myanmar grammar for foreign students
TRANSCRIPT
EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tajccHpum;ajym
jrefrmo'g
(q&mq&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;twGuf)
a'gufwmudkav; (Ph.D)
jyKpkonf/
2
10? 9? 2004 wGif pwifjyKpkonf/
15? 7? 2005 wGif a&;om;jyKpk NyD;pD;onf/
EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf tajccHpum;ajym
jrefrmo'g
(q&mq&mrrsm;ESifh ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;twGuf)
a'gufwmudkav; (Ph.D)
jyKpkonf/
3
ed'gef;
EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;onf jrefrmpmESifh bmompum;udk oif,lMu&mü wuúodkvf
tqifh a&mufrSom oif,lMuonfudk trsm;qkH; awGU&ygonf/ xdkYaMumifh jrefrm
o'gudk EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;twGuf jyKpk&mü todOmPf &ifhusufNyD;aom
ausmif;om; t½G,frsm;twGufom txl;&nf½G,fí jyKpkxm;jcif; jzpfaMumif; OD;pGm
azmfjyvdkygonf/ pmoifjyolwpfOD;taejzifh rdrd\ tawGUtBuKHt& ajym&ygu
EkdifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;onf jrefrmbmompum;xuf jrefrmhordkif;ESifh jrefrmEdkifiH
taMumif;udk odcsifolu trsm;pk jzpfonfudk awGU&ygonf/ odkYtwGufaMumifh ,if;
ausmif;olausmif;om; trsm;pkonf jrefrmo'gudk wul;wu oif,l&ef 0efav;
wwfMuonfudk awGU&onf/ o'g[lonf oif,l&onfh bmom&yfrsm;wGif oif,l&ef
ysif;&dzG,f&m taumif;qkH;vnf; jzpfaewwfjyef&m jrefrmo'gudk oif,l&rnfh
EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;tzdkY ydkí yif pdwfyg0ifpm;rI enf;aewwfonfudk awGY&ygonf/
jrefrmbmompum;onf Oa&myrS t*Fvdyfbmompum;? jyifopfbmom
pum;? pydefbmompum;? *smrefbmompum; ponfwdkYavmuf vnf;aumif;? tm&SrS
*syefbmompum;? w½kwfbmompum;? udk&D;,m;bmompum; ponfwdkYavmuf
vnf;aumif; vkyfief;tokH;jyKrI rsm;jym;jcif; r&Sday&m jrefrmo'gudk oif,l vdkaom
EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;om;rsm;rSm enf;oxuf enf;aeayawmhonf/ bmomaA'udk pdwf0if
pm;aom ausmif;om;tcsKdUomvQif jrefrmo'gudk pepfwus avhvmMuonfudk awGU&
ygonf/
odkYjzpf&m þ jrefrmo'gpmtkyfi,fwGif jrefrmo'gudk trsm; em;vnfvG,f
atmif ynm&SifwdkY avhvmykHrsKd; r[kwfbJ? jrefrmbmompum;udk oif,l&if; c&D;oGm;
[efvGJ owdjyKoifhonfwdkYudk o½kyfazmfxm;onfh o'gqdkif&mtcsuftvufrsm; yg0if
aeonf[k ajymxm;cJhcsifygonf/
4
tcef; 1
jrefrmo&rsm;
1? 1/ jrefrmbmompum;wGif tajccHo& 7 vkH; &Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm
tD ( -D )
at (a- )
t,f ( -,f )
tm ( -m )
atmf ( a-mf )
tdk ( -dk )
tl ( -l )
wdkY jzpfygonf/
1? 2/ ,if;tajccHo& 7vkH;udk wufusoH 3 oH (oH&Snf (-)? oHwdk ( -h ^ -d )? oHav;
(-; ^ -J ^ a-m )) jzifh ½Gwfqdkygu wpfrsKd;vQif okH;oHpD jzpfvmum pkpkaygif;
tajccHo&oH 21 oH &onf/ ,if;wdkYudk atmufygtwdkif; jyEdkifonf/
tD ( -D )^þ td ( -d ) ^\^£ tD; ( -D; )
at ( a- )^ { ath ( a-h ) at; ( a-; )
t,f ( -,f ) t,fh tJh ( -,fh -Jh ) tJ ( -J )
tm ( -m ) tmh t ( -mh ^ - ) tm; ( -m; )
atmf ( a-mf ) ^aMomf atmh ( a-mh ) atm ( a-m )^ Mo
tdk ( -dk ) tdkY ( -dkY ) tdk; ( -dk; )
tl ( -l )^ OD tk ( -k )^ O tl; ( -l; )^ OD;
5
1? 3/ tD? tm? tl o& 3 vkH;udk ESmoHjzifh ½Gwfqdkygu tif? tef? tGef [lí
ESmoHygo&rsm; jzpfvmonf/ jrefrmpum;vkH;rsm;udk pmvkH; aygif;&mwGif
tif ^ tOf
tef ^ trf ^ tH
tGef ^ tGrf ^ tGH
[lí a&;xm;aom pmvkH;aygif;rsm;onf tqdkyg ESmoHygo&rsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYudk
vnf; oH&Snf? oHwdk? oHav;[laom wufusoH 3 oHjzifh ½Gwfqdkygu ESmoHygo&½dk;½dk;
9 oH &onf/ ,if;wdkYudk atmufygtwdkif;jyEdkifonf/
tif tOf (-if^ -Of ) tifh^tOfh ( -if ^ -Ofh ) tif;^ tOf; ( -if;^ -Of;)
tef trf ^ tH (-ef ^
-rf ^ -H )
tefY ^ trfh ^ tHh (-efY ^
-rfh ^ -Hh )
tef; ^ trf; (-ef; ^-rf; )
tGef ^ tGrf ^ tGH ( -Gef ^
-Grf ^ -GH )
tGefY ( -GefY )
tGef; ^ tGrf; ( -Gef; ^
-Grf; )
1? 4/ ESmoHygo&ESifh tjcm;o& ESpfckudk wGJpyfí ½Gwfqdk&aom ESmoHygo&wGJ 4 ck
&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif; jrefrmpmvkH; aygif;xm;aom ta&;ykHpHrsm; jzpf
onf/
(a- + -if) = tdef ^ tdrf ^ tð ( -def ^ -drf ^ - ð )
( -dk + -Gef ) = tkef ^ tkrf ^ tkH ( -kef ^ -krf ^ -kH )
( -m + -if ) = tdkif ( -dkif )
( -m + -Gef ) = atmif ( a-mif )
,if;wdkYudkvnf; oH&Snf? oHwdk? oHav;[laom wufusoH 3 oHjzifh ½Gwfqdkygu
ESmoHygo&wGJ 12 oH &onf/
tdef ^ tdrf ^ tð ( -def ^
-drf ^ - ð )
tdefY ^ tdrfh ( -defY ^ -drfh )
tdef; ^ tdrf; ( -def; ^
-drf; )
tkef ^ tkrf ^ tkH ( -kef ^
-krf ^ -kH )
tkefY ^ tkrfh ^ tkHY ( -kefY ^
-krfh ^ -kHY )
tkef; ^ tkrf; ^ tkH; ( -kef;
^ -krf; ^ -kH; )
6
tdkif ( -dkif ) tdkifh ( -dkifh ) tdkif; ( -dkif; )
atmif ( a-mif ) atmifh ( a-mifh ) atmif; ( a-mif; )
1? 5/ tD? t,f? tm? tl o& 4 vkH;udk vnfacsmif;twGif; &yfí ½Gwfqdkygu &yfoH
o&rsm; jzpfvmonf/ jrefrmpmvkH; aygif;&mwGif
tpf ( -pf )
tuf ( -uf )
twf ( -wf )
tGwf ^ tG#f ^ tGyf ( -Gwf ^ -G#f ^ -Gyf )
[lí a&;xm;aom pmvkH;aygif;rsm;onf tqdkyg &yfoHo&rsm; jzpfonf/ ,if;wdkYudk
wufusoH 3 oHjzifh ½Gwfqdkí r&ay/
1? 6/ &yfoHo&ESifh tjcm;o& ESpfckudk wGJpyfí ½Gwfqdk&aom &yfoHo&wGJ 4 ck
&Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYrSm atmufygtwdkif; jrefrmpmvkH;aygif;xm;aom ta&;ykHpHrsm; jzpf
onf/
(a- + -pf ) = tdwf ( -dwf )
( -dk + -Gwf ^ -G#f ^-Gyf ) = tkwf ^ tk#f ^ tkyf ( -kwf ^ -k#f ^ -kyf )
( -m + -pf ) = tdkuf ( -dkuf )
( -m + -Gwf ^ -G#f ^-Gyf) = atmuf ( a-muf )
avhusifh&ef
1/ atmufygwdkYudk ½Gwfqdkyg/
tD? at? tm? atmf? tdk? t,f? tl/
t? at;? tk? atm? tdkY? tm;? td/
atmh? tm? tD;? tdk;? tmh? t,fh? tJ/
7
2/ atmufygwdkYudk oH&Snf? oHwdk? oHav; tpOftwdkif; jznfhí ½Gwfqdkyg/
---? td? tD;
atmf? atmh? ---
t,f? ---? tJ
tdef? ---? tdef;
---? ---? tkH;
3/ atmufyg &yfoHo&rsm;udk ½Gwfqdkyg/
tpf? tdwf? tdkuf? tGwf? tkyf/
4/ atmufyg ESmoHygo&rsm;udk ½Gwfqdkyg/
tif? tdef? tkH? atmif? tefY? tdkif;/
8
tcef; 2
jrefrmAsnf;rsm;
2? 1/ jrefrmAsnf;rsm;wGif ta&;tu©&mtm;jzifh 33 vkH; &Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYudk atmufyg
twdkif; Z,m;jzifh jyEdkifonf/
u c * C i
p q Z ps n
# X ! ¡ P
w x ' " e
y z A b r
, & v 0 o
[ V t
2? 2/ toHtm;jzifhrl jrefrmAsnf;rsm;udk wl&m pkí jyEdkifonf/ ,if;udk Z,m;jzifh
jyygu atmufygtwdkif; 21 oH jzpfonf/
u c * ^ C i
p q Z ^ ps n
# ^ w X ^ x ! ^ ¡^ ' ^ " P^ e
y z A ^ b r
, ^ &
Ä
v ^ V o
[ t
Ä
(rSwfcsuf/ / (1) &
Ä
^r^ oHudk EdkifiHjcm;bmompum;rsm;rS pum;vkH;rsm;udk arG;pm;
onfhtcg rl&if;oHwGif ^r^oH yg ygu jrefrmpum;wGifvnf; &
Ä
^r^ oHjzifh ajymavh
&Sdygonf/
(2) t
Ä
- ]t} udk ta&;wGif vG,fulap&eftwGufomvQif Asnf;[k
azmfjyxm;jcif; jzpfonf/ pifppf ]t} onf o&om jzpfonf/)
9
2? 3/ ta&;ü Asnf;wGJjzifh a&;aomfvnf; tajymwGif Asnf;wpfckwnf; toHxGufaom
Asnf;rsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf/
iS ( i + -S )
n§ ( n + -S )
ES ( e + -S )
rS ( r + -S )
vS ( v + -S )
,S ( , + -S ^ & + -S )
us ( u + -s ^ u + M - )
cs ( c + -s ^ c + M - )
*s ( * + -s ^ * + M - )
tqdkygAsnf;wdkYtjyif o^θ^ Asnf; \ oHjyif;Asnf; jzpfaom oS ^ vnf; &Sdonf/
odkY&mwGif ta&;ü o jzifhom a&;onf/
2? 4/ jrefrmpm ta&;ü awGU&aom Asnf;wGJrsm;udk atmufygtwdkif; Z,m;jzifh jyEdkif
onf/
us cs *s ws Es ys zs
As rs ,s vs Mu jc j*
ji Mw j' jy jz jA jr
uG cG *G iG pG qG ZG
ñ G wG xG 'G "G EG yG
10
zG AG bG rG ,G ½G vG
oG [G tG iS O§ ñ S ES
rS ,S &S vS 0S V§ uR
cR *R <u >c >y >r rQ
jr§ vQ oQ ET rT &T vT
jrT
,if;wdkYudk toHxGuf wl&mpkí jy&aomf atmufygtwdkif; jyí &onf/
us ^ Mu cs ^ jc *s ^ j* ws Es ys ^ jy zs ^ jz
As ^ jA rs ^ jr ,s vs ji Mw j'
uG cG *G iG pG qG ZG
ñ G wG xG 'G ^ "G EG yG zG
AG ^ bG rG ,G ^ ½G vG oG [G ^ 0S tG
iS O§ ^ ñ S ES rS
,S ^ &S
^oQ ^
vQ
vS ^ V§
uR ^
<u
cR ^ >c *R >y >r rQ ^ jr§ vQ ET
rT &T vT jrT
11
txufyg Asnf;wGJrsm;udk aocsmpGm avhvmNyD; avhusifhygu jrefrmpm ta&;twGuf
vkHavmufygonf/
12
tcef; 3
jrefrmpmta&;pepf tac:ta0:rsm;
3? 1/ jrefrmpmta&;pepfwGif a&;om;onfh tu©&mwdkY\ vu©Pmudk ac:a0: onfh
tac:ta0:rsm;&Sdonf/ a&S;OD;pGm o&ta&;vu©Pmrsm;\ tac:ta0:rsm;udk
wifjyygrnf/
vu©Pm^ykHoP²mef toHxGuf tac:^½GwfqdkykH
- t^ tmh a&;
-m tm a&;cs
-m; tm; a&;cs 0pöESpfvkH;ayguf
-d^ £ td vkH;BuD;wif
-D^ þ tD vkH;BuD;wif qHcwf
-D; tD; vkH;BuD;wif qHcwf 0pöESpfvkH;ayguf
-k^ O tk wpfacsmif;iif
-l^ OD tl ESpfacsmif;iif
-l;^ OD; tl; ESpfacsmif;iif0pöESpfvkH;ayguf
a-^ { at oa0xdk;
a-h ath oa0xdk; atmufujrpf
a-; at; oa0xdk; 0pöESpfvkH;ayguf
-J tJ aemufypf
-Jh tJh aemufypf atmufujrpf
a-m^ Mo atm oa0xdk; a&;cs
a-mh atmh oa0xdk; a&;cs atmufujrpf
13
a-mf aMomf atmf oa0xdk; a&;cs a&SUxdk;
-H tH ao;ao;wif
-Hh tHh ao;ao;wif atmufujrpf
-dk tdk vkH;(BuD;)wif acsmif;iif
-dkY tdkY vkH;(BuD;)wif acsmif;iif atmufujrpf
-dk; tdk; vkH;(BuD;)wif acsmif;iif 0pöESpfvkH;ayguf
3? 2/ qufvufí jrefrmoifykef;BuD; oif½dk;Asnf; tu©&m 33 vkH;wdkY\ tac:ta0:
rsm;udk azmfjy xm;ygonf/
vu©Pm^ykHoP²mef toHxGuf trnf trnf½GwfqdkykH
u umh uBuD; umh*sD;
c cgh cacG; cgha*G;
* *gh *i,f *ghi,f
C *gh *BuD; *gh*sD;
i igh i igh
p pmh pvkH; pmhvkH;
q qmh qvdrf qmhvdrf
Z Zmh ZuGJ Zmh*GJ
ps Zmh psrsOf;qGJ ZmhjrifZGJ
n Omh n Omh
O Omh Ouav; Omhav;
# wmh #oefvsif;csdwf wmhwvif;csdwf
X xmh X0rf;bJ xmh0efbJ
! 'gh !&ifaumuf 'gh,ifa*guf
14
¡ 'gh ¡a&rIwf 'gh,rIwf
P emh PBuD; emh*sD;
w wmh w0rf;yl wmh0ef;Al
x xmh xqifxl; xmhqif'l;
' 'gh 'a'G; 'gha'G;
" 'gh "atmufcsKdifh 'gh0csKduf
e emh ei,f emhi,f
y ygh yapmuf yghaZmuf
z zmh zOD;xkyf zmh0xkwf
A Amh AxufcsKdifh AmhvcsKduf
b Amh bukef; Amh*kef;
r rmh r rmh
, ,mh ,yufvuf ,mhyvuf
& ,mh &aumuf ,mha*guf
v vmh v vmh
0 0gh 0(vkH;) 0gh(vkkH;)
o omh o omh
[ [mh [ [mh
V vmh VBuD; vmh*sD;
t tmh t tmh
3? 3/ þ tcef;wGif jrefrmta&;pepfü tygt0ifjzpfaom towfrsm;udkvnf;
jynfhpkHrI &Sdatmif wpfygwnf; xnfhoGif;ay;vdkufygonf/ towfrsm;udk azmfjy&mü
ta&;udk zwfwwfap&ef Oyrmrsm;jzifh jyxm;ygonf/
15
jrefrmta&;wGif txufyg jrefrmoifykef;BuD; oif½dk;o& trsm;pkrSm towf
jzpfEdkifonf/ towf ykHoP²mefESifh towf ac:a0:ykHrsm;udk atmufwGif azmfjyxm;
ygonf/
towfykHoP²mef trnf½GwfqdkykH
uf umh*sD;owf^umhowf
cf cgha*G;owf^cghowf
*f *ghi,fowf^*ghowf
Cf *gh*sD;owf
if ighowf
pf pmhvkH;owf^pmhowf
Zf Zmh*GJowf^ Zmhowf
nf Omhowf
Of Omhav;owf
#f wmhwvif;csdwfowf
!f 'gh,ifa*gufowf
Pf emh*sD;owf
wf wmh0ef;Alowf^wmhowf
'f 'gha'G;owf^'ghowf
ef emhi,fowf^ emhowf
yf yghaZmufowf^ yghowf
Af AmhvcsKdufowf
bf Amh*kef;owf Amhowf
rf rmhowf
,f ,mhyvufowf^ ,mhowf
16
&f ,mha*gufowf
vf vmhowf
0f 0gh(vkkH;)owf
of omhowf
[f [mhowf
Vf vmh*sD;owf
tf tmhowf
tokH;rsm;aom towfrsm;rSm ]]uf? if? pf? Of? nf? Pf? wf? ef? yf? rf? ,f}} wdkY jzpfonf/
useftowfrsm;rSm txl;ojzifh arG;pm;pum;vkH;rsm; (Oyrm? ygVd? ouúw? rGef?
