the Union. Its population was stimulated by the Gold Rush, and its inhabitants were people of the north, free-soilers, who were against slavery, and Southerners who supported slavery and called themselves Chivs. The Gold Rush also attracted free African-American settlers who sought their own fortunes, and slave owners. Before the Gold Rush, there were only 14,000 non-Native Americans living in California, but after the Gold Rush, over 90,000 people migrated to California from all over the world. This was vital to the U.S developing its territory, and a source of migration in the U.S. (Contextualization)2. Because it had been established that the United States government, and its people would seize the land of the Native Americans, and would suffer no consequences. So, in 1958, when gold had been discovered in the Rocky Mountains in Colorado, the Pikes Peak Gold Rush occurred. White Americans invaded the land of the Cheyenne and Arapaho Native Americans and took the resources of the land. The Native Americans signed the Treaty of Fort Wise and ceded a lot of their land to the United States, and had been forced to live on a reserve 1/13th of their previous one. So Americans migrated in search of riches happily, and the Native Americans were forced to pay the cost. (Historical Causation)3. The California Gold Rush relates to the discovery of oil in Texas, and the Texas Oil Boom in 1894. Following the discovery of oil in Texas, Houston grew by 555%, Dallas by 511%, and Beaumont by 512%. This allowed the towns and cities to grow rapidly, and allowed Texas to become an important state due to its resources, and shows how people migrated in order to obtain natural resources, and exploit them to the point in which they will have economic gains. Both link United States expansionism with immigration, and the reasons behind immigrations as financial reasons. (Comparison)

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The California Gold Rush ignites immigration to California by those in search of gold.

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1. Between 1845 and 1855, more than 1.5 million adults and children left Ireland in order to seek refuge in the United States as a result of the Irish Potato Famine which had left many impoverished, suffering from starvation, and diseases. The artifact shows this trend. The Irish immigrants settled in Boston, New York, and other cities. In the cities, there were only a limited number of unskilled jobs available, leading to intense rivalry between the Irish, and the working class Bostonians. The resentment, along with the anti-Irish and anti-Catholic sentiment. During this time period, “native” Americans had been distrustful of Catholicism, and the stereotypes associated with the Irish made Americans feel superior. (Contextualization)2. http://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/publication/2008/03/20080307131416ebyessedo0.6800043.htmlAccording to the graph, the Irish arrived in large groups to the U.S. Because the Irish were the first Catholic group to arrive in the U.S in such large numbers, the Irish took control of the American Catholic Church. This contributed to the formation of an American identity for the Irish, but Anti-Catholicism remained part of American culture until 1960 when President John F. Kennedy was elected into presidency. The Irish immigrants helped to promote cultural pluralism in the United States. (Interpretation)3. The occurrence of Irish immigration, and the reaction of the American people is similar to German immigration in that the immigrants maintained aspects of their culture. After 1840, Germans too settled in New York, but also Pennsylvania. In the cities the Germans established “Germania”-German speaking districts emerged. German Americans established the first Kindergartens in the United States. Just as the Irish kept their religion, the Germans kept their language, and even added elements to the American culture. (Synthesis)

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The Irish Potato Famine causes an influx of Irish Immigrants to the United States, igniting Anti-Irish Sentiment.

Audience- This was created for people who want to understand the immigration patterns of the Irish at key years in historyPurpose- To show how during the Irish Potato Famine, between the years of 1845 and 1855, the U.S experienced the greatest influx in Irish immigrationY- This artifact is important because it shows the mass immigration of the Irish. Without the graph, and the knowledge that the immigration had occurred, the reasons behind the Anti-Catholic Movement would be unknown..

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1. The artifact showing “Indian Land For Sale” relates to the territorial expansion of the United States, and the migration of Americans to the West. During the time period, the United States had been aiming to fulfill the goals of Manifest Destiny, to span from coast to coast. The United States had ousted Great Britain from the Oregon territory, defeated the Mexico in the Mexican-American War, and sough to acquire the territory. The problem was that the North American territory had been inhabited by Native Americans before the United States began to expand. Consequently, the Native Americans were forced to relocate, while the white Americans settled in their traditional land after migrating from other areas of the U.S. (Contextualization)2. http://knowledge.e.southern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1007&context=jiurAs a result of Indian removal, and relocation (not only during the Civil War, but prior), Native Americans had been reorganized. The white people attempted to teach the Native Americans how to be civilized, and attempted to teach them the way of Christian life. They lost key components of their culture, and began to resent the United States. The U.S government failed to provide the Native Americans with food, money, and land along the Minnesota River to the Sioux. The U.S government blackmailed them into assimilating, by using the food promised to them in warehouses. As a result of the increase in the number of settlers, the number of buffalo decreased also. Basically, the Native Americans lost their land, and culture as a result of western migration. (Interpretation)3. The removal of Native Americans from their traditional homelands during the time period of 1844 to 1877 in order for the U.S to fulfill its Manifest Destiny via expanding relates to the era of Andrew Jackson’s presidency. Under Jackson, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act, a bill that forced Native Americans to leave the United States and settle west of the Mississippi. In 1838, federal troops “assisted” the Native Americans with their move by forcibly relocating them on a 1,000 mile march. 4,000 Cherokees died on the Trail of Tears, while 16,000 of them migrated, After the Homestead Act of 1962, Native Americans in the United States had to migrate also. (Comparison) Return to

