mutations & genetic engineering. mutation a change in the nucleotide sequence of the genome of...
DESCRIPTION
Substitution A mutation that changes one base Possible outcomes: – New codon codes for the same amino acid – silent – New codon changes the amino acid – missense Sickle cell anemia – New codon codes for a stop codon – non senseTRANSCRIPT
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MutationA change in the nucleotide sequence
of the genome of an organism
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SubstitutionA mutation that changes one base
• Possible outcomes:– New codon codes for the same amino acid
– silent– New codon changes the amino acid – missense
• Sickle cell anemia– New codon codes for a stop codon – non sense
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Frameshift Mutations
• A change in the reading pattern of the DNA
• Causes:– Deletions• Sections of DNA are missing• Example: Williams Syndrome
– Insertions• Mutations in which an extra base is inserted
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Involves changes in the number or structure of chromosomes
•Deletion- loss of all or part–Cystic Fibrous
•Duplication – segment is repeated–Huntington’s disease
• Inversion – orientation is in the reverse direction• Translocation – two non homologous chromosomes exchange segments
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Genetic EngineeringManipulating an organism’s genome
using biotechnology
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Genetically Modified Organisms (GMO)
Organisms who have been genetically altered using biotechnology
These are also referred to as transgenic organisms
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Transgenic Organisms• Microorganisms– Insulin production– Clotting Factors
• Plants (GMOs)– Insect resistant–Weather Resistant
• Mammals–Medicine– Commerical
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CloningMaking an exact genetic copy of an organism
Why clone?1.Medical purposes• Animal models• Stem cells• Drug production
2.Reviving extinct or endangered organisms3.Pet trade
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Stem CellsCells that can divide and differentiate
into diverse specialized cellsWhy study stem cells?1.They are unspecialized & can reproduce (mitosis)2. They can be induced to become specific cells with specific functions.Two types:•Embryonic •Adult
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DNA FingerprintingA method of isolating and making images of a person’s unique DNA
sequenceProcess: Gel Electrophoresis
with help from restriction enzymes
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DNA Fingerprints
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