t*Fvdyf)udk a&;om;&müom wpfcgwpf&H awGU&rnf/
ta&;wGif (o&+Asnf;+towf)wGJí pmvkH;aygif;½GwfqdkykHudk Oyrmrsm;jzifh
atmufwGif azmfjyxm;onf/
om"u-
ta&;ykHoP²mef pmvkH;aygif;½GwfqdkykH
uuf umh*sD;a&;umhowf uuf
aumuf oa0xdk; umh*sD;a&;csumhowf aumuf
udkuf umh*sD;vkH;wifacsmif;iifumhowf udkuf
uif umh*sD;a&;ighowf uif
aumif oa0xdk; umh*sD;a&;csighowf aumif
udkif umh*sD;vkH;wifacsmif;iifighowf udkif
{nfh tu©&m{a&;Omhowft,f atmufujrpf tJh
onf omha&;Omhowf oD
17
wkwf wmh0ef;Alwpfacsmif;iif wmhowf wkwf
rdef; rmhhvkH;wifemhowfrdef 0pöESpfvkH;ayguf rdef;
vdrfh vmhvkH;wifrmhowfvdef atmufujrpf vdefY
3? 4/ jrefrmpmta&;wGif awGU&rnf jzpfaom Asnf;wGJwdkY\ oauFwESifh tac:
ta0:wdkYudkvnf; wpfqufwnf; azmfjyvdkufygonf/
vu©Pm^ykHoP²mef trnf ½GwfqdkykH
-s ,yifh ,mhyifh
M - &&pf ,mh,pf
-G 0qGJ 0ghqGJ
-S [xdk; [mhxdk;
-R ,yifh 0qGJ ,mhyifh 0ghqGJ
>- ^ < - &&pf 0qGJ ,mh,pf 0ghqGJ
-Q ,yifh [xdk; ,mhyifh [mhxdk;
M -§ &&pf [xdk; ,mh,pf [mhxdk;
-T 0qGJ [xdk; 0ghqGJ [mhxdk;
-Ts ,yifh 0qGJ [xdk; ,mhyifh 0ghqGJ [mhxdk;
< -§ &&pf 0qGJ [xdk; ,mh,pf 0ghqGJ [mhxdk;
18
3? 5/ atmufyg pmvkH;aygif;rsm;udk avhusifh ½GwfqdkMunfhyg/
ouf? vGwf? vyf? ppf? 'Pf? rkef;? cspf? &Spf? ½Iyf? wkefY? armif;? oD;? awG;? jrifh?
ausmif;? oGef? aoG;? BudKuf? arT;? &rf;? pef;? wdwf? rSuf? rId? rsKd;? ysuf? a[h? zGHU/
19
tcef; 4
jrefrm pum;oHrsm;
4? 1/ jrefrmpum;oHrsm;qdkonfrSm jrefrmAsnf;ESifh o&rsm;udk aygif;í ½Gwfqdkaom
toHrsm;udk qdkvdkygonf/ o&csnf;oufoufvnf; toH jzpfEdkifygonf/ odkY&mwGif
o&rsm;\ tac:ESifh ½GwfqdkykHwGif azmfjyNyD; jzpf&m þ ae&mwGif xyfrH razmfjy
awmhyg/
4? 2/ OD;pGm ½dk;½dk;o& 22 vkH;ESifh Asnf;rsm;udk aygif;pyfxm;onfh pum;oHrsm;udk jyrnf/
Asnf;
o&
pum;oH
u - u^ umh
u -m um
u -m; um;
r -d rd
r -D rD
r -D; rD;
y -k yk
y -l yl
y -l; yl;
0 a- a0
0 a-h a0h
0 a-; a0;
v -J vJ
v -Jh vJh
20
w a-m awm
w a-mh awmh
w a-mf awmf
n -H nH
n -Hh nHh
z -dk zdk
z -dkY zdkY
z -dk; zdk;
4? 2/ atmufyg pum;oHrsm;udk ½Gwfqdk avhusifh Munfhyg/
jym? usm;? aomf? rdk;? ½Gm? ZGJ? zGJU? aEG? axG;? BudK;? ysHU? wH? arsm? wD;? usL;/
4? 3/ qufvufí (Asnf;+o&+towf) aygif;pyfxm;onfh pum;oHrsm;udk jyrnf/
Asnf;
o&
towf 0PÖoHoauFw a&;xkH;^pum;oH
u - uf uuf
u a-m uf aumuf
u -dk uf udkuf
r -k cf rkcf ^rkwf^
r - *f r*f ^ruf^
y -k *f yk*f ^ykwf^
r -dk Cf -; rdkCf; ^rdk;^
r - if rif
r - if -h rifh
r - if -; rif;
21
r - Zf rZf ^rpf^
o - pf opf
p - Of pOf ^pif^
p - Of -h pOfh ^pifh
p - Of -; pOf; ^pif;^
w - nf wnf ^wD^
w - nf -h wnfh ^wd^
w - nf -; wnf; ^wD;^
0 - #f 0#f ^0wf^
" -d #f "d#f ^'dwf^
o a- #f ao#f ^opf^
0 - Pf 0Pf ^0ef^
w - wf wwf
c a- wf acwf ^cpf^
u - 'f u'f ^uwf^
y -k 'f yk'f ^ykwf^
w - ef wef
w - ef -h wefY
w - ef -; wef;
r -d ef rdef
r -d ef -h rdefY
r -d ef -; rdef;
w -k ef wkef
w -k ef -h wkefY
w -k ef -; wkef;
u - yf uyf ^uwf^
22
t -d yf pdyf ^pdwf^
u -k yf ukyf ^ukwf^
' -d Af 'dAf ^'dwf^
v -m bf vmbf ^vwf^
u - rf urf ^uef
u - rf -h urfh ^uefY^
u - rf -; urf; ^uef;^
v -d rf vdrf ^vdef^
v -d rf -h vdrfh ^vdefY
v -d rf -; vdrf; ^vdef;^
u -k rf ukrf ^ukef^
v - -Hk vkH ^vkef^
v - -kH -h vkHY ^vkefY
v - -kH -; vkH; ^vkef;^
w - -ð wð ^wdef^
r - ,f r,f
r - ,f -h r,fh ^rJh^
x a- &f ax&f ^ax^
* -dk &f *dk&f ^*dk^
z - vf zvf ^zef^
O - vf Ovf ^tkef^
o a-mf 0f aomf0f ^aomf^
y - of yof ^ywf^
jA - [f jA[f ^jAef^
23
rSwfcsuf/ / txufyg towfrsm;ESifh wGJvsufpum;oHrsm;udk avhusifh ½GwfqdkEdkif
ygu jrefrmtu©&mjzifh a&;xm;aom jrefrmpmtm;vkH;udk zwf&Iedkifygvdrfhrnf/ xyfrH
avhusifh&eftwGuf Asnf;rsm;udk tpmxdk; ½Gwfqdkjcif; jyKvkyfEdkifygonf/
24
tcef; 5
jrefrm emrfpum;vkH;rsm;
5? 1/ jrefrm emrfpum;vkH;rsm;udk azmfjy&mü tokH;rsm;aom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;udkom
a½G;cs,fxm;ygonf/ ,if;odkYa½G;cs,f&mü avhvmolwdkY tcef;csif; qufpyfrI&Sdatmif
o&csnf;&Sdaeaom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;? o&ESifh Asnf; wGJaeaom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;[lí
cGJjcm; pkpnf;xm;ygonf/
5? 2/ o&csnf;om &Sdaom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;udk pkpnf;xm;ygonf/
jrefrmemrfpum;vkH; t"dyÜm,f
tt
ttdk
tm
tD;
O
tl
OD;
tH
tdk;
5? 3/ qufvufí jrefrmpum;&Sd o&ESifh Asnf; wGJaeaom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;udk
pkpnf;&mü toHwpfoHom &Sdaom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;ESifh toHwpfoHxuf ydkaom emrf
pum;vkH;rsm;[lí cGJjcm; pkpnf;jyxm;ygonf/
25
5? 3? 1/ atmufwGif azmfjypkpnf;xm;aom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;rSm toHwpfoHom &Sd
aom emrfpum;vkH;rsm; jzpfygonf/
om"u-
um; aumf uH uif; udkif;
uef ukef urf; usm; ausmuf
ausmif; usrf; Muuf aMumif <uuf
cg; cdk acgif; acwf ckH
csKd csuf acsmif; csKdif; Csnf
ajc jcif acG; acR; *dk;
*kPf *dwf *sif *sKwf *sKH
ig ig; ief; aiG iSuf
pm pl; puf pif ppf
pnf; pdef pGef qm; qD
ql; aq; qif aqmif; qdwf
qef Zm Zuf Zpf ZkH
ZGJ ZGef ZGef; aps; OmPf
n nD wD wl wJ
awm wdkuf wif awmif awmif;
wdkif wdkif; wpf wkwf wdrf
wGif; xD xD; xif; axmif
axmifh xef; xkH; xGef 'l;
a': a'guf a'gif; 'dkif 'dkif;
'Pf 'ef 'ef; "m; em;
ae aeY EdkY aemuf eif
enf; ewf eef; emrf e,f
EGm; EG,f ESD; ESif; ESpf
26
ESyf ESrf; yg; ay yJ
ydk; ydkuf aygif ydwf yef;
ysm; ysL ysOf ajymif ajymif;
jynf ayG; yGJ zm; zJ
zif azmif zef zsm Zsif
jzL jzKwf zGJ zGwf AkH
Adkvf Asm AsKdif; Asnf; aAG
AGuf bD; bl; ab; bJ
bdkY bif bPf bdwf bdef;
bkH b,f bGJU rD; rdk;
rif; armif armif; rnf; rdwf
rkwf rmef rkefY arsmuf jr
jrm; jrL ajr ajr; NrdKU
jruf ajrmuf jrif; ajrmif; jrnf;
Nrdwf rSJU rId rSef a>r
arQmh rQpf ,dk ,if ,mOf
,kef ,Gef; a& &J &uf
&if &ef ½kyf ½kH ½Gm
½Guf a&S; &SH &Sif &Sifh
&Spf &SOfU &Srf; a&T v
vm; vl vl; av av;
vJ vuf avmuf vif vdif
vdkif; vdkPf vdyf vmbf vrf;
v,f vGef avS vSH vQm
vT 0 0g 0g; 0J
0uf 0if; 0#f 0ef 0rf;
27
a0S; o om; ol oJ
aomh oH odk; ouf odkuf
oif aomif aomif; opf okwf
oef oef; odef; oyf odrf;
okHU okH; oGm; aoG; oGyf
aoQmif [ [if; [ef [Gef;
5? 3? 2/ þ ae&mwGif toHESpfoHESifhtxuf &Sdaom jrefrmemrfpum;vkH;rsm;udk azmfjy
&ef &Sdaomfvnf; jyKpkaom pmtkyf\ tqifhtwef;udk vdkufí tqdkyg emrfpum;vkH;
rsKd;rsm;udk odom½kHrQom azmfjyvdkufawmhrnf/ txufazmfjyyg toHpepf? ta&;pepf?