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As the territorial boundaries of the U.S expanded, the U.S government interaction and conflict with Native Americans increased.

Historical Context: During the time period, Manifest Destiny continued to play a role in the actions of the United States. Following a victory in the Mexican War, and after acquiring territory, Westward expansion occurred, and consequently, the Naïve Americans suffered. The goals of American expansionists conflicted with the needs of the Native Americans to remain on their territorial land. Despite Native American pleas, their land was given to westerners, and they lost their buffalo and traditional lands.

Audience: The Americans who are moving westward. At the time, those were the only people who could move westward and could buy land.

Purpose: To encourage Americans to settle in Western lands and to develop the area by advertising the Native American land. This is shown by “Indian Land for Sale”.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/341682/Abraham-Lincoln/images-videos

1. This document relates to the Civil War as a whole. While there were many events leading up to the civil war it was the election of 1860 that proved to be the last straw for the South. (Contextualization)

2. While there were many events and causes leading up to the Lincoln platform and election, (too many to list!) the major effect was that the South seceded soon after the election. (Historical causation)

3. A topic that relates to another time period could be the Bush v. Gore election of 2000. While both were controversial, the 2000 election did not divide the country as much as it did the election of 1860. (Comparison)

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The Election of Abraham Lincoln leads to the Civil War.

http://civilwardailygazette.com/2013/01/01/lincoln-issues-the-emancipation-proclamation/

1. This topic relates to the broader subject of the Civil War. In order to gain favor of former slaves in the North and to push foreword efforts to eliminate slavery entirely, Lincoln issued the emancipation. (Contextualization)

2. The causes of this document are the gradual emancipation movements in the Northern U.S. at the time. A major effect of this document would be the passage of the 13th amendment and other laws to protect blacks. (Historical Causation)

3. A comparison to this time period could be the passage of the Civil Rights Act, as both the act and proclamation were designed to protect the civil rights of blacks. (Comparison)

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The Emancipation Proclamation impacts Black Rights.

http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/257776/Rutherford-B-Hayes/images-videos

1. The election of Rutherford B. Hayes is a part of the greater event of Reconstruction. After the election in 1877 Hayes ended Reconstruction much to the disappointment of Northerners. (Contextualization)

2. The cause of the election of Hayes was the electoral college system which allowed Hayes to win by one electoral vote without winning the popular vote. An effect of the election is Hayes later ending Reconstruction. (Historical causation)

3. This event could be compared to the Bush v. Gore election in which George W. Bush lost the popular vote but still won the election. However, the 2000 election was much closer than 1876. (Comparison)

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The Election of Rutherford B. Hayes comes despite him lacking the popular vote from the people.

https://sheg.stanford.edu/thomas-nast

1. This cartoon is apart of the period as a whole as it relates to Civil Rights. While there were some measures put in place to protect blacks (Amendments 13-15) most of these laws were ignored by the south. (Contextualization)2. The cause of continued racism in the south comes from a variety of sources such as slave holding but the effects include continued racism, lynching, and conditions worse than slavery in the years to come. (Historical causation)3.A later topic that relates to this document could be the reform movements of the early 20th century. Leaders such as Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Dubois fought against unequal treatment of blacks. (Comparison)

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Reconstruction Cartoon shows the South’s resistance to measures put forth by the federal government to protect Black rights.

http://mrriveraushistory.blogspot.com/2014_02_01_archive.html

1. This cartoon relates to the period as a whole as it showcases the belief of Manifest Destiny, that the U.S. should expand from the Atlantic to Pacific. The cartoon shows that U.S. was successful in defeating Mexico and should continue to expand its influence. (Contextualization)

2. This artifact may have the effect of encouraging U.S. annexation of Texas as it depicts the Mexican government as weak and unworthy of keeping it’s territory (Historical causation)

