Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY

(7th Ed)

Chapter 14

Stress and HealthSmoking and Obesity

James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University

Worth Publishers

Smoking statistics

4 million per year killed worldwidePredicted to grow to 10 million annuallyTeen to grave smokers has a 50% chance of it

killing them, often agonizingly and prematurelySmokers loose approximately 12 minutes of

his/her life per cigaretteSmokers have higher rates of depression,

divorce and chronic disabilities

The Physiological Effects of Nicotine

When and Why do People Start Smoking??

Most begin in early adolescenceMost that do have low grades or are school

dropoutsOr they feel less competent and not in

controlMost have one or more significant others

who smokeTeens who smoke are more likely to have

sex, drink, and use marijuanaExposure to smokers went down in the 70s

and 80s then back up in the 90s (movies)

Why do People not Stop Smoking?

¾ have tried to quit 1/3 of those who try get addicted Nicotine causes

Boost in epinephrine and norepinephrine Diminished appetite Boost in alertness and mental effectiveness Calms anxiety Reduces pain sensitivity Increases dopamine production

People may be genetically predisposed to become addicted

Smoking Prevention

U.S. teen smoking

How Effective are Programs to Stop Smoking?

Most are effective in the short run4/5 of those that try start again½ who have ever smoked have quit90% of those on their ownOverall rates went down and then

back up; currently we are at an all time high

Smoking is now world-wide

Smoking Prevention

Results of a smoking inoculation program

Percentageof studentswho smoke

20

15

10

5

0 0 4 9 12 16 21 33

Seventh grade Eighth grade Ninth grade

Months of study

Control school

School with smokingPrevention program

Fewer teens took upsmoking when “inoculated” against it

How Can We Prevent Smoking?

Information about the effectsInformation about peer, parent, and

media influenceTraining in refusal skills through

modeling and role playingUpping the costhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?

v=Sm5UyrEqGhQ

survey

Eating habits?

Obesity and Weight Control

Obesity and body mass index

General Nutrition Information Carbohydrates

Increase tryptophan which leads to serotonin causing relaxation, sleep and lower sensitivity to pain

Protein Concentration and alertness

High sugar Tooth decay Osteoporosis Cancer Diabetes High blood pressure Heart disease Mainly because high sugar items are eaten

instead of healthy ones! Too much salt + low calcium = high blood

pressure Breakfast = more alert and less fatigue “good fat” aka omega-3 fatty acid (fish)

Enhanced brain function Less depression

Obesity and Weight Control Obesity and mortality

18.5 18.5- 20.5- 22.0- 23.5- 25.0- 26.5- 28.0- 30.0- 32.0- 35.0- 40 20.4 21.9 23.4 24.9 26.4 27.9 29.9 31.9 34.9 39.9

Body-mass index (BM I)Men Women

2.8

2.6

2.4

2.2

2.0

1.8

1.6

1.4

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.6

Relativerisk ofdeath

Obesity and Weight Control Fat is a way to store energy for famine Cultures where famine happen do not have thin as the

“ideal” = few eating disorders Health Risks from obesity

Diabetes High blood pressure Heart disease Gall stones Arthritis Sleep disorders Some cancers

Risks are worse for those that carry weight in abdomen Weight discrimination is greater than any other, socially

and in the workplace

Weight Discrimination

When women applicants were made to look overweight, subjects were less willing to hire

Willingnessto hire scale

(from1:definitely

not hire to7: definitely

hire)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Women Men

Normal Overweight

The Physiology of Fat

Fat cells Shrink, but never go away Take less energy to maintain

Set points and metabolism Body fights to keep itself at the same weight People can loose at first, then the body lowers

metabolism to keep weight onThe genetic factor

Studies show biology affects weight Genes show why one person is heavier than

another

Weight Control Effects of a severe diet

Caloric intake

in caloriesper day

Body weight

in kilograms

Metabolism:Oxygen

consumptionin liters

per hour

3000

2000

1000

0 8 16 24 32

Days

165

160

155

150

145

140

Days Days

26

25

24

23

22

218 16 24 32 8 16 24 32

Weight Control Trading risks

Environmental Impact on Weight

Most models have ½ the percentage of body fat of average women

Mannequins have become thinnerBeauty contest winners and centerfolds are

thinner

Thinning of Miss America

DietingLosing weight

Rarely does it stay gone Repeated diet and exercise does work for

somePeople need to realize our vulnerability to

health problems

Weight Control

Most lost weight is regained

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

1 2 3 4 5

Weightchange

in pounds

Posttreatment

Years of follow-up

Startingpoint

Normal trend for untreated obesepeople: Gradually rising weight

After participation in behavioralProgram: Much of initial weight

loss regained

Weight Control

Obesity was more common among those who watched the most television

<2 2-3 >4Hours of television watched per day

in 1990s study

Boys Girls

32

30

28

26

24

22

20

Skinfold fatmeasure (mm)