½GwfqdkykHpepfwdkYudk uRrf;usifygu tbd"mefpmtkyfrsm;wGif &SmazG avhusifhí jrefrm
pum;vkH;rsm; wdk;yGm;atmif rdrdudk,fwdkif avhvm oif,lEdkifygonf/
om"u-
tudk (tpfudk) tusKd; tBuH taMumif; tMurf;
tck tcsKd tcsOf tcsdef tjcm;
tajctae tNidrf;pm; tpdrf; tqdyf tnpftaMu;
twdkaumuf twdkuftcH twdkif; tawG;tac: taxmuftxm;
teD tay: taysmfwrf; tysKd tjym
tjyif trdIuf trSwf tem*wf t"dyÜm,f
tusÐ t*Faw t*Fg tif*sif tpfr(tr)
tkef;oD; ucsif ujym; umwGef; aumZmouú&mZf
aumfzD udkvdkeD udwfrkefY ukwftusÐ aus;Zl;
MuufoGefeD MuufoGefjzL uGefu&pf c&rf;oD; ckepf
cJwH cJtdk acgif;aqmif acsmuvuf csKdcsOf
csefyD,H ajcaxmuf acR;r *VKef *Dwm
28
*D,m a*:zDxkyf *smuif *sufav,mOf N*dK[fom;
iaMumif i&J pum; pum;vkH; pMu0Vm
Apwem apwD puúL puúefY ppfom;
pE&m; pGyfjyKwf pG,fawmf q&m q&mr
qvkH qD;oD; aq;½kH qHyif qdkufum;
aqmif;&moD q,fhESpf&moD qG,fwm Z,m; Zm*em
Zmwd ZD0aA' Zefe0g&D ndKUousnf; wwd,
wa,m wHqdyfacgif; wHwm; wHawG; wdk[l;
wuúpD wdkufzdGKuf wdkufcef; wifyg; wdkif;jynf
wapä w,fvDzkef; xrif; xdkif;vlrsKd; 'g,um
'g,dumr 'D*&D 'DZifbmv 'DZdkif; 'DZ,f
'Dyvdkrm 'Dyg0gvD 'Drdkua&pD 'l;&if;oD; a'go
a':vm 'ku© 'dkifvlBuD; '@m&D 'ó eduaA'
',ftdk; "edyif "Ek "mwkaA' "mwfqD
"mwfrD; "mwfavSum; eyef; ezl; erlem
em&D em;uyf em;Muyf ed*kH; ed'gef;
eDwd aeYcif;(aeYv,f) aeYpm; aeYpOfrSwfwrf; aeYxl;aeYjrwf
eHjym; Edk0ifbmv aemufausm aemufaph aemufqufwGJ
EdkifvGef ewfuawmf ewfyGJ ewforD; ewfom;
eef;awmf edAÁmef aEG&moD ESvkH; ESmacgif;
ESif;qD ESif;yef; ESpfopful; ESpfa[mif; EIwfcrf;
yckH; ynm y#dyu© y#doaE yxr
yx0D yaxG; y&dowf y&DrD,H yavmif
ygarmu© ygVd yg;pyf ykcuf yk½Gufqdwf
ykvJykwD; ydk;u&if ydkufqH ypönf; ykpäm
jymodkv za,mif;wdkif zdeyf zufqpf0g' azmufonf
29
azmifwdef zGm;at Arm Av Avm
Ak'bmom Ak'[l;aeY jA[®m bm*sm bmom
bmompum; bk&m; bk&if bwfpum; bdef;rkefY
bkef;BuD; reuf r,m; rdausmif; rkqdk;
rlBudK rl;,pfaq; ar;cGef; rdk;BudK; rif;wkyf
rdwåL refusnf;oD; rdef;uav; rdef;r rkefnif;½Guf
rkefYwD rkefY[if;cg; rsKd;cspfpdwf rsufcrf; rsufckH;
rsufpd rsufESm jrefrm jrefrmvlrsKd; ,rrif;
a,m*D a,musfm; a,mu©r a,mufz a,mufr
,EÅ&m; &cdkif &xm; &mwef ½lyaA'
a&usufat; a&a>r a&'D,dk a&m*g a&mrtu©&m
&ufpGJ a&mfbm ½ku©aA' &ifbwf &nf;pm;
½SL;zdeyf a&SmufoD; a&Tcsnfxdk; vuG,f vc
vpm vjynfh vlBuD; vli,f vlpm;
vl&Tifawmf vufaumuf vufcv,f vufpGyf vufn§Kd;
vufr vufol<u,f vufoef; vufzuf&nf vu©Pm
vif;EdkY vif;ydkif vnfyif; vdyfpm vdyfjym
vkyfief; vrf;nTef vrf;jy vdar®mfoD; vkHcsnf
vGifjyif vGrf;olUyef;acG avSum; vSnf;,mOf vQmcif
0gus 0goem 0dbwf 0HomEk&u©dw 0pöayguf
0w¬K oydwf obmywd orD; oruf
ordkif; o,HZmw oa0xdk; omoem odMum;
oli,fwef; olaX; oHa,mZOf oHa0* oHo,
oBuFef oabFm odkif;orm; opfukvm;tkwf owfykH
oef;acgif aoG;eDO aoG;jyefaMum aoG;jzLO [v0g
[mo [dr0EÅm a[mfrkef; [dkw,f [if;&nf
30
5? 4/ avhusifh&ef/
txufyg vkHcsif;emrf (toHwpfoHwnf;&Sdaomemrf) ? vHk;wGJemrf (toHwpfoH
xuf ydkaomemrf)rsm;udk tokH;jyKí ]]emrf+yg}} ykHpHudk avhusifhEdkifonf/ ,if;ykHpH
onf ]]'g bmvJ}} [laom tar;udk ajzqdkonfh tajzykHpHwpfck jzpfonf/
om"u-
ar;/ 'g bmvJ/
'g oabFmyg/
'g bmvJ/
'g zm;yg/
'g bmvJ/
'g opfyifyg/
'g bmvJ/
'g pmtkyfyg/
'g bmvJ/
'g w,fvDzkef;yg/
'g bmvJ/
'g pmtdwfyg/
31
'g bmvJ/
'g bwfpum;yg/
'g bmvJ/
'g qdkzmyg/
'g bmvJ/
'g ½GufavSyg/
'g bmvJ/
'g aygifrkefYyg/
32
tcef; 6
jrefrm Bud,mpum;vkH;rsm;
6? 1/ Bud,mpum;vkH;rsm;udkrl emrfpum;vkH;rsm;uJhodkY trsKd;tpm; cGJjcm; rjyawmhyg/
tbd"meftu©&mpOftwdkif;om tokH;rsm;&m aeYpOfokH; Bud,mrsm;udk a½G;cs,fpkpnf;
wifjyxm;ygonf/ jrefrmBud,mpum;vkH;rsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh pum;oH wpfoHom
&Sdaom pum;vkH;u trsm;pk jzpfonf/ pum;oHwpfoH pum;vkH;wpfvkH;xuf ydkaom
Bud,mrsm;rSm aygif;pyfxm;aom Bud,mrsm; jzpfonf/ txl;ojzifh Bud,mtjzpf
tokH;jyKaom Bud,mpum;okH;rsm; jzpfMuonf/
om"u-
u uvd uvl uvJhpm;acs uavm
um um; uJ uJh&JU aum
aumh aumf udk;um; udk;uG,f aumuf
udkuf ukwf uef uefY uef;
ukef ukefqkH; ukef;acsm ukef;ydk; uyf
uyfap;ESJ uyfqdkuf ukyf urf; urf;vSrf;
ukHvkH udk,fcsif;pm udk,fvufESD;aESm udk,fvGwf½kef; udk,f0efaqmif
us uscH auseyf ausaysmuf ausat;
aus;Zl;wif ausm ausmh ausmf ausmfwuf
ausmfvTm; usuf usufpm; usufrd ausmufcs
33
ausmuf(uef~) usKdufusKdufql usif(em~) usif (uRrf;~) usifvnf
usifh (usifh~) usif;y ausmif;qif; ausmif;wuf ausmif;xGuf
ausmif;ae ausmif;ysuf ausmif;NyD; ausmif;ajy; ausmif;vTwf
usOf; usdef; (tdyf) usyf usyfpnf; usyfwdkuf
(tom;? ig;)
usrf;udkif usrf;usdef usrf;½Guf usrf;aus usrf;pl;
usrf;jyK usKH; us,f Mum Mum;
BuD; BuD;us,f BuD;Muyf BuD;pdk; BuD;yGm;
BuD;rSL; MuL; aMu aMuuGJ aMunm
aMu;eef;½dkuf aMu;cRwf aMu;wGef; aMu;xl aMumf
aMumfjim BuH BuHpnf BuHzef BuHUcdkif
BudK BudKqdk BudKUxdk; BudK;udkif BudK;qGJ
BudK;qGJcs BudK;ay; BudK;pm; Muuf Muufajccwf
Muufawmif½dkuf Muuf½dk;xdk; MuufoD;arG;nif;x Muufaoao aMumuf
BudKuf Muifem aMumif aMumifawmifEdIuf aMumifhMu
aMumif;ay; aMumif;vrf; MuOf Munf MunfndK
MunfEl; MunfjzL Munfh Muwf (aeMuwf?
vMuwf)
Budwf
BudwfrSdwf MuefYMum Muyf Muyfrwf Murf;
Budrf;armif; BuKH BuHKBudKuf uG uGm
34
uGm½Sif; uGmwm;cs auGU auG; uGJJ
uGJuGm uGuf uGif;qif; uGefY uGyf
uGyfuJ uG,f auR; auR;arG; uRH
uRufuRufql uRwf uRwfwrf;0if uRwfvGwf uRrf;usif
uRrf;xdk; uRrf;jyef uRrf;0if <u <u½G
<um; a<u a<u;us a<u;cs a<u;aMumf
<uif; <uif;usef <uyf <uyfqwf <u,f0
ceJY c&m c&D;a&muf c&D;vGef cavmufqef
cg cgcs cg; cg;apmif;wif cg;pnf;cH
ck ckcH ckESdrf ckepfoHcsD[pf cl;
cl;qGwf cJ acg acgpmypf cH
cHpm; cH,l cdk cdkvIH cdk;
cdk;&mvdkuf cufcJ cufxef acguf cif
cifrif cif; cif;usif; acgif;udkuf acgif;cs
acgif;aqmif acgif;NrD;NcKH cdkifcHh cdkifNrJ cdkifrm
cdkif; cdkif;EIdif; cwf ckwf acwfukef
acwfqef acwfajymif; cefY cefYrSef; ckef
ckefayguf ckefysH cyf ckyf ckHzGJU
cs csrSwf csD csL acsrIef;
acsm acsmpm; acsmqGJ acsmh acsmharmh
35
acsmfvJ csKd csKd<u csKdaoG; csKdUwJh
csKd; csKd;zJh csuf acsmufcsm; csifhcsdef
csif;eif;0ifa&muf acsmif acsmifus acsmifcdk acsmif;
acsmif;qdk; acsmif;[efY csKdif cspf csOf
csnf csnfaESmif csdwf csef csdef
csdefq csdefom;udkuf csdef; csKyf csrf;
csKHU csKH; csKH;csKH;us jcm; ajcukef
ajcus ajccsKyfrd ajcxdk; ajcykef;ckwf ajcrT
NcHcwf NcH&H NcKd;NcH ajcmufvSefY? jcrf;
Ncdrf;ajcmuf NcKH cGus cGm acG
cGJ cGJjcm; cGHU cGuf cGif
acRwm acR;us acR;xkwf acR;xGuf acR;jyef
acR;atmif; cRJ cRJusd cRwf a>c
emrNidrf *,ufx *½kpdkuf *gxmpkwf *gxm½Gwf
*g&0jyK a*: *dk;oGif;^ *dk;&SL; *kPfi,f *kPfwuf
*kPfwif *kPfjyK *kPfNydKif *dkPf;cGJ *dkPf;oifh
*E¬0ifajrmuf *sifajcvnf *syfckwf N*dK[fus N*dK[fqdk;0if
N*dK[farT i&JBuD; ig;yuf ig;rQm; ai;
iJh aig aigh aiguf idkuf
iif (qGJ~) iwf ikyf irf; ikH
36
ikHY i,f Nid NiD; jiLpl
NidKjiif NidK; jiif; Nidrf Nidrfh
Nidrf; Nidrf;csrf; aiG&Tif iS (a0 ~) iSm;
iSJU iSufzsm;wuf Nid§rf; p pum;rsm;
pcef;cs paw; pwnf;cs pmcs pmcsKd;
pmpD pmem pm; pm;NrHKUjyef pdppf
pD pDpOf pDrH pD; pD;jzef;
pk pkpnf; pkaqmif; pkvsm;&pfywf pl
pl; apcdkif; aph aphpyf apm
apmaMum apm'uwuf apmfum; pHcsdefwif pHcsdefcsKd;
pdkY pdk;&drf pufqkyf apmuf pdkuf
pif apmif apmifh apmif; apmif;ajrmif;
pdkif; pdkif;jyif; ppf ppfwdkuf ppfaq;
pnf pnf; pnf;½kH; pnf;vkH; pdwf
pdwful; pkwf pefY pyf prf;
pdrf pdrfh pdrf; pkH pGm
apG pGJ pGJvrf; pGH pGufzuf
pGwf pGefYpm; pGrf;aqmif qm qDowf
qD;BudK ql qlyl aq; qJ
aqmh qHh qdk qdkY qdk;
37
quf aqmuf qifajcwuf qifh qif;
qif;&J aqmif aqmifh qpf qnf
qnf;yl; qwf qdwf qkwf qef
qefY qef; qyf qkyf qdrfh
qkH qkH; qkH;r q,f q,fvDaus
qG aqGUaqGUckef aqG; aqG;aEG; qGHUt
qGwf qGrf;uyf qGrf;auR; qG,f Z,m;aus
Z,m;cs Zmxdk; Zmwfodrf; aps;upm; aps;uGJ
aps;yGJ psmef0ifpm; OmPfaumif; OmPfqif nm
nd nDnm nDnGwf nDwl nD;
nK nHh nHhzsif; ndK nuf
nufanm nifom anmif; npf npfywf
nnf;nL ndwf (acgif;~) nGwf n§m n§mwm
n§d n§dEIdif; n§D an§mf n§dKU
n§uf n§if; n§if;yef; n§yf nTwf
nTef nTefMum; Xmyem w (wrf; ~) wref;EId;
w&m; w&m;pGJ w&m;qdkif w&m;xdkif w&m;rQw
wm wm&Snf wm&SnfcH wdus wDxGif
wD; wky wlnD aw awmajcmuf
awmxdkif awmxGuf awmvdkuf awmh awmf
38
wdk wdkxGm wdkY wdk; wdk;wuf
wuf wdkuf wdkufqdkif wdkufwGef; wdkufydwf
wif wif; wif;wdrf awmif awmifh
awmif; awmif;yef awmif;&rf; wdkif wdkifyif
wpf wnfh wnf; wnf;cdk wwf
wdwf wdwfqdwf wef wef; wef;pD
wyf wyfruf wkyf wrf;w wdrf
wdrfaum wdrf; (~ nGwf) wkHYjyef wkH; wkH;ausmf
awG awGU awGUqkH wGJ wGuf
wGif wGifus,f wGef wGefU wG,f
x xm; xd xdcdkuf xda&muf
xD xD;wif xD;jzLaqmif; xk xkacs
xkcGJ xl xlaxmif xl; xl;cwf
ax axh ax; axm xdk;
xdk;ppfqif xdk;ESuf xdk;tyf xuf axmuf
axmufcH axmufxm; axmufjy xdkuf xdkufwef
xif xif[yf xifh xif; axmif
axmifxm; axmifh axmifhaph axmif; xdkif
xdkifpm; xdkif; xpf xpfaigh xnfh
xdwfvefY xkwf xkwfjyef xkwfa0 xdef
39
xdef; xdef;csKyf xdef;odrf; xyf xkyfydk;
xrf; xrf;aqmif xdrfcsef xkH xkH;
x,fxdk; xGm xGm; axG axG;
xGuf xGif xGwf xGef xGef;
'umcH 'D*&Dwuf 'l;wdkufaqG;aEG; 'l;axmuf 'ku©a&muf
a'gufjzKwf a'gifcsmpdkif; a'gif;odk;yifh 'dkifcH 'Pfay;
'kef;pD; 'kef;pdkif; 'kef;ajy; 'kH;cH 'kH;wdkuf
'kH;a0; 'GefwGJ "mwful; "mwfuif "mwfus
"mwfcGJ "mwfEkwf "mwf½dkuf "mwfvdkuf e
eyef;vkH; ezm;BudK;xdk; em;axmif em;ayguf em;azguf
em;vnf em;tl edrdwfzwf Ek El
El;nHh aeaumif; aeus aeausmf aeapmif;
aejrifh aeavmif ae0if aeYoefY eJY
aemaus aemh eH eHESdyf eHESdrf
EdkYpdkY EdkYjywf EdkYjzwf Edk;Mum; euf½Idif;