3. The war against Mexico could be compared to other incidents of Latin American intervention from the 1900s to the present. In both eras the U.S. has intervened with the military (Comparison). Return to

Exhibit

The Mexican American War allows the United States to expand territorially.

https://www.tsl.texas.gov/exhibits/annexation/index.html

1. This event relates to the broader idea of Manifest Destiny and territorial expansion. By annexing Texas the U.S. continued in its goal to acquire territory all the way to the Pacific Ocean. (Contextualization)

2. This artifact showed the effect of Manifest Destiny (annexing and amassing territory). It also was a cause of the Mexican American war and continued conflicts over slavery in acquired territory. (Historical causation)

3. This artifact connects to the Spanish American war and the Annexation of Hawaii. In all three cases the U.S. used it’s armed forces to conquer territory.

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The Annexation of Texas brings the United States closer to achieving its goal of Manifest Destiny.

http://thomaslegion.net/americancivilwar/civilwarmilitaryarmyunionconfederate.html

1. This Artifact relates to the broader topic of the Civil War. During the Civil War Confederate diplomats on the British HMS Trent were captured by the U.S. This almost led to the British allying with the Confederacy. (Contextualization)

2. This incident was caused by the Confederates seeking international recognition yet thankfully had no major effects as the U.S. apologized and the British remained neutral. (Historical Causation)

3. This event can be connected to the Revolutionary War where the colonies sought international help and recognition. The colonies however, were successful and received the help of France and Spain. (Comparison)

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The Confederates attempt to make global connections with Great Britain during the Trent Affair.

https://www.awesomestories.com/asset/view/Alaska-Purchase-and-the-Klondike-Gold-Rush

1. This topic relates to the larger topic of the American Empire. After the Civil War the U.S. began to purchase or conquer territories over seas. (Contextualization)

2. The purchase of Alaska was a cause of the Klondike gold rush in the late 19th century. It also set the precedent for the admittance of Alaska as the 49th state in 1959. (Historical Causation)

3. This artifact connects to Spanish American war and other actions designed to acquire land. The U.S. engaged in these wars and purchases to expand its influence on the world stage. (Comparison)

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The U.S expansionism continues as a result of the Alaska Purchase.

http://blackhistory.harpweek.com/7Illustrations/Reconstruction/TheFirstVote.htm

1. This artifact relates to the larger topic of black rights during the period of Reconstruction. Under the administration of President Andrew Johnson (1865), states passed “Black Codes” in order to control blacks. This showed prejudice. However, the North supported the Radical Republicans who allowed Blacks to attain a political voice. As a result of the Republican Party winning election in the southern state legislatures and U.S Congress, the American identity that was closer to the North’s identity, not as racist as the South. Thus, the 14 th and 15th Amendments were passed for black rights.2. http://www.crf-usa.org/black-history-month/african-americans-and-the-15th-amendmentThe Republicans and Democrats had long been divided over the issue of slavery, let along black suffrage. In the North, the Republican Party no longer had as great of a presence as before, and felt that it may lose Congress to the Democratic Party. The Republican Party called for the black man’s vote in the northern states in order to dominate the federal government. Frederick Douglass and the Massachusetts Anti-Slavery Society saw the passage of the Constitutional amendments as justice. (Interpretation)3. The passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments relates to the passage of the 19th Amendment. Just as the 14th and 15th Amendments made Blacks equally protected under law, and gave black men the right to vote, contributing the American identity as being one of equality, the 19 th Amendment did also. The 19th Amendment gave women the right to vote, and this showed how the United States had been respecting the rights of the minorities. Both showed that the United States had been moving closer to equality. (Comparison)

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During the Civil War, the identity of the United States had been marked by prejudice, and racism, but the passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments indicated a

change in its identity.

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HAPPYHistorical Content: The Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution was ratified on March 30, 1870. So, during the time period of the illustration, The First Vote, all male citizens had been giving the right to vote, including African American males.

Purpose: To illustrate the aftermath of the Fifteenth Amendment and how African American men were excited to vote. It was also meant to persuade states to model their State Constitutions on the basis of equal rights to all.

