myers’ psychology (6th ed)
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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed). Chapter 12 Motivation James A. McCubbin, PhD Clemson University Worth Publishers. Motivation. Motivation a need or desire that energizes and directs behavior Instinct complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY
(6th Ed)
Chapter 12
Motivation
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
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Motivation
Motivation a need or desire that energizes
and directs behaviorInstinct
complex behavior that is rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned
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MotivationDrive-Reduction Theory
the idea that a physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need
Drive-reducingbehaviors
(eating, drinking)
Need(e.g., for
food, water)
Drive(hunger, thirst)
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Motivation
Homeostasis tendency to maintain a balanced or
constant internal state regulation of any aspect of body
chemistry around a particular levelIncentive
a positive or negative environmental stimulus that motivates behavior
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Maslow’s Hierarchy of
Needs begins at the
base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied
then higher-level safety needs become active
then psychological needs become active
Self-actualization needsNeed to live up to one’s
fullest and unique potential
Esteem needsNeed for self-esteem,
achievement, competence,and independence; need for
recognition and respect from others
Safety needsNeed to feel that the world is organized and
predictable; need to feel safe, secure, and stable
Belongingness and love needsNeed to love and be loved, to belong
and be accepted; need to avoid loneliness and alienation
Physiological needsNeed to satisfy hunger and thirst
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Motivation-Hunger
Stomach contractions accompany our feelings of hunger
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Time in minutes
Subject swallowsballoon, which
measures stomachcontraction
Subject presseskey each timewhen hungry
Stomach contractions
Hunger pangs
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Motivation-Hunger
Glucose the form of sugar that
circulates in the blood provides the major source of
energy for body tissues when its level is low, we feel
hunger
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Motivation-Hunger
Set Point the point at which an individual’s
“weight thermostat” is supposedly set when the body falls below this weight,
an increase in hunger and a lowered metabolic rate may act to restore the lost weight
Basal Metabolic Rate body’s base rate of energy expenditure
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Motivation-Hunger
The hypothalamus controls eating and other body maintenance functions
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Eating Disorders
Anorexia Nervosa when a normal-weight person diets and
becomes significantly (>15%) underweight, yet, still feeling fat, continues to starve
usually an adolescent femaleBulimia Nervosa
disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of highly caloric foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting or excessive exercise
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Eating Disorders- Anorexia Nervosa
when a person is less than 85% of their normal body weight
95% of sufferers are female most are between the ages of 18-3030% of persons diagnosed with
anorexia nervosa die
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Women’s Body Images
Thinnest Women’sideal
What womenbelieved men
preferred
What menactually
preferred
Women’scurrent
body image
Fattest
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Sexual Motivation
Sex is a physiologically based motive, like hunger, but it is more affected by learning and values
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Sexual Motivation
Sexual Response Cyclethe four stages of sexual responding
described by Masters and Johnson excitementplateauorgasmresolution
Refractory Periodresting period after orgasm, during which a
man cannot achieve another orgasm
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The Sexual Response Cycle
Males Females
Orgasm
Plateau
ExcitementResolution
Resolutionwith orgasm
Resolutionwithoutorgasm
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Sexual Motivation
Estrogen a sex hormone,
secreted in greater amounts by females than by males
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Forces Affecting Sexual Motivation
Physiologicalreadiness
Imaginativestimuli
Externalstimuli
Sexual motivation
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Sexual Disorders
Problems that consistently impair sexual arousal or functioning In Men
premature ejaculation• ejaculation before they or their
partners wish
impotence• inability to have or maintain erection
In Womenorgasmic disorder
• infrequent or absent orgasms
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Sexual MotivationSame drives, different attitudes
Iceland Germany Great Canada Mexico United India Taiwan Singapore Britan States
Country
100%
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Percentanswering
wrong
“Do you think it is, or is not, wrong for a couple to have a baby if they are not married?”
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Sexual MotivationBirths to unwed parents
United States
Canada
Japan
Britain
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000Year
40%
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
Percentageof births
to unwedmothers
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Sexual Motivation
Sexual Orientation an enduring sexual attraction
toward members of either one’s own gender (homosexual orientation) or the other gender (heterosexual orientation)
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Sexual MotivationChanging attitudes
Extramarital sex is “always wrong”
Homosexual sex is “always wrong”
1987 1998Year
100%
80
60
40
20
0
Source: National Opinion Research Center(University of Chicago) General Social Survey
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Motivation
Achievement Motivation a desire for significant
accomplishmentfor mastery of things, people, or
ideasfor attaining a high standard
McClelland and Atkinson believed fantasies would reflect achievement concerns
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Motivation
Intrinsic Motivation desire to perform a behavior for its
own sake or to be effectiveExtrinsic Motivation
desire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishment
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Rewards Affect Motivation
Mom: “I’ll give you $5 for every A.’’Controlling reward
Child: “As long as she pays, I’ll study.’’Extrinsic motivation
Mom: “Your grades were great! Let’s celebrate by going out for dinner.’’Informative reward
Child: “I love doing well.’’Intrinsic motivation
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Motivation
Industrial/Organizational (I/O) Psychology sub-field of psychology that studies and
advises on workplace behavior I/O Psychologists
help organizations select and train employees, boost morale and productivity, and design products and assess responses to them
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Motivation
Task Leadership goal-oriented leadership that sets
standards, organizes work, and focuses attention on goals
Social Leadership group-oriented leadership that
builds teamwork, mediates conflict, and offers support
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Motivation
Theory X assumes that workers are basically lazy,
error-prone, and extrinsically motivated by money
should be directed from aboveTheory Y
assumes that, given challenge and freedom, workers are motivated to achieve self-esteem and to demonstrate their competence and creativity