aemuf aemufus aemufqkwf aemufa,mifcH eif
eifh eif; Edkif epf epfem
ed|dwH ewf½GmpH eefY eyf (yg; ~) eef;qGJ
erf; EkHY EkH; e,f e,fuRH
e,fcsJU e,fESif aEG; EGJU EG,f
40
ESmacgif;½IHU ESmap; ESmESwf ESD;aESm ESL;
aES; ESJ aESm ESHUpyf EId;
EId;aqmf ESuf aESmuf EIduf ESif
ESif;tyf aESmifh,Suf aESmif; EIdif;cdkif; EIdif;,SOf
ESpf ESpful; ESpfouf ESpfodrfh ESwfaumuf
ESwfausmf EIwfusKd; EIwfcrf;pl EIwfapmifh EIwfav;
EIwfoGuf ESefY ESyf ESyfcs ESdyf
ESdyfuGyf ESrf;jzL; ESdrf ESdrfeif; ESdrfh
ESdrfhcs ETm aET; ETJ ETif
ET,f y yaysmuf yvyf yvTm;
yo ynmay; ynmoif ynwf ywwf&yf
yeHpm; yeH& yrmPjyK yvJyeHoifh yvkwfusif;
yg yg0if yg;eyf yk yl
ylyif ylaZmf yl; ay ay;
ay;pm; yJh aygh ayghq ay:
ydk ydk; ydk;us yuf yufpuf
ydkuf yifh yifhaqmif yifhzdwf yif;
aygif (~ ESH) aygif; aygif;azmf aygif;oif; ydkif
ydkifqdkif ydkif; ydkif;jzwf ypf ydwf
ydwfyif ykwfcwf yef; ydef ydef;
41
ydef;½dkuf ykef; yyf ykyf ykHpHxdkif
ykHESdyf ykHrSm;½dkuf ykH (pk ~) y,f y,fcs
y,fzsuf ysm ysLiSm aysmf ysH
ysHU ysKdU ysKd; ysuf aysmuf
ysif; aysmif; ysOf;wGJ jy jym
jym; NyD; jyK jyKjyif jyL(xGuf)
jyL; ajy ajy; ajy;qGJ ajym
NydK jyuf jyif jyif;(xef) ajymifajrmuf
ajymifvuf ajymif(avSmif) ajymif;(a&TU) NydKif(qdkif) jywf
jywfpJ jywfvyf jyKwf jyef jyefY
jyKef; NyKH; yGm; ayG ayGU
yGJ yGJawmif; yGuf yGifh yGwf
yGef; >ywf z zvS,f zm;
zd zdpD; zdESdyf zDqef zD;
zk zl; az;r zJ½dkuf zJao
zJh azm azmh azmf zdk
zdkY zuf zufpyf azmuf azmufjyef
zifaygh zifNrJ zifav; azmif azmif;
azmif;yG zwf zdwfMum; zdwfpOf zkwf
zefqif; zefwD; zkH; zkH;zd zkH;tkyf
42
z,f z,f&Sm; zsm; azsmh zsuf
zsufodrf; azsmuf azsmufzsuf zsif zsif;
azsmif;zs zspf zsOf zsefajz zsef;
jzm jzm;a,mif; NzD; jzL jzL;
ajz ajzazsmf ajz&Sif; ajzodrfh NzJ
ajzm NzdK ajzmif ajzmifh ajzmifhjzL;
ajzmifhrwf jzpf jzpfajrmuf jznfh jzwf
jzwfoef; jzKwf jzefY jzefYcsd jzef;
jzKef; NzKH zGm zGm; zGJ
zGJU zGHUNzdK; zGifh zGyf zG,f
Avuúm&jyK Aavmifql Aavmifqef Al;rIwf aA'ifMunfh
aA'ifwGuf AdkufBuD; Adkufem Adkufatmifh Aef;jy
Akef; Adkvfus Asmrsm; ajAmifwdkuf ajAmif;qef
aAGqdk; aAGazmuf aAG,l b0em b0arh
b0ifus b0ifjrifh bmomjyef bdodufajr§muf bDvl;pD;
bkus bk&m;zl; bk&m;&Sdcdk; bl;uG,f bl;cH
ab;csif;wdkuf ab;csdwf ab;rJhay; bufyJh bufvdkuf
abmifcwf abmif0if bdkifus bkOf;ay; bkef;BuD;
bGmcwf r rp rw&m; remvdk
rowD rm rd rD rD;uif
43
rD;xGuf rD;em rD;ae rD;arT; rD;avmif&m
avyifh
rl rl; arh ar; rJ
rJh arm rH rdk;½Gm ruf
rdkuf rdkufaMu;cGJ rif;jyK armif; rnf;
rwf rdwfquf rdwfvdkuf ref;rIwf rmef
rdef;arm rkef,pf rkefwdkif;wdkuf rkef; rsm;
arsm rsKd rsuf rsufacsmifus rsufpdvnf
rsufapmif;xdk; rsufESmyl rsufESmysuf rsufESm& jrL;
ajrawmifajr§muf ajrrsKd NrJ ajrm ajrmh
ajrmuf jrif;avmif; jrpf (wm; ~) jrnf jrnf;
jrwf Nrdef jrKyf NrKH NrKHU
rG arGU arG; arG;jrL rGJ
rGwf rGefjrwf rGrf;rH rSm rDScdk
rSL; (BuD; ~) arS; rIdwuf arSmuf rSifao
arSmif rIdkif rSnfh rSwf rSdwf
rIwf rSef; rSdef rIef rIefY
rIef; (acs ~) rIef; (jc,f ~) >rufMum; >ruf[ rQw
rQm; arQm arQmf rQif jr§L
ajr§muf ajr§mufyifh Nr§dKuf (rD; ~) ajr§mif jr§Kyf
44
jr§KyfESH arT arT; rTef jrTm
,Mwmacs ,m (uGrf; ~) ,m; ,D;wdkuf ,l
,dk ,dk;pGyf ,uf a,muf,ufcwf a,mif,rf;
,dkif ,pf ,Of ,Ofaus; ,Ofyg;
,yfcwf ,rf; ,drf; ,drf;u ,kH
,kHrSm; ,Suf ,SOf ,SOfwGJ ,SOfNydKif
& &r,f&Sm &d &Da0 a&csKd;
a&csdefudkuf a&pufcs a&pkefarsm a&wGuf a&yef;pm;
a&; &J &J&ifh a&m ½dkusKd;
½dkao ½dk;om; &uf a&muf ½dkuf
&ifqm &ifyl &ifh &if; a&mif
a&mifh a&mif; ½dkif; ½dkif;pdkif; ½dkif;yif;
&pf &nfpl; &nf½G,f &dwf &efawGU
&efjzpf &efvdk ½kef; ½kef;uef &yf
&yfem; &dyf ½kyfodrf; ½kyfysuf ½kyfzsuf
½kyfvkH;azmf &rf; ½kH &,f ½G
a½GU a½G; ½GJ ½GJU ½GH&Sm
½Guf ½Gwfqdk ½Gyf ½G,f &S
&Sm &Sm;yg; &dS &Sdcdk; ½I
&SL &SL;wdkuf a&S;us a&S;½I ½IdU
45
&Suf &Sif; a&Smif ½Iwfcs &Sdef
&Syf ½Iyf ½IHU ½IH; a½TU
½TJ ½Tifys ½Tifvef; ½Trf; (t&nf ~) viykyfzrf;
vm vk vl vlpOfrD vlvm;ajrmuf
avusifhxdk; avBuD; avcRef avjzwf avvGifh
av0if avhusifh avhvm av; av;pm;
av;euf vJ vJvS,f avm avmBuD;
avmaqmf avmuGwfacsmf vdk vdkw& vuf
vufcH vufacgufrIwf vufckyfwD; vufpm;acs avmuf
vdkuf vdkufpm; vif,l vif; avmif
avmif; vpf vnf vwf vef
vefY vef; vyf vdyf vkyf
vrf;nTef vdrf vdr®m vdrfh vdrf;
vkH vkH; vkH;csmvdkuf v,fwD avG;
vGJ vGef vGefY vGef; vGrf;
vG,f vS vSD vSD; avSU
vSJ avSmf vIdif vSnfh vSnf;
vSefY vSef; vSyf vIyf vSrf;
vSdrfh vIH vS,f avQmcs avQmh
avQmf vQKd vQKdU0Suf avQmuf vTm
46
vTm; vTJ vTJajymif; vTwf vTrf;
vTrf;rdk; 0 0ajym 0g 0gBuD;
0goemyg 0g; 0dnmOfcsKyf 0dnmOfwG,f a0
a0iS a0qm a0zef a0h a0;
a0;uGm 0J 0Jpm; 0JysH 0Hh (&J ~ )
0uf½l;jyef 0dkuf 0ifh<um; 0dkif; 0dkif;zGJU
0dkif;0ef; 0wf 0wfwuf 0wfjyK 0wf½Gwf
0efusOf; 0efus,f 0efcH 0efcs 0efaqmif
0efwdk 0efav; 0kef;'dkif;BuJ 0yf 0yfwGm;
0rf;ausif; 0rf;Ekwf 0rf;ysuf 0rf;avQm 0rf;om
0,f a0SU a0SU,rf; a0S;oif; 0Suf
o owdcsyf owday; owdarh owd&
owif;BuD; owif;ajy; owif;ar; owif;arT; oem;
oydwfarSmuf oydwfoGwf oyGwftlvdkuf obm0us oabmus
oabmuGJ oabmwl or orufzrf; ordkif;wif
ordkif;0if o&P*kHwif o&P*kHwnf o&zlaqmif; oa&mf
o½kyfaqmif o½kyfysuf o½kyfazmf ovm; om
om,m0ajym omoemjyK om;us om;cGJ om;zGm;
om;avQm od odwwf odom oD
oDvawmif; oDvay; oDv,l oD; olykefx
47
ao aooyf ao;i,f ao;odrf oJh
aom oHBudK;½dkuf oHacs;wuf oHa,mifvdkuf oHo&m&Snf
oHo&mvnf odkrSD; odkodyf odk; odu©mus
odu©mcs odu©mwif odu©mxyf aomuf oif
oifMum; oifykef;acs oif,l o*Fg,emwif oN*ØK[f
oifh oifhawmf oifhwifh oifhjrwf oif;
aomifwif odkif; opf opfacgufqdk; opfap;udkif
opömqdk opömjyK onf;cH owf okwf
okwfajcwif oefrm oEéd|mefcs oEéd|mefjyK oefY
oef;acgifpm&if;
aumuf
okefrIef oyÜm,f odyf okyf
odrf; odrf;qnf; odrf;oGif; okH; okH;pGJ
okH;aqmif okH;EIef; okH;jzKef; o,f oGm;
aoG aoG; aoG;aqmif oGuf oGif;
oGwf(tpm ~ ) oGef; oG,f [ [m
[m; [D [D;av;cdk [J a[m
a[muf [if;cs a[mif a[mif; [kwf
[ef [efus [efaqmif [efY [yf
[kH t tuJjzwf taumufBuH tusyfudkif
tusyf½dkuf tusKH;0if tus,fcsJU tus,fcsKyf taMumif;jy
48
tMunfqdkuf tacsmoyf tcsif;rsm; tacsmifcdk tacsmifEIduf
tacsmifvdkuf tcsOfayguf tcsdefykyf tcsKyfus tajcus
tajccs taiGUjyef tpD&ifcH tpdkjyef tpdkYayguf
tpGHxkwf tqmus,f tqD,pf tqufjywf tqdyfwuf
tqkH;pD&if tnmrd tanmif;qefY tnGefYcl; tnGefYcsKd;
tn§mvG,f twkcdk; twk,l twifh&J twnfjyK
twGefYwuf txajrmuf txmus txdem txD;usef
temcH tem;ay; tem;,l taeusyf taeacsmif
tEdkifusifh te,fxdkif tEGHtwmcH tylrd tylavmif
tydk;usKd; taygufqdk; tyif;qdkY tyif;vQKd taygifcH
tydkifpD; tykyfcH tykyfcs taysmfBuH tysKdazmf0if
tysKd&nfysuf taysmuf½dkuf tjym;cwf tajymus,f tajymBuD;
tjypfzdkY tjypf&Sm tjywf&Sif; tyGBuH tzwfwif
tzsm;½SL; tjzpfqdk; trJzsuf tarmqdkY tarmazmuf
tarmvkH trdefYjyef trdefY&Sd tNrD;ukyf tarGjzwf
trSDjyK trIqdkif trIxrf; trIvdkuf trSL;xm;
trSL;jyK trSwfBuD; trQa0 trQifwef; trTrf;wif
t,lcH t,loD; ta,mifaqmif t,kHoGif; t&m0if
t½l;x ta&;BuD; ta&;pdkuf ta&;edrfh ta&;ay;
ta&;,l ta&;tcif;jzpf t½dk;pGJ t½dk;xkwf ta&mifwif
49
ta&mif;xdkif; t½G,fa&muf t½G,f&Sd t½G,fvGef t&SufBuD;
t&SufuGJ t&SufcGJ t&Sufenf; t½Idufxd t½Sdef,l
t&Sdefavsmh t½SdefvGef t½Sdefao t½Sdefowf t½IH;cH
t½IH;ay; t½Tef;azmuf tavvdkuf tav;ay; tav;jyK
tavmwef tvdkvdkuf tvpfokwf tvGwf½kef; tvGrf;o,f
tvSrf;us,f t0g;0 toa&qnf toa&ysuf toa&zsuf
tom;us tom;eDvef today; todtrSwfjyK taoajzmifh
toHay; toHvTifh toH0if toufiif toufaph
touf½SL tonf;aMumif tonf;uGJ tonf;em tonf;at;
toGifajymif; ttdyfBuD; ttdyfqwf t*wdvdkuf t"r®usifh
twdwfaumuf twdwfaqmif tm tmus,f tmMurf;
tmcH tmap;xnfh tm&Tif tmvkwfusif; tmoD;a&mif
tmrcH tmrbaEÅcH tm½kHpdkuf tm½kHjyK tm½kHajymif;
tm; tm;udk; tm;aumif; tm;xm; tm;xkwf
tm;ay; tm;NydKif tm;arG; tm;,l tD
tD;ayguf O O'gef;wGif Oya'xkwf Oyrmay;
Oykofapmifh tlwdk tl&Tif OD; OD;cdkuf
OD;pD; OD;aqmif OD;nTwf OD;aESmufajcmuf OD;armh
at; MoZmcH MoZm&Sd Mobmay; atmhtef
atmf atmf*vDqef atmf'gay; atmf'grSm tH (pm ~ )
50
tHBudwf tHacsmf tdk tdkpm tdk;pm;uGJ
tdk;tdrfxl tuf atmufus atmufuscH atmufusKdU
atmufydk;usKduf atmufarh atmuf(tpf ~) tdkuf tifh
atmif atmifoG,f atmifh atmif; tdkif
tpf {nfhcH tkwfjrpfcs tef tefcwf
tefpmypf £ a`Eqnf £ a`E& tefwk tyf (ay; ~)
tdyf tdyfarmus tdyfrufruf tkyf trf;
tdrfaxmifus tdrfaxmifcs tdrfaxmifysuf tdrfaxmifjyK tdrfh
tkH tkH<u tkHyGifh tkHU (rdk; ~) tkH;
txufwGif azmfjyxm;aom Bud,mpum;vkH;rsm;rSm þ pmtkyft&qdkaomf ta&
twGuf twefyif rsm;ygonf/ odkY&mwGif tbd"mefvGwf avhusifh ajymqdkvmEdkifap&ef
&nf½G,fí ,ckuJhodkY pkpnf; azmfjyay;xm;jcif; jzpfonf/ azmfjyyg jrefrmBud,m
pum;vkH;rsm;udk rdrdwdkY oufqdkif&m bmompum;jzifh bmomjyefqdk avhusifh&ef
jzpfonf/
51
tcef; 7
jrefrmemrftxl;jyKrsm;
7? 1/ jrefrmbmompum;wGif tif'dkOa&my bmompum;rsm;uJhodkY emrftxl;jyK
pum;vkH;ppfppf[lí r&Sday/ emrftxl;jyKrsm;jzpf&ef oufqdkif&memrfpum;vkH;ESifh
tjcm; pum;vkH;rsm;? pum;vkH;pkrsm;udk vdktyfovdk wGJqufay;&onf/ ,if;odkY
wGJquf&mwGif txl;jyK cH&rnfh emrf\ aemufrSvnf;aumif;? a&SUrSvnf;aumif;
wGJqufEdkifonf/
om"u-
yef;
rdef;r
vl
pmtkyf
um;
[laom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;udk tjyma&mif? vS? qdk;? xlxl? ukefwif [laom
pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh a&SUrS? aemufrS wGJqufay;Edkifonf/ ,if;odkY wGJqufvdkufjcif;jzifh
tjyma&mif yef;
rdef;r vS
vl qdk;
pmtkyf xlxl
ukefwif um;
[laom emrfyk'fpkrsm; jzpfvmonf/ þ wGif tjyma&mif (emrf)? vS(Bud,m)?