Point of View: Alfred Rudolph Waud was an American artist and illustrator, born in London, England. He made various sketches as a result of him being a correspondent during the American Civil War. Toward the end of 1861, he joined Harper’s Weekly, a political magazine and continued to cover the war and its aftermath. He drew the Black voters in a mature, and civilized manner. Thus, he respected their right to vote as a result of witnessing their struggles to achieve the right to vote.

http://ap.gilderlehrman.org/resources/sharecropper-contract-1867?period=5

1. This period marked the end of the Civil War and the period of Reconstruction that followed. One of the major failures of Reconstruction was that previous slaves in the South had no choice but to enter economically binding sharecropper contracts which basically equated to slavery.2. This artifact was the cause for many institutions such as the Freedmen’s Bureau to try and help freedmen after the Civil War. Although blacks were supposedly equal to whites with the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments, this was not true because blacks were left no choice but to enter into these sharecropper agreements.3. Another period this could be related to is the early 1900s when women were given the right to vote, but they were still discriminated against economically.

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The Sharecropper Contract reflects how the United States had been unable to change the prejudice aspect of its culture.

http://ilovehistory.utah.gov/people/groups/immigrants/mormons/

1. This image directly relates with the theme of Western migration that embodies this period. Thousands of Americans made the trip west not just for religion but also because of things like the Homestead Act giving cheap land and the chance to start over or the gold rush of 1849 attracting many people west.

2. This migration influenced the creation of the state of Utah because most of the Mormons who migrated west settled in Utah and eventually with the help of Brigham Young, Utah was created.

3. This event related to many of the first people who traveled to the United States because just like the Mormons they were seeking refuge from religious persecution.

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The Mormon Exodus reflected the aspect of immigration that occurred during the time period of 1844 to 1877.

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http://ap.gilderlehrman.org/period/5http://www.allenisd.org/cms/lib/TX01001197/Centricity/Domain/1919/PERIOD%205%20content%20outline.pdfhttp://thetrokanwebsite.weebly.com/uploads/3/7/9/2/37928959/2014_15_apush_period5_presentation.pdfhttps://vimeo.com/111150889https://quizlet.com/32013538/apush-period-5-flash-cards/http://www.apushreview.com/new-ap-curriculum/period-5-1844-1877/http://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-warhttp://www.history.com/topics/american-civil-war/reconstruction

-Analyze the causes of the end of the era Reconstruction. -Compare the and contrast the causes and effects of the Civil War with the causes and effects of the Revolutionary War.- Analyze the changes and continuities in the rights of blacks from 1844-1877.-How does the period of 1844-1877 fit in the context of United States expansion and migration?

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Content

HAPPY Analysis of the Election of Abraham Lincoln

• Historical Content- The historical background of this document was the election of 1860. This election proved to be so controversial that the South seceded due to a Republican/Northern Victory

• Audience- The audience of this document are American voters in the election specifically Republicans or undecided voters

• Point of View- The point of view of the document is that Lincoln is the best candidate. Lincoln and his Vice President Hannibal Hamlin are draped in flags and an eagle showing patriotism. American industrial leaders are endorsing Lincoln in the picture showing further support.

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HAPPY Analysis of The Emancipation Proclamation

• Historical Content- The historical background of this document was the civil war and the civil rights movement. Lincoln wanted to both appeal to northern blacks and to eliminate slavery and thus issued the Emancipation.

• Purpose- The purpose of this document is to recreate the Emancipation Proclamation presumably for mass circulation.

• Point of View- The point of view of the document is that the Emancipation is noble and just. Lincoln is flanked by Lady Justice showing how justice has been brought to former slaves. The large American flags also suggest that the author believes this is a patriotic action.

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HAPPY Analysis of the Election of Abraham Lincoln

• Historical Content- The historical background of this document was the election of 1876. This election was notable in that it was one of the few time a president has won an election while losing the popular vote.

• Audience- The audience of this document are American voters in the election specifically Republicans.

• Point of View- The point of view of the document is that Hayes is the best candidate. Hayes and his vice president William Wheeler are draped in flags and an eagle showing patriotism. The word “Republican” is written in bold showing that the author believes he will represent Republican values.

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HAPPY Analysis of the Reconstruction Cartoon

• Historical Content- The historical background of this document was continued poor treatment of blacks after the civil war. Share cropping and lynching from the K.K.K. essentially kept slavery in the south.

• Audience- The audience of this document are blacks who are hurt by the renewed slave like system of share cropping

• Point of View- The point of view of the document is that conditions in the South are no better than before. The banner “worse than slavery” hangs over the picture showing little has changed. A skull and crossbones also highlight the danger of living in the South.

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HAPPY Analysis of the Mexican-American War Cartoon

• Historical Content- This cartoon was created after the Mexican American war and was drawn to show the successes of the war and the defeat of Mexico

• Audience- The audience was the Americans who did not favor the war. The cartoon targets these accusations by showing the Mexican eagle completely defeated or “plucked” of its glory

• Point of View- The point of view of the cartoon is that the U.S. defeated Mexico rightfully shown by the depiction of a menacing eagle to a harmless featherless eagle. However, it may show disgust with the war as the eagle has been destroyed by the U.S.