qdk;(Bud,m)? xlxl(ESpfxyfjyKBud,m)? ukefwif(aygif;pyfBud,m) [laom pum;vkH;wdkY
onf yef;? rdef;r? vl? pmtkyf? um; [laom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;udk txl;jyKay;aom
pum;vkH;rsm; jzpfvmMuonf/
52
,if;odkY pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh oufqdkif&memrfudk txl;jyKay;EdkifouJhodkY
Bud,mrsm;udk wJh(aom)? r,fh aemufqufrsm;ESifh wGJum oufqdkif&memrf\ a&SUrS
yl;wGJay;jcif;jzifh xdkoufqdkif&merfudk txl;jyKay;Edkifonf/
om"u-
yef;
rdef;r
vl
pmtkyf
um;
[laom emrfpum;vkH;rsm;udk jym? vS? qdk;? xl? ukefwif [laom Bud,mrsm;ü wJh? r,fh
[laom aemufqufrsm;qufum a&SUrS yl;wGJay;jcif;jzifh
jymwJh(aom)yef;
vSwJh(aom)rdef;r
qdk;r,fhvl
xlwJh(aom)pmtkyf
ukefwifr,fhum;
[laom emrfyk'fpkrsm; jzpfvmonf/ þ wGif jymwJh(aom)? vSwJh(aom)? qdk;r,fh?
xlwJh(aom)? ukefwifr,fh wdkYonf emrftxl;jyKyk'fpkrsm; jzpfonf/ þ odkYaom
emrftxl;jyKyk'fpkrsm;rSm oufqdkif&m txl;jyKcHemrf\ a&SUüom &Sd&ygonf/
7? 3/ Bud,mpum;vkH;rsm;udk a&SUquf ]]t}}udk qufay;jcif;jzifh Bud,memrf
&vmEdkifonf/
om"u-
a&SUquf Bud,m Bud,memrf
t jref tjref
53
t iSm; tiSm;
xdkemrfudk txl;jyKcHemrf\ a&SUwGif xm;jcif;jzifhvnf; emrftxl;jyK jzpfvmEdkifonf/
om"u-
tjrefum;
tiSm;,mOf
7? 4/ pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh emrfpum;vkH;rsm;udk txl;jyK&mwGif ar;cGef;pum;vkH;rsm;jzifh
vnf; txl;jyKEdkifonf/ tokH;jyKaom ar;cGef;pum;vkH;rSm ]bm} jzpfonf/
xdkpum;vkH;udk oufqdkif&m a,bk,semrfwpfckck\ a&SUwGif xm;í tar;0gus jyK
vkyfjcif;jzifh oufqdkif&memrfudk txl;jyKonfh emrftxl;jyKykHpH &vmonf/
om"u-
bmpmtkyf (ar;/ tJ'g bmpmtkyfvJ/^ ajz/ tJ'g t*Fvdyfpmtkyfyg/)
bmvlrsKd; (ar;/ tJ'g bmvlrsKd;vJ/^ ajz/ tJ'g jrefrmvlrsKd;yg/)
bmum; (ar;/ tJ'g bmum;vJ/^ ajz/ tJ'g *syefum;yg/ (*syefEdkifiHu
jyKvkyfaomum;)
þ wGif ]]bm}}[lonfh tar;pum;vkH;onf t"duemrfudk txl;jyKonfh emrf odkYr[kwf
emr0daooeyk'fpk (om"u- *syefEdkifiHu jyKvkyfaom)udk &nfnTef;ygonf/
7? 5/ emrfukd txl;jyKaom tar;pum; tjcm;wpfckrSm ]]b,f}} jzpfonf/ ]]b,f}}udk
tokH;jyKí emrftxl;jyK tjzpf tar;0gus jyKvkyf&müvnf; ]]bm}}uJhodkYyif oufqdkif&m
a,bk,semrfwpfckck\ a&SUwGif ]]b,f}}udk xm;í tar;0gus jyKvkyfjcif;jzifh
oufqdkif&memrfudk txl;jyKonfh emrftxl;jyKykHpH &vmonf/
54
om"u-
b,fpmtkyf (ar;/ b,fpmtkyfvJ/^ ajz/ t*Fvdyfpmtkyfyg/^ rSwfcsuf/
tjcm;bmompum;jzifh a&;xm;aom pmtkyfrsm; jzpfEdkifonf/)
b,fvl (ar;/ b,fvlvJ/^ ajz/ xdkifaewJh vlyg/ rSwfcsuf/ tjcm;vlrsm;rSm
rwfwyf&yfaumif; &yfaernf/)
b,fum; (ar;/ b,fum;vJ/^ ajz/ teDa&mifum;yg/^ rSwfcsuf/
tjcm;um;rsm;rSm tjcm;ta&mifrsm; jzpfEdkifonf/)
þ wGif tar;pum; ]]b,f}}onf oufqdkif&m t"duemrfudk txl;jyK&mü a½G;cs,f
txl;jyKonfh emrftxl;jyKykHpHjzpfonf/ ]]b,f}}onfvnf; ]]bm}}uJhodkYyif tajzü emrf
(om"u- t*Fvdyf) odkYr[kwf emr0daooeyk'fpk (om"u- xdkifaewJh)udk
&nfnTef;ygonf/
55
tcef; 8
jrefrm Bud,mtxl;jyKpum;vkH;rsm;
8? 1/ jrefrmbmompum;wGif Bud,mtxl;jyKpum;vkH;[lí oD;jcm; r&Sday/ rl&if;
Bud,mpum;vkH;udk ESpfxyfjyKí vnf;aumif;? Bud,mwGif aemufrS^ a&SUrS ypönf;
wpfckckudk qufí vnf;aumif; Bud,mtxl;jyKpum;vkH;rsm; jyKvkyfEdkifonf/
om"u-
Bud,m Bud,mtxl;jyK (ESpfxyfjyKBud,m)
jref jrefjref
Mum MumMum
pm;aomuf pm;pm;aomufaomuf
ajymqdk ajymajymqdkqdk
Bud,m ypönf; Bud,mtxl;jyK
vsifjref pGm vsifjrefpGm
vsifjref t tvsiftjref
xdkBud,mtxl;jyKrsm;udk tokH;jyKí atmufygtwdkif; Bud,mrsm;udk txl;jyKEdkifonf/
om"u-
jrefjref oGm;
MumMum tdyf
pm;pm;aomufaomuf vkyf
ajymajymqdkqdk ae
vsifjrefpGm a&;
tvsiftjref ajy;
56
8? 2/ ae&mjy? tcsdefjyypönf;rsm;udk qufxm;aom emrfyk'frsm;onfvnf; 0gus
twGif; Bud,mtxl;jyKwm0efudk xrf;aqmifwwfMuonf/
om"u-
raeYu vmw,f/
tdrfay:u Munfhw,f/
57
tcef; 9
jrefrm ypönf;pum;vkH;rsm;
9? 1/ jrefrm ypönf;pum;vkH;rsm;udk t"dutm;jzifh ESpfrsKd; cGJjcm;Edkifonf/ wpfrsKd;rSm
pum;vkH;zGJYykH&Sd ypönf;pum;vkH;trsKd;tpm; jzpfí usefwpfrsKd;rSm 0guszGJUykH&Sd ypönf;pum;
vkH;trsKd;tpm; jzpfonf/
9? 2/ pum;vkH;zGJYykH&Sd ypönf;pum;vkH;trsKd;tpm;rsm;wGif emrfajymif;ypönf;ESifh Bud,m
txl;jyKajymif;ypönf;[lí ESpfrsKd;awGUEdkifonf/
9? 3/ emrfajymif; ypönf;rsm;rSm ]]t? rI? jcif;? csuf? zG,f? p&m}}ponfwdkY jzpfonf/ xdk
ypönf;rsm;udk Bud,mESifh qufay;jcif;jzifh jrefrm emrfpum;vkH;rsm; &vmonf/ ]]t}}
wpfckwnf;udkom Bud,m\ a&SUu qufí usefypönf;rsm;udk Bud,m\ aemufu xm;
í quf&onf/
om"u-
]]t}} Bud,m emrf
t vkyf tvkyf
t jym tjym
t vGrf; tvGrf;
t usKd; tusKd;
58
Bud,m ypönf; emrf
ausmfMum; rI ausmfMum;rI
vGwfvyf jcif; vGwfvyfjcif;
tm;om csuf tm;omcsuf
aysmf&Tif zG,f aysmf&TifzG,f
ae p&m aep&m
9? 4/ Bud,mtxl;jyKajymif; ypönf;rsm;rSm a&SUquf ]]t}}vnf; jzpfEdkifonf/
Bud,mudk ]]t}} a&SUqufí jzpfvmaom emrfudk &Hcgü 0guswGif;&Sd oufqdkif&m
Bud,m\ a&SUwGif xm;jcif;jzifh xdkemrfonf xdk0gustwGif; Bud,mtxl;jyKwm0efudk
xrf;aqmifay;onf/
om"u-
tjref oGm;onf/
tiSm; armif;onf/
tjcm; Bud,mtxl;jyKajymif;ypönf;tjzpf okH;aom pum;vkH;rsm;rSm wpfvkH;wnf;
qufjcif;rsKd; r[kwfbJ ESpfvkH;tpkHvdkuf qufjcif;rsKd; jzpfonf/ ,if; Bud,mtxl;jyK
ajymif;ypönf;tpkHwdkYrSm ]]u – u – ? w – w – ? y – y---? A---A---? r---r – ? r –
w – ? t – t – ? t – w – ? c - c - ? p - p - ? Z – Z - ? ' – ' - ? e – e - ?
t - p - }} ponfwdkY jzpfonf/ ,if; Bud,mtxl;jyKajymif;ypönf;tpkHrsm;udk ESpfvkH;wGJ
Bud,mrsm;\ a&SUESifh Mum;wGif qufay;jcif;jzifh Bud,mtxl;jyKrsm; jzpfvmonf/
59
om"u-
Bud,m ypönf; Bud,mtxl;jyK
acsmfcRwf
wdrf;yg;
u – u – uacsmfucRwf
uwdrf;uyg;
uGJjym;
crf;em;?
w – w - wuGJwjym;
wcrf;wem;?
&rf;wm
vkwfavmif;
y – y –- y&rf;ywm
yvkwfyavmif;
½kef;&if;
avmif;vJ
A – A –- A½kef;A&if;
Aavmif;AvJ
a&&m
tyf&m
r – r – ra&r&m
rtyfr&m
cdkY½dkU
wefq
r – w – rcdkYw½dkU
rwefwq
BuHpnf
aESmifh,Suf
t – t – tBuHtpnf
taESmifht,Suf
yljyif;
a&m0if
t – w – tylwjyif;
ta&mw0if
aemfeJY c - c - caemfceJY
60
Edk;eJY cEdk;ceJY
Edk;aemifh p - p - pEdk;paemifh
Za0Z0g Z – Z - Za0Z0g
,D;,dkif
,drf;,dkif
' – ' - ',D;',dkif
',drf;',dkif
armfrJh e – e - earmferJh
½dk&J t - p z½dkz&J
9? 5/ 0guszGJU&mü tokH;jyKaom ypönf;rsmudk a,bk,stm;jzifh emrfypönf;ESifh Bud,m
ypönf;[lí ESpfrsKd; cGJjcm;Edkifonf/
9? 6/ 0guszGJU&mü tokH;jyKaom emrfypönf;rsm;rSm tajccHtm;jzifh uwåm;ypönf;?
uHypönf;ESifh tjznfhyk'fypönf; [lí 3 rsKd; &Sdonf/
9? 7/ uwåm;ypönf;rsm;rSm tajympum;wGif ]]u? [m}}wdkYudk okH;í
ta&;pum;wGif ]]onf? u? rSm? um;}}wdkYudk tokH;jyKonf/
om"u-
emrf (uwåm;) ypönf; tokH;jyKykH
tajympum; q&m u
[m
q&mu
q&m[m
61
emrf (uwåm;) ypönf; tokH;jyKykH(uwåm;yk'f)
ta&;pum; q&m onf
u
rSm
um;
q&monf
q&mu
q&mrSm
q&mum;
9? 8/ uHypönf;rSm tajympum;ESifh ta&;pum; ESpfckvkH;wGif ]]udk}}udk tokH;jyK onf/
om"u-
emrf (uH) ypönf; tokH;jyKykH(uHyk'f)
tajym^ta&;pum; q&m
ausmif;
tdrf
aq;½kH
udk
q&mhudk
ausmif;udk
tdrfudk
aq;½kHudk
9? 9/ tjznfhyk'fqdkonfrSm jrefrm0gustwGif; t"duemrfESifh t"duBud,m
wdkY\ qufpyfí 0guszGJU&mü t"dyÜm,ft& jznfhpGufay;&aomyk'f jzpfonf/
tjznfhyk'frsm;onf emrfyk'frsm;aomfvnf;aumif; 0guscGJrsm;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEdkif
rSwfcsuf/ / vlyk*¾dKvfwdkY\ trnf^tac:ta0:rsm;ESifh uHyk'fypönf; ]]udk}}udk wGJpyf
ajymqdk&mwGif xdk vlyk*¾dKvfwdkY\ trnf^tac:ta0:rsm;wGif ]] –m ? a- ? –drf ? –kH }} ponfh
oHajyo&rsm;jzifh tqkH;owfygu xdkoHajyo&wGif ]]atmufujrpf ( -h ) udk xnfhí ajymqdkavh
&Sdonf/
62
onf/ xdkYaMumifh tjznfhyk'fypönf;qdkonfrSm xdkyk'fwdkY\ aemufqufypönf;rsm;
jzpfonf/ emrfyk'frsm;rSm rsm;aomtm;jzifh ae&mjyyk'frsm;? tcsdefjyyk'frsm;? taMumif;jy
yk'frsm; ponfwdkYonf tjznfhyk'frsm; jzpfMuonf/ tjznfh0guscGJrsm;rSm taMumif;jy
0guscGJykHpHESifh txl;jyK0guscGJykHpHwdkY jzpfonf/ þ tjznfhyk'fypönf;rsm;\ om"ursm;udkrl
þ ae&mwGif rjyawmhyg/ tcef; 14 jrefrm0guswnfaqmufrItajccHykHoP²mefrsm;
a&mufrS wpfygwnf; jyxm;rnf/
9? 10/ 0guszGJU&mü tokH;jyKaom ypönf;rsm;rSm emrftxl;jyKyk'fajymif;ypönf;? Bud,m
txl;jyKyk'fajymif;ypönf;ESifh Bud,myk'fypönf;[lí 3 rsKd; &Sdonf/ emrftxl;jyKyk'f
ajymif;ypönf;qdk&mwGif emrftxl;jyKpum;vkH;tqifh r[kwfawmhbJ 0guszGJU&mü emrf
txl;jyKyk'f\ aemufquftjzpf tokH;jyKaom ypönf;rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ xdkYtwl
Bud,mtxl;jyKyk'fajymif;ypönf; qdkonfrSmvnf; Bud,mtxl;jyKpum;vkH;tqifh
r[kwfawmhbJ 0guszGJU&mü Bud,mtxl;jyKyk'f\ aemufquftjzpf tokH;jyKaom
ypönf;rsm;udk qdkvdkonf/ Bud,myk'fypönf;qdkonfrSmrl 0guswpfck&Sd t"du
Bud,myk'f\ aemufqufypönf;udk qdkvdkygonf/ ,if;wdkY\ om"ursm;udkvnf; tcef;
14 jrefrm 0guswnfaqmufrItajccHykHoP²mefrsm; a&mufrS wpfygwnf; jyxm;rnf/
63
tcef; 10
pum;qufrsm;
10? 1/ jrefrmpum;udk ajymqdk&mwGif pum;tquftpyftwGif; tokH;jyKaom
pum;qufykHpHrsm; &Sdonf/ ,if;wdkYudk tajymESifh ta&; ESpfrsKd; ,SofwGJjyxm;onf/
om"u-
tajym ta&;
'gayr,fh odkYayr,fh EdkYayr,fh odkYaomf odkY&mwGif^ odkYaomfvnf;
uRefawmf Adkufrqmbl;/ 'gayr,fh
xrif;pm;r,f/
uRefawmf Adkufrqmyg/ odkYaomf xrif;pm;
rnf/
'gaMumifh xdkYaMumifh odkYjzpfí
ol &efukefudk ra&mufzl;bl;/ 'gaMumifh
vrf; rodbl;/
ol &efukefudk ra&mufzl;yg/ xdkYaMumifh
vrf; rodyg/
'ghtjyif^ 'djyif ('gtjyif^'Dtjyif) xdkYtjyif^ xdkUjyif
rEÅav;udk oGm;r,f/ 'ghtjyif awmifBuD;
vnf; oGm;OD;r,f/
rEÅav;udk oGm;rnf/ xdkYtjyif awmifBuD;
vnf; oGm;OD;rnf/
r[kwf&if r--Bud,m--ygu
araru olUudk cspfw,f/ r[kwf&if
olUudk ½dkufrSmaygh/
araru olUudk cspfonf/ rcspfygu olUudk
½dkufvdrfhrnf/
ayr,fh aomfvnf;
azaz ajymayr,fh ol em;raxmifbl;/ azaz ajymaomfvnf; ol em;raxmifyg/
64
&if vQif
q&m ajym&if aumif;r,f/ q&m ajymvQif aumif;rnf/
rS rS
q&mr vmrS pma&;w,f/ q&mr vmrS pma&;onf/
r--Bud,m--bJ r--Bud,m--bJ
ausmif;roGm;bJ upm;aew,f/ ausmif;roGm;bJ upm;aeonf/
r--Bud,m--cif r--Bud,m--cif
&efukefudk rajymif;cif jynfrSm aecJhw,f/ &efukefudk rajymif;cif jynfrSm aecJhonf/
atmif atmif
vlawG odatmif ajymxm;NyD/ vlawG odatmif ajymxm;NyD/
vdkY í
rdk;½GmvddkY zm;atmfw,f/ rdk;½Gmí zm;atmfonf/
zdkY rvdkY &ef^ &eftvdkYiSm
oli,fcsif;eJY awGUzdkY csdef;xm;w,f/ oli,fcsif;eJY awGU&ef csdef;xm;onf/
65
tcef; 11
jrefrm0gusrsm; 1
11? 1/ jrefrm0gusykHpHonf ]]emrf+Bud,m}}ykHpH jzpfonf/
om"u-
udkudk oGm;w,f/
uav; idkw,f/
arar vmNyD/
azaz pm;r,f/
rr rajymbl;/
11? 2/ qufvufí jrefrm0gusrsm;udk jy&mü tar;tajz0gusrsm;jzifh jyxm;onfudk
awGU&rnf/ awGY&rnfh tajccH tar;ykHpHrsm;rSm atmufygtwdkif; jzpfonf/ a&S;OD;pGm
tar;pum;vkH; ]]bm}} udk tokH;jyKí ar;onfh tar;udk jyefvnf ajyqdkonfh azmfjy
csuf tajzykHpHrsm;udk wifjyxm;onf/
(1) bmvJ/
(2) 'g^'D[m bmvJ/
(3) tJ'g^tJ'D[m bmvJ/
(4) [dk[m^[dku[m bmvJ/
(5) (cifAsm;^ol) bm vkyfvJ^ovJ/
(6) (cifAsm;^ol) bm vkyfrvJ^rSmvJ/
(7) (cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY pm;ovJ^rvJ/
66
11? 3/ ]]bmvJ}} [laom ar;cGef;twGuf emrfwpfckckudk ]yg}[laom tqufypönf;jzifh
aemufrS qufay;jcif;jzifh vdktyfaom tajzykHpH 0guswpfck &vmonf/ ,if;0gusykHpH
udk [lí jyEdkifonf/
om"u-
ar;/ bmvJ/
ajz/ pmtkyfyg/
cJwHyg/
um;yg/
puúLyg/
tdrfyg/
11? 4/ ]]'g^'D[m bmvJ]] [laom ar;cGef;twGuf emrfwpfckckudk a&SUrS
ar;cGef;yg ]'g^'D[m} udk xm;um? aemufrS ]yg} [laom tqufypönf;jzifh
qufay;jcif;jzifh vdktyf aom tajzykHpH 0guswpfck &vmonf/ ,if;0gusykHpH udk
[lí jyEdkifonf/
om"u-
ar;/ 'g^'D[m bmvJ/
ajz/ 'g^'D[m pmtkyfyg/
'g^'D[m cJwHyg/
'g^'D[m um;yg/
'g^'D[m puúLyg/
'g^'D[m tdrfyg/
emrf + yg
'g^'D[m + emrf + yg
67
11? 5/ ]]tJ'g^tJ'D[m bmvJ]] [laom ar;cGef;twGuf emrfwpfckckudk a&SUrS
ar;cGef;yg ]tJ'g^tJ'D[m} udk xm;um? aemufrS ]yg} [laom tqufypönf;jzifh
qufay;jcif;jzifh vdktyf aom tajzykHpH 0guswpfck &vmonf/ ,if;0gusykHpH udk
[lí jyEdkifonf/
om"u-
ar;/ tJ'g^tJ'D[m bmvJ/
ajz/ tJ'g^tJ'D[m pmtkyfyg/
tJ'g^tJ'D[m cJwHyg/
tJ'g^tJ'D[m um;yg/
tJ'g^tJ'D[m puúLyg/
tJ'g^tJ'D[m tdrfyg/
11? 6/ ]][dk[m^[dku[m bmvJ]] [laom ar;cGef;twGuf emrfwpfckckudk a&SUrS
ar;cGef;yg ][dk[m^[dku[m} udk xm;um? aemufrS ]yg} [laom tqufypönf;jzifh
qufay;jcif;jzifh vdktyfaom tajzykHpH 0guswpfck &vmonf/ ,if;0gusykHpH udk
[lí jyEdkifonf/
om"u-
ar;/ [dk[m^[dku[m bmvJ/
ajz/ [dk[m^[dku[m ausmif;yg/
[dk[m^[dku[m wHwm;yg/
[dk[m^[dku[m aps;yg/
[dk[m^[dku[m rD;yGdKifhyg/
[dk[m^[dku[m opfyifyg/
[dk[m^[dku[m + emrf + yg
tJ'g^tJ'D[m + emrf + yg
68
11? 7/ ]] (cifAsm;^ol) bmvkyfvJ^ovJ}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol
\ tvkyfudk ar;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tar;cH&olonf ajzqdkol ukd,fwdkif
aomfvnf;aumif;? tjcm;wpfOD;OD;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh þ
ar;cGef;udk ajzqdk&mwGif rdrdtwGufqdkygu qDavsmf&m emrfpm;udk tokH;jyK&rnf/
tjcm;oltwGuf qdkygu ol odkYr[kwf xdkol\emrnftokH;jyKí ajymEdkifonf/
xdkYaMumifh þ ar;cGef;twGuf tajz 0gusykHpHudk
[lí jyEdkifonf/
om"u-
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bm vkyfvJ^ovJ/
ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) ausmif;q&myg/
(uRefawmf^ol) q&m0efyg/
(uRefawmf^ol) pma&;yg/
(uRefawmf^ol) ½kyf&Sifrif;om;yg/
(uRefawmf^ol) tqdkawmfyg/
11? 8/ ]](cifAsm;^ol) bm vkyfrvJ^rSmvJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol
\ tvkyfudk ar;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tar;cH&olonf ajzqdkol ukd,fwdkif
aomfvnf;aumif;? tjcm;wpfOD;OD;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh þ
ar;cGef;udk ajzqdk&mwGif rdrdtwGufqdkygu qDavsmf&m emrfpm;udk tokH;jyK&rnf/
tjcm;oltwGuf qdkygu ol odkYr[kwf xdkol\emrnftokH;jyKí ajymEdkifonf/
xdkYaMumifh þ ar;cGef;twGuf tajz 0gusykHpHudk
[lí jyEdkifonf/ þ tajzykHpHwGif yg0ifaom Bud,mtwGuf ar;cGef;wGif yg0ifonfh
Bud,mudkyif jyefí tokH;jyK&onf/
uRefawmf^ol + emrf + yg
uRefawmf^ol + emrf + Bud,m + r,f^rSm
69
om"u-
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bm vkyfrvJ/
ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) ausmif;q&m vkyfr,f/
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bm pm;rSmvJ/
ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) xrif; pm;rSm/
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bm MunfhrvJ/
ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) ½kyf&Sif Munfhr,f/
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bm zwfrSmvJ/
ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) uAsm zwfrSm/
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bm aMumfrvJ/
ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) 0ufom; aMumfr,f/
11? 9/ ]](cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY pm;ovJ^rvJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol
twGuf wpfpkHwpf&mudk jyKvkyf&mü rnfhonfht&m(emrf)udk tokH;jyKonfudk odvdkí
ar;jcif;jzpfonf/ xdkYaMumifh tar;cH&olonf ajzqdkol ukd,fwdkif aomfvnf;aumif;?
tjcm;wpfOD;OD;aomfvnf;aumif; jzpfEdkifonf/ þ ar;cGef;udk ajzqdk&mwGif rdrdtwGuf
qdkygu qDavsmf&m emrfpm;udk tokH;jyK&rnf/ tjcm;oltwGuf qdkygu ol odkYr[kwf
xdkol\emrnftokH;jyKí ajymEdkifonf/ þ ar;cGef;udk ajzqdk&mwGif ta&;BuD;aom
tcsufrSm ]eJY] [lonfh pum;vkH;udk rdrdajzqdkonfh emrfESifh uyfxm;&efjzpfonf/
xdkYaMumifh tajz0gusykHpHudk
[lí jyEdkifonf/ þ tajzykHpHwGif yg0ifaom Bud,mtwGuf ar;cGef;wGif yg0ifonfh
Bud,mudkyif jyefí tokH;jyK&onf/
om"u-
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY pm;ovJ/
ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) uifcsDeJY pm;w,f/
uRefawmf^ol + emrf + eJY + Bud,m + w,f^r,f
70
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY oGm;rvJ/
ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) bwfpum;eJY oGm;r,f/
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY ydkYovJ/
ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) tD;ar;eJY ydkYw,f/
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY tdyfrvJ/
ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) ukwifeJY tdyfr,f/
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY azsmfovJ/
ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) EdkYqDeJY azsmfw,f/
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY ½dkufovJ/
ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) wkwfeJY ½dkufw,f/
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) bmeJY jyefrvJ/
ajz/ (uRefawmf^ol) wuúpDeJY jyefr,f/
71
tcef; 12
jrefrm0gusrsm; 2
12? 1/ qufvufí tar;pum;vkH; ]]b,f}} udk tokH;jyKí ar;onfh tar;udk
jyefvnf ajyqdkonfh azmfjycsuf tajzykHpHrsm;udk wifjyxm;onf/
(1) (cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/
(2) b,f^b,fudk vJ/
(3) b,fu vJ/
(4) b,frSm^b,fr vJ/
(5) b,fawmh vJ/
(6) b,fwkef;u vJ/
(7) b,favmuf vJ/
12? 2/ ]](cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol\ emrnf
odkYr[kwf tvkyftudkif odkYr[kwf vlrsKd; ponfudk odkvdkí ar;onfh ar;cGef; jzpfonf/
xdkar;cGef;twGuf tajzykHpHrSm
[lonfh 0gusykHpH jzpfonf/
om"u-
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/
ajz/ uRefawmf udkatmifaqG yg/
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/
ajz/ ol udkydkifZ yg/
(uRefawmf^ol) + emrf(emrnf^tvkyftudkif vlrsKd;) + yg
72
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/
ajz/ ol roEÅm yg/
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/
ajz/ ol udk&D;,m;vlrsKd; yg/