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HAPPY Analysis of the Annexation of Texas Painting

• Historical Content- This artifact was made after the event of the U.S. annexation of Texas. This annexation was the final act leading up to the Mexican-American War and war broke out soon after

• Audience- The audience of this painting are Americans in general (including Texans).

• Point of View- The point of view is that the Texan annexation will be beneficial for all Americans as evidenced by the peaceful sunshine and bright colors

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HAPPY Analysis of the Trent Affair

• Historical Content- The historical background of this document was the attempted capture of Confederate diplomats going to London

• Purpose- The purpose of this document is to show the two ships involved and how the incident may have happened

• Point of View- The point of view is rather neutral and the picture is designed to show only the event not anyone’s viewpoint

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HAPPY Analysis of the Purchase of Alaska

• Historical Content- The historical background of this document was the purchase of Alaska from Russia by secretary of State William Seward.

• Purpose- The purpose of this document is to legally display the price of the purchase (2 cents per acre) and show the signatures of the participants to make the deal official

• Point of View- The point of view of the document must be neutral as it is a legal document

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Happy Analysis for Clipper Ship

• Historical Context – This image shows an early depiction of an American Clipper Ship. These ships were built mostly in the latter half of the 19 th century as a way of quickly traveling from one side of the United States to the other. This image depicts a regal looking clipper ship showing the might and pride of the American build.

• Audience – This image was probably intended to be viewed as a piece of art by any Americans who viewed artwork at the time. This is because it shows the detail of the water and the intricate design of the ship, and shows it in a way that makes the ship seem important.

• Purpose - The purpose of this image is to show the importance and impressiveness of the Thermopylae ship which seems to be sailing straight over rough waves.

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Happy for Matthew Perry

• Historical Context - Japan was a severely isolationist country in the early 1800’s. As so for Perry to have come to Nagasaki and created amicable relations with the Japanese is significant. These relations were beneficial to the U.S because they taught the U.S much about Japanese culture and also created another trade market.

• Audience – Because Japan was so isolationist, a woodblock printing like this would be shown to most people in Japan, as a way of telling them that their isolationist credo might be changing.

• Purpose - The Japanese woodblock print shows Perry with traditional Japanese items. The purpose of this is to show to that Japan is going to begin to move away from isolationism through talks with the U.S.

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Happy for the Transcontinental Railroad

• Historical Context – The rapid expansion westward in the 1800’s created the need for a transcontinental railroad to transport goods from the east to west and west to east.

• Purpose – This document’s purpose is to show any viewer the path of the transcontinental railroad.

• Point of View – The point of view of this map would be a mapmaker trying as accurately as possible to depict the size and location of the railway lines. They were probably commissioned by Union Pacific to make the map.

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Happy for Gatling Gun

• Historical Context – The Gatling Gun war created in 1862 when the Civil War had just started. The Gatling Gun ended up being used in the war to kill many people.

• Purpose – The schematic of the Gatling Gun is supposed to show the reader exactly how the gun works and explain the design so that it can be easily made.

• Audience – In response to the outbreak of the Civil War Richard Gatling decided to create a gun to help the Union forces. This schematic was probably only supposed to be seen by members of the Union forces, chiefly Union generals and gun manufacturers.

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Happy for Sharecropper Contract

• Historical Context – With the end of the Civil War, slavery was abolished in the United States. But this brought rise to a new type of slavery called sharecropping. Because former slaves needed jobs and money, white farmers were able to force them into sharecropper contracts that basically just provided food for the workers.

• Purpose – The purpose of a sharecropper contract was to basically screw over a former slave. The contract would stipulate that the signee would receive a share of the crops as a tenant farmer. These contracts would basically force former slaves into (not slavery) slavery.

• Point of View – The point of view of this contract would be a poor white farmer who needed cheap labor as he had been getting before the Civil War.

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Happy for Mormon Exodus

• Historical Context – In 1944 Joseph Smith was assassinated. Anti-Mormon sentiments continued to increased, focusing on the hatred of the Mormon belief in polygamy. This led to a mass migration of Mormons in 1846 led by Brigham Young.

• Audience – This sketch was probably intended to be seen by people thinking about making to migration to the West to give a brief picture of what a typical migration would look like.

• Purpose – The purpose of this merely to show what the typical Mormon migrant would travel with and look like on his way from the eastern United States to the western United States.

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