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/
ajz/ uRefawmf ausmif;om; yg/
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/
ajz/ ol pma&;q&m yg/
ar;/ (cifAsm;^ol) b,fol vJ/
ajz/ ol tar&duefvlrsKd; q&m0ef yg/
12? 3/ ]]b,f^b,fudk vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol OD;wnfoGm;onfh
ae&mudk odvdkí ar;onfh ar;cGef; jzpfonf/ xdkar;cGef;twGuf tajzykHpHrSm
[lí jzpfonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyKypönf; ]yg} udk xnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ rxnfhvQif
vnf; &onf/
om"u-
ar;/ b,f^b,fudk vJ/
ajz/ ausmif; udk (yg)/
aps; udk (yg)/
tdrf udk (yg)/
aq;½kH udk (yg)/
½kyf&Sif½kH udk (yg)/
pmMunfhwdkuf udk (yg)/
pm;aomufqdkif udk (yg)/
emrf (ae&m) + udk ± (yg)
73
12? 4/ ]]b,fu vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol xGufcGmvm&m ae&m
odkYr[kwf aexdkif&mae&m^t&yfa'o^EdkifiH ponfudk odvdkí ar;onfh ar;cGef; jzpf
onf/ xdkar;cGef;twGuf tajzykHpHrSm
[lí jzpfonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyKypönf; ]yg} udk xnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ rxnfhvQif
vnf; &onf/
om"u-
ar;/ ar;/ b,fu vJ/
ajz/ ausmif; u (yg)/
aq;½kH u (yg)/
av,mOfuGif; u (yg)/
NrdKUxJ u (yg)/
EdkifiHjcm; u (yg)/
&efuif; u (yg)/
udk&D;,m; u (yg)/
jrefrmjynf u (yg)/
&Srf;jynf u (yg)/
&cdkif u (yg)/
12? 5/ ]]b,frSm^b,fr vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol odEdkifonfh oufrJh
odkYr[kwf ouf&Sdt&mwpfckck &Sdaeonfh ae&m odkYr[kwf aexdkif&mae&m^ t&yf
a'o^ EdkifiH ponfudk odvdkí ar;onfh ar;cGef; jzpf onf/ xdkar;cGef;twGuf
tajzykHpHrSm
emrf (ae&m) + u ± (yg)
emrf (ae&m) + rSm ± (yg)
74
[lí jzpfonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyKypönf; ]yg} udk xnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ rxnfhvQif
vnf; &onf/
om"u-
ar;/ b,frSm^b,fr vJ/
ajz/ ausmif; rSm (yg)/
aq;½kH rSm (yg)/
av,mOfuGif; rSm (yg)/
NrdKUxJ rSm (yg)/
EdkifiHjcm; rSm (yg)/
&efuif; rSm (yg)/
udk&D;,m; rSm (yg)/
jrefrmjynf rSm (yg)/
&Srf;jynf rSm (yg)/
&cdkif rSm (yg)/
12? 6/ ]]b,fawmh vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol odEdkifonfh aemufrS
a&mufvmrnfh tcsdef
1
udk odvdkí ar;onfh ar;cGef; jzpf onf/ xdkar;cGef;udk ajzqdk
&mü vdktyfygu tcsdefem&D aeY^&ufpGJ ponfwdkYudkyg xnfhoGif; ajzqdkEdkifonf/
xdkar;cGef;twGuf tajzykHpHrSm
[lí jzpfonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyKypönf; ]yg} udk xnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ rxnfhvQif
vnf; &onf/
1
tcsdefjyemrfrsm;onf wpfckxufydkí jzpfEdkifonf/ ,if;udk 0gusykHpH jy&mü (tcsdef)
e
[lí
jyxm;onf/
emrf (tcsdef)
e
± (tcsdefem&D) ± (yg)
75
om"u-
ar;/ b,fawmh vJ/
ajz/ reufjzef (yg)/
reufjzef reuf (yg)/
reufjzef nae (yg)/
reufjzef aeYv,f (yg)/
reufjzef nae 3-em&D (yg)/
aemufv 15&ufaeY aeYv,f 12-em&D (yg)/
aemufESpf 'DZifbmv (yg)/
2007-ckESpf pufwifbm 1-&ufaeY (yg)/
12? 7/ ]]b,fwkef;u vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf tar;cH&ol odEdkifonfh ,cifu
tcsdef udk odvdkí ar;onfh ar;cGef; jzpf onf/ xdkar;cGef;udk ajzqdk &mü vdktyfygu
tcsdefem&D aeY^&ufpGJ ponfwdkYudkyg xnfhoGif; ajzqdkEdkifonf/ tcsdefjyemrfwdkY
\ aemufwGif ,cifujzpfysufcJhaMumif;jyypönf; odkYr[kwf twdwfjyemrf
ypönf; ]]u}}udk xnfh&onf/ tcsdefjyemrfrsm; wpfckxufydkygu tav;teufjyKvdk
aom twdwfjyemrf\ aemufwGif xdk ypönf; ]]u}}udk xnfh&onf/ tjcm;emrfwdkY
\ aemufwGif xdkypönf; ]]u}}udk rxnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ aemufqkH;emrf\ aemuf
wGif &Hcg ]]u}} tpm; ]]rS}} udk tcsdefjyypönf; tjzpf xnfhEdkifonf/ xdkar;cGef;twGuf
tajzykHpHrSm
[lí jzpfonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyKypönf; ]yg} udk xnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ rxnfhvQif
vnf; &onf/
om"u-
ar;/ b,fwkef;u vJ/
ajz/ raeYu (yg)/
emrf (tcsdef)
e
+ u ± (tcsdefem&D)+ u^rSm ± (yg)
76
raeY reufu (yg)/
wpfaeYu (yg)/
raeYu aeYv,f 1-em&Du (yg)/
rESpfu pufwifbmrSm (yg)/
rESpfu Mo*kwfv 30-&ufaeYu (yg)/
2000-jynfhESpf atmufwdkbmvu (yg)/
12? 8/ ]]b,favmuf vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;onf ta&twGuf yrmPudk odvdkí
ar;onfh ar;cGef; jzpfonf/ xdkar;cGef;udk ajzqdk &mü oufqdkif&memrfESifh qDavsmfaom
rsKd;jypum;vkH;udk emrfaemufu aomfvnf;aumif;? emrfa&SUu aomf vnf;aumif;
xnfhí ajzqdkEdkifonf/ xdkar;cGef;twGuf tajzykHpHrSm
[lí jzpfonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyKypönf; ]yg} udk xnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ rxnfhvQif
vnf; &onf/
om"u-
ar;/ b,favmuf vJ/
ajz/ (vl) 3 a,muf yg/
(wd&pämef) 5 aumif yg/
(cJwH^aywH^abmyif) tacsmif; 20 yg/
(abmvkH;^pm;yGJ^xdkifckH) tvkH; 50 yg/
(ydkufqH) 5 odef; ($) yg/
emrf + rsKd;jy ± (yg)
77
tcef; 13
jrefrm0gusrsm; 3
13? 1/ þ tcef;wGif tar;pum;vkH; ]]bm}} udk tokH;jyKí ar;aom wdk;csJUar;cGef;ykHpH
ESifh tajzykHpH 0gusrsm;udk wifjyxm;onf/ tokH;rsm;aom 0gusykHpHrsm;udk azmfjy
vdkufonf/
(1) bmjzpfvdkY vJ/^ bmjzpfvdkY vmwm vJ/
(2) bmaMumifh vJ/^ bmaMumifh awGUwm vJ/
(3) bmtwGufaMumifh vJ/^ bmtwGufaMumifh ajymwmvJ/
bmvkyfzdkYaMumifh vJ/^ bmvkyfzdkYaMumifh ajymwmvJ/
(4) bmjzpf&if vJ/^ bmjzpf&if vkyfrvJ/
(5) bmudk od&rS vJ/^ bmudk od&rS vkyfrSmvJ/
(6) bmu olUudk taESmuft,Suf ay;aewmvJ/
(7) bmu ydkvS ovJ/
(8) bmeJY a&;&if ydkaumif; rvJ/
(9) bmudk pm;&if ydkoifhawmf rvJ/
þ ykHpHtcsKdUonf jrefrmbmompum;&Sd aeYpOfajymqdkrIe,fy,fwGif tokH;rsm;&m ykHtcsKdU
om jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif þ 0gusykHpHrsm;udk tokH;jyKþ ar;jref;jcif; ajzqdkjcif;rsm;
jyKwwfygu usef0gusykHpHrsm;udk qufvufavhvm&mü vG,fulpGm csOf;uyf wwf
ajrmufEdkifayvdrfhrnf/
13? 2/ ]]bmjzpfvdkY vJ/^ bmjzpfvdkY vmwm vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;ykHpHonf ar;cGef;yg
t"du Bud,m (vm) udk jyKvkyf&onfh taMumif; odvdkí ar;jref;jcif; jzpfonf/
taMumif;jy&efrSm ykHpHrsKd;pkH jzpfEdkifonf/ t"duusaom taMumif;jyykHpHtcsKdUudk xkwfjy
xm;onf/
78
Bud,m + csif + vdkY
Bud,m + vdkY
Bud,m + atmif ± vdkY
tqdkyg taMumif;jyykHpHrsm;aemufrS ar;cGef;yg Bud,mudk qufpyfay;jcif;jzifh
vdktyfaom tajzudk &&SdEdkifonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyK ypönf; ]]yg}} udk xnfhvQifvnf;
&onf/ rxnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ xdktcg vdktyfaom tajz0gusykHpHudk
[lí jyEdkifonf/
om"u-
ar;/ bmjzpfvdkY vJ/
ajz/ aeylvdkY/
ar;/ bmjzpfvdkY vmwm vJ/
ajz/ awGYcsifvdkYvmwmyg/
ar;/ bmjzpfvdkY pm;wmvJ/
ajz/ AdkufqmvdkY pm;wmyg/
ar;/ bmjzpfvdkY oGm;rSmvJ/
ajz/ a&mufzl;atmif(vdkY) oGm;rSmyg/
ar;/ bmvdkY MunfhwmvJ/
ajz/ vSvdkY Munfhwmyg/
taMumif;jyyk'f + Bud,m ± yg
79
13? 3/ ]] bmaMumifh vJ/^ bmaMumifh awGUwm vJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;ykHpHonf
ar;cGef;yg t"du Bud,m (awGU) udk jyKvkyf&onfh taMumif; odvdkí ar;jref;jcif;
jzpfonf/ taMumif;jy&efrSm ykHpHrsKd;pkH jzpfEdkifonf/ t"duusaom taMumif;jyykHpH
tcsKdUudk xkwfjy xm;onf/
Bud,m + csif + vdkY
Bud,m + vdkY
Bud,m + atmif ± vdkY
tqdkyg taMumif;jyykHpHrsm;aemufrS ar;cGef;yg Bud,mudk qufpyfay;jcif;jzifh
vdktyfaom tajzudk &&SdEdkifonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyK ypönf; ]]yg}} udk xnfhvQifvnf;
&onf/ rxnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ xdktcg vdktyfaom tajz0gusykHpHudk
[lí jyEdkifonf/ (15? 2/ yg ykHpHESifhtwlwl jzpfygonf/)
13? 4/ ]] bmtwGufaMumifh vJ/^ bmtwGufaMumifh ajymwmvJ/}} [laom
ar;cGef;ykHpHonf ar;cGef;yg t"du Bud,m (ajym) udk jyKvkyf&onfh taMumif; odvdkí
ar;jref;jcif; jzpfonf/ taMumif;jy&efrSm ykHpHrsKd;pkH jzpfEdkifonf/ ]]bmvkyfzdkYaMumifh vJ/^
bmvkyfzdkYaMumifh ajymwmvJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;ykHpHonf ar;cGef;yg t"du Bud,m
(ajym) udk jyKvkyf&onfh taMumif; odvdkí ar;jref;jcif; jzpfonf/
taMumif;jy&mwGifrl ]]bmvkyfzdkY}} [lí ar;xm;onfhtwGuf rdrdjyKvkyfcsifonfh
Bud,mudk ]]zdkY}} ESifh wGJay;&aom taMumif;jyykHpHrsKd;pkH jzpfEdkifonf/ t"duusaom
taMumif;jyykHpH tcsKdUudk xkwfjy xm;onf/
Bud,m + csif + vdkY
Bud,m + vdkY
Bud,m + atmif ± vdkY
taMumif;jyyk'f + Bud,m ± yg
80
Bud,m + zdkY
]]Bud,m + vdkYaMumifh}}
tqdkyg taMumif;jyykHpHrsm;aemufrS ar;cGef;yg Bud,mudk qufpyfay;jcif;jzifh
vdktyfaom tajzudk &&SdEdkifonf/ Bud,myk'ftxl;jyK ypönf; ]]yg}} udk xnfhvQifvnf;
&onf/ rxnfhvQifvnf; &onf/ xdktcg vdktyfaom tajz0gusykHpHudk
[lí jyEdkifonf/ þ wGif ]]Bud,m + zdkY}} ESifh ]]Bud,m + vdkYaMumifh}} taMumif;jyykHpHjzifh
ajzqdkaom tajzykHpHrsm;udkom Oyrm jyxm;onf/ ]]Bud,m + vdkYaMumifh}} ykHpH
wGif ]]aMumifh}}udk csefvSyfí vnf; ajymEdkifonf/ usefykHpHrsm;rSm (15? 2/)yg ykHpHrsm;ESifh
twlwlyif jzpfonf/
om"u-
ar;/ bmvkyfzdkYaMumifhvJ/ bmvkyfzdkYaMumifh ajymwmvJ/
ajz/ aecsifvdkY ajymwm/
ar;/ bmvkyfzdkYaMumifh ar;wmvJ/
ajz/ odcsifvdkYaMumifh ar;wmyg/
ar;/ bmvkyfzdkYaMumifh vmwmvJ/
ajz/ pm;zdkY vmwmyg/
ar;/ bmvkyfzdkY oGm;rSmvJ/
ajz/ awGUzdkY oGm;rSmyg/
ar;/ bmvkyfzdkY awGUwmvJ/
ajz/ pum;ajymzdkY awGUwmyg/
taMumif;jyyk'f + Bud,m ± yg
81
13? 5/ ]]bmjzpf&if vJ/^ bmjzpf&if vkyfrvJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;ykHpHonf ar;cGef;yg
t"duBud,m(vkyf) udk jyKvkyf&ef arQmfrSef;csuftaMumif; odvdkí ar;jref;jcif; jzpf
onf/ arQmfrSef;csuftaMumif;onf ykHpHrsKd;pkH jzpfEdkifonf/ arQmfrSef;csuftaMumif;jyykHpH
tcsKdUudk xkwfjyxm;onf/ arQmfrSef;csufykHpHudk
[lí jyEdkifonf/ ,ifarQmfrSef;csufudk ar;cGef;yg t"duBud,mESifhwGJí 0gustqkH;owf
ypönf; ]r,f}ESifh tqkH;owfay;&onf/ odkY&mwGif ,wdjywfaom arQmfrSef;csuftwGufrl
wpfcgwpf&Hü ]w,f}jzifhvnf; tqkH;owfEdkifonf/ ('kwd, tar;-tajz udk Munfhyg/)
om"u-
ar;/ bmjzpf&if vJ/^ bmjzpf&if vkyfrvJ/
ajz/ q&m0efjzpf&if/^ q&m0efjzpf&if vkyfr,f/
ar;/ bmjzpf&if auseyfrvJ/
ajz/ tif*sifeD,mjzpf&if auseyfr,f^w,f/
ar;/ bmjzpf&if ar;rvJ/
ajz/ oGm;jzpf&if ar;r,f/
ar;/ bmjzpf&if BudKufrvJ/
ajz/ aumif;&if BudKufr,f/
13? 6/ ]]bmudk od&rS vJ/^ bmudk od&rS vkyfrSmvJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;ykHpHonf
ar;cGef;yg t"duBud,m(vkyf) udk jyKvkyf&ef odvdkonfh ueOD;qEudk odvdkí ar;jref;
jcif; jzpfonf/ ,if;odvdkonfh ueOD;qEonf txl;ojzifh emrfykHpH jzpfaeaom yk'f
wpfck jzpfEdkifonf/ ,if;emrfykHpHyk'fwGif tenf;qkH; emrf odkYr[kwf Bud,mwpfck
yg&onf/ Bud,m ygygu ,if;Bud,mudk emrfyk'fajymif;ypönf; ]wm^rSm} ESifhwGJí
emrfyk'ftrSwftom;jy0guszGJUypönf; ]udk} ESifh wGJay;&onf/ ,if;ykHpHudk
emrf Bud,m+ jzpf&if
(Bud,m+ wm^rSm)^emrf + udk
82
[lí jyEdkifonf/ xdkYaMumifh tqdkyg ar;cGef;\ tajz0gusykHpHrSm
[lí jzpfonf/
om"u-
ar;/ bmudk od&rS vJ/^ bmudk od&rS vkyfrSmvJ/
ajz/ ajymwm od&rS/^ ajymwm od&rS vkyfr,f/
ar;/ bmudk od&rS auseyfrvJ/
ajz/ atmifwm od&rS auseyfr,f/
ar;/ bmudk od&rS jyefrvJ/
ajz/ tajzudk od&rS jyefr,f/
ar;/ bmudk od&rS ay;rvJ/
ajz/ ar;wmudk od&rS ay;r,f/
13? 7/ ]]bmu olUudk taESmuft,Suf ay;aewmvJ/}}? ]]bmu ydkvSovJ/}}? ]]bmeJY
a&;&if ydkaumif;rvJ/}}? ]]bmudk pm;&if ydkoifhawmfrvJ/}} [laom ar;cGef;rsm;wGif
yg&Sdaom ]]bm}}onf emrfwpfckckudk awmif;qdkaom tar;pum; jzpfonfudk owdjyKrd
ygu vdktyfaom emrfudk tajzay;í ar;cGef;ykHpHudk tajzykHpHodkY ajymif;vJvdkuf½kHom
&Sdawmhonf/
om"u-
ar;/ bmu olUudk taESmuft,Suf ay;aewmvJ/
ajz/ pmar;yGJu olUudk taESmuft,Suf ay;aewm/
ar;/ bmu ydkvSovJ/
ajz/ ESif;qDyef;u ydkvSw,f/
ueOD;qE + od&rS + vkyfr,f
83
ar;/ bmeJY a&;&if ydkaumif;rvJ/
ajz/ cJwHeJY a&;&if ydkaumif;r,f/
ar;/ bmudk pm;&if ydkoifhawmfrvJ/
ajz/ toD;tt½Gufudk pm;&if ydkoifhawmfr,f/
þ ar;cGef;ESifh tajzrsm;udk avhvmMunfhjcif;jcifh ,if;ar;cGef;rsm;yg ]]bm}}[laom
tar;pum;onf t&m0w¬KESifh oufrJhemrfrsm;udk awmif;qdkaMumif; owdjyK&rnfjzpf
onf/
84
tcef; 14
jrefrm0guswnfaqmufrI tajccHykHoP²mefrsm;
14? 1/ jrefrm0guswnfaqmufrItajccHykHoP²mefrsm;udk 0gusykHoP²mef (1)? 0gus
ykHoP²mef (2) ponfjzifh azmfjyxm;onf/ ,ckazmfjyxm;aom 0gusykHoP²mefrsm;rSm
tajccHykHoP²mefrsm;om jzpfonf/ þ tajccH0gusykHoP²mefrsm;udk rsm;rsm;avhusifhNyD;
ygu wdk;csJU0gusykHoP²mefrsm;udk rdrdbmom wnfaqmufvmEdkifvdrfhrnf/
0gusykHoP²mef 1
emrf (yk*¾vemrfpm;) emrf (trnf^
tqifh^trsKd;tpm; )
ypönf; (Bud,myk'ftxl;jyK)
uRefawmf udkav; yg/
1
ol q&m yg/
'g pmtkyf yg/
0gusykHoP²mef 2
pum;quf
(tnTef;)
emrf (emrfpm;) emrf (trnf^
tqifh^trsKd;tpm; )
ypönf;
(Bud,myk'ftxl;jyK)
'D [m pmtkyf yg/
tJ 'g q&m yg/
[dk [m um; yg/
1 rSwfcsuf/ / ]]yg}} onf Bud,myk'ftxl;jyKypönf; jzpfaomfvnf; wpfpkHwpfckonf wpfpkHwpfck
aom trnfjzpfaMumif; jyonfh tqdkyg ykHoP²mef (1) 0guswnfaqmufrIykHHoP²mefwGif 0gus
tqkH;ü 0gustqkH;owfypönf;tjzpf &SdaeEdkifonf/
85
0gusykHoP²mef 3
pum;quf
(tnTef;)
ypönf;
(ae&mjy)
emrf (trnf^
tqifh^trsKd;tpm; )
ypönf;
(Bud,myk'ftxl;jyK)
'D rSm pmtkyf yg/
tJ'D rSm q&m yg/
[dk rSm um; yg/
0gusykHoP²mef 4
emrf ^emrfpm;
(jyKvkyfol^uwåm;)
Bud,m
(jyKvkyfjcif;jy)
ypönf; (Bud,myk'f^0gus)
uRefawmf pm; w,f/
2
ol oGm; r,f/
3
q&m jyef NyD/
4
2
]]w,f}} onf twdwfumvESifh ypöKyÜefumvudkvnf; &nfnTef;onf/ wpfcgwpf&H Bud,m
\ aocsmaom tajctaeudkvnf; &nfnTef;onf/
3
]]r,f}} onf tem*wfumvudkvnf; &nfnTef;onf/ wpfcgwpf&H Bud,m\ raocsmaom tajc
taeudkvnf; &nfnTef;onf/ 4
]]NyD}} onf jzpfysufcJhNyD;aom umvESifh tajctaeudkvnf; &nfnTef;onf/ wpfcgwpf&H
Bud,m\ jzpfysufaeqJ ESifh jzpfysufcgeD; tajctaeudkvnf; &nfnTef;onf/
86
0gusykHoP²mef 5
emrf ^emrfpm;
(jyKvkyfol^uwåm;)
emrf
(tjyKvkyfcH uH)
Bud,m
(jyKvkyfjcif;jy)
ypönf;
(Bud,myk'f^0gus)
uRefawmf xrif; pm; w,f/
ol ausmif; oGm; r,f/
q&m tdrf jyef NyD/
0gusykHoP²mef 6
emrf
^emrfpm;
(jyKvkyfol^
uwåm;)
emrfypönf;
(jyKvkyfol^
uwåm;)
emrf
(tjyKvkyfcH
^uH)
emrfypönf;
(tjyKvkyfcH
^uH)
Bud,m
(jyKvkyfjcif;
jy)
ypönf;
(Bud,myk'f^
0gus)
uRefawmf
u
q&mr
udk
ar; w,f/
araru uRefr cspf w,f/
q&m tdrf jyef NyD/
olaX; tvkyform; cdkif; r,f/
87
0gusykHoP²mef 7
emrf ^emrfpm;
(&Sdol^&Sdonfhae&m)
emrfypönf;
(&Sdonfh
ae&mjy)
emrf
(t&SdcH^uH)
Bud,m
(&Sdjcif;
jy)
ypönf;
(Bud,myk'f^0gus)
uRefawmfh
5
rSm
pufbD;
&Sd
w,f/
ararh qGJBudK; w,f/
tdrf ol r,f/
olU ydkufqH NyD/
0gusykHoP²mef 8
emrf ^emrfpm;
(&Sdol^&Sdonfhae&m)
emrf
(a&SU½I&m^
ta½TUcH)
ypönf;
(a½GU&mjy)
Bud,m
(a½GUvsm;
jcif;jy)
ypönf;
(Bud,myk'f^0gus)
uRefawmf ausmif;
udk
oGm; r,f/
arar tdrf a&muf NyD/
azaz aowåm r w,f/
ol rEÅav; ajymif; r,f/
rr pm;yGJ a½TU w,f/
5
]]-h (atmufujrpf)}} onf þ ae&mwGif t"dyÜm,f taxGtxl; r&Sdyg/ &Sdonfhae&mjyypönf; ]]rSm}}
ESifh vlyk*¾dKvfjy emrf emrfpm;wdkY qufoG,f&mü xdk vlyk*¾dKvfjy emrf^emrfpm;wdkYonf oHajyo& (-m?
a- ? a-mf ? –l ? –dk ? a-mif ? ponf)wdkYESifh tqkH;owfygu ]]-h (atmufujrpf)}} udk ½Gwfqdk&
vG,fulap&ef xnfhoGif;avh&Sdonf/
88
0gusykHoP²mef 9
emrf ^emrfpm;
(&Sdol^&Sdonfhae&m)
emrf
(xGufcGm&m)
ypönf;
(xGufcGm&mjy)
Bud,m
(a½GUvsm;
jcif;jy)
ypönf;
(Bud,myk'f^0gus)
uRefawmf ausmif;
u
vm w,f/
arar tdrf oGm; NyD/
armifarmif opfyif qif; w,f/
ol tvkyf xGuf r,f/
uav; tdyf&m x NyD/
0gusykHoP²mef 10
emrf ^emrfpm;
(&Sdol^&Sdonfhae&m)
emrf
(ae&m)
ypönf;
(ae&mjy)
Bud,m
(a½GUvsm;
jcif;jy)
ypönf;
(Bud,myk'f^0gus)
uRefawmf taqmif
rSm
ae r,f/
arar rD;zdkacsmif xrif;csuf w,f/
iSuf opfyif em; w,f/
azaz ½kH; tdyf r,f/
udkudk xrif;qdkif pm; w,f/
89
aemufqufwGJ
jrefrmo'gESifhywfoufaom odrSwfp&mtcsKdU
001 Burmese is a SOV language.
acG;u armifarmifudk
S O
udkufw,f/
V
aMumifu ig;aMumfudk
S O
pm;w,f/
V
The dog bit Maung Maung.
The cat ate fried fish.
002 In a simple sentence the object is often placed between the noun and the verb.
udkxGef; um;udk
S O
armif;w,f/
V
Ko Tun drove the car.
003 The sentence marker always comes at the end of the sentence.
pm; w,f/
oGm; r,f/
vm NyD/
I ate.
I will go.
I have come.
004 The clause marker always comes at the end of a dependent clause.
olvmrS pm; r,f/ When he has come, I will eat.
005 The phrase marker always comes at the end of the phrase.
acG;u armifarmifudk
udkuf w,f/
The dog bit Maung Maung.
006 The verb phrase marker is the same as the sentence marker.
pm; w,f/
oGm; r,f/
vm NyD/
I ate.
I will go.
I have come.
007 u is always a noun phrase marker as well as a subject arker.
udkudku pmawmfw,f/
aMumifu ig;aMumfudk
pm;w,f/
Ko Ko is outstanding in his education.
The cat ate fried fish.
90
008 The object phrase marker always udk.
acG;u armifarmifudk
udkufw,f/
aMumifu ig;aMumfudk
pm;w,f/
The dog bit Maung Maung.
The cat ate fried fish.
009 When there is no sentence marker, it is the imperative voice.
pm;/
oGm;/
Eat!
Go!
010 aemfusually means “won’t you”, “can’t you”, “aren’t you”.
pm;r,faemf/ I will eat, o.k.?
011 Style markers are used sometimes at the end of a sentence to express emotion.
pm;r,f/
pm;r,fuGm/
Let’s eat. (Normal)
Let’s eat. (Friendly)
012 There are phrase, clause, sentence, and style markers in Burmese.
olUudk
awGUzdkY
vmw,f/
vmwmaygh/
Him/ her (phrase marker)
To meet (clause marker)
Come (sentence marker)
Of course (style marker)
013 When two nouns are placed together, one of them always modifies the other.
awmifuwkH;
rD;tdrf
(Mountain+ bald) bald-mountain
(Fire+house) lamp
014 When a color attribute verb is placed before the noun it modifies, the form
change.
t color a&mif
e.g. teDa&mif
Red color
015 When an adjectival verb is placed after a noun, it describes an aspect of the
noun in generic sense.
yef;eD
vlqdk;
vlBuD;
A red flower
A bad man
A big man (gentleman)
016 When the verb occurs at the end of an adjectival clause it must have wJhor r,fh.
raeYu vmwJh vl
reufjzef vmr,fh vl
The person who came yesterday
The person who will come tomorrow
91
017 Verb + aom^onfh is an adjective. (note: aom^onfh(in written) =
wJh(in spoken)
raeYu vmwJh (vl)
raeYu vmaom^onfh
(vl)
vSwJh (rdef;uav;)
vSaom^onfh
(rdef;uav;)
(The person who) came yesterday
(The person who) came yesterday
(The girl who) is beautiful
(The girl who) is beautiful
018 The topic of the sentence usually occurs first.
ol 'DaeY vmw,f/
'DaeY ol vmw,f/
He came today.
He came today.
019 Duplicating a verb usually results in an adverb.
vm vmvm
Munfhw,f/
V adv. V
jref jrefjref
ajy;w,f/
V adv. V
(He) comes often and sees (sth/sb).
(He) ran quickly.
020 Duplicating a stative verb sometimes results in an adjective.
eD eDeD
yef;eDeD
V adj. N
yl ylyl
a&aEG;ylyl
V adj. N
Reddish flower
Warm pure water or warm tea
021 When an adjectival verb occurs before a noun, it changes its form and
emphasizes that aspect of the noun.
teDa&mifyef; The red flower
022 When an adjectival verb occurs at the end of the sentence, it describes an aspect
of the noun in a specific sense.
yef; eDw,f/ The flower is red.
023 In long sentence with any attributes the subject should directly precede.
rD;zdkacsmifxJrSm
tvkyfrsm;aewJh ZeD;udk
a,musfm;u ulnDw,f/
The husband helped his wife who is busy in the
kitchen.
92
024 The marker for the subject is often omitted in spoken.
udkat;cdkif(-)
xrif;pm;w,f/
Ko Aye Khine ate rice.
025 When the subject directly precedes the verb it never has a marker.
ol tdyfNyD/ He has slept.
026 Objects have one marker udk.
uRefawmf olYudk
awGYw,f/
I met him/her.
027 A place noun is always a modifier.
udkav; pmMunfhwdkufudk
S place
oGm;w,f/
V
Ko Lay went to the library.
028 A time noun is always a modifier.
udkat;cdkif reufjzef
S time
vmr,f/
V
Ko Aye Khine will come tomorrow.
029 A verb plus t prefix always produces a noun.
t + vkyf =
prefix V
tvkyf
N
Work, job
030 Sometimes, a prefix and a verb produce an adverb.
ol tajym
S adv.
aumif;w,f/
V
He speaks good.
031 A verbal noun that precedes a stative verb form is always an adverb.
ol tajym
S adv. (n)
aumif;w,f/
V
His speaking is good.
032 A verbal noun that precedes a functive verb form is always a noun.
ol tvkyf
S N
BudK;pm;w,f/
V
He works hard.
93
ed*kH;
,cktxd wifjycJhaom taMumif;t&mrsm;rSm jrefrmpmESifh jrefrmbmompum;udk
pdwf0ifpm;pGm oif,laeMuaom (oif,lMurnfh) EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;ol ausmif;om;rsm;
twGuf &nf½G,fí jyKpkcJhaom tajccHpum;ajym jrefrmo'gqdkif&m taMumif;t&m
rsm; jzpfonf/ þ jrefrmo'gpmtkyfi,fonf EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;olausmif;om; twGuf
omru xdkausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;udk oifjyay;Murnfh q&mq&mrrsm; twGuf
vnf; &nf½G,fygonf/
jrefbmompum;udk oifjy&mwGif taxmuftuljyK udk;um;&ef vufawGUoif
Edkif&ef pum;ajymo'gpmtkyf tweftoifh&Sdaomfvnf; ,if;tenf;i,faom o'g
pmtkyftrsm;pkrSm EdkifiHjcm;bmompum;rsm; (t*Fvdyf? *smref? *syef ponf) jzifhom
a&;xm;Muonfudk awGU&onf/ jrefrmbmomjzifh a&;xm;aom vufawGUoif Edkif&ef
o'gpmtkyfvdktyfaeonfrSm tcsdefumv twefMumcJhNyD jzpfonf/ xdkuJhodkY
MumaecJhaom tcsdefumvuGufvyfudk jznfhqnf;&ef twGuf þ o'gpmtkyfi,fudk
jyKpk&jcif; jzpfonf/ odkY&mwGif xdkuGufvyfudk þ pmwpftkyfwnf;jzifh jynfhatmif
jznfhqnf;EdkifNyD[k rajymEdkifyg/ xdkuGufvyfudk tjcm;aom ynm&SifwdkYuvnf; þ
pmtkyfudk jyKpkolenf;wl qufvufí jznfhpGufay;EdkifMuvdrfhrnf[k aumif;pGm ,kHMunf
ygonf/ xdkodkY qufvufjyKpkMuOD;rnfh ynm&Sifrsm;? jrefrmbmompum;ESifh pmayudk
avhvmaeaom EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;? EdkifiHjcm;ausmif;ol ausmif;om;
rsm;tm; jrefrmbmompum;ESifhpmayudk oifjyay;aeMuonfh q&m q&mrrsm;
twGuf þ o'gpmtkyfi,fu wpfpkHwpf&m taxmuftul ay;Edkifrnf qdkygu þ
pmtkyfudk jyKpk&usKd;eyfygNyD/
þ jrefrmo'gpmtkyftwGuf a0zeftBuHjyKcsufrsm;udkvnf; 0rf;ajrmufpGm
arQmfvifhaeygonf/
a'gufwmudkav;
2005 ckESpf ZGefv 15 &uf
blqefNrdKU? udk&D;,m;or®wEdkifiH
94
ausmfatmifpHxm;q&mawmf? yxr/ ]]u0d-vu©Pmac: o'gy&rwf
tqkH;tjzwf usrf;}}? jrefrmo'gESpfapmifwGJ}}? [Hom0wDykHESdyfwdkuf?
&efukef? 1962/
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101