myers’ psychology for ap*...– unit subsections hyperlinks: immediately after the unit title...
TRANSCRIPT
Myers’ Psychology for AP*
David G. Myers
*AP is a trademark registered and/or owned by the College Board, which was not involved in the production of, and does not endorse, this product.
PowerPoint Presentation Slides
by Kent Korek
Germantown High SchoolWorth Publishers, © 2010
Unit 7B:
Cognition: Thinking, Problem
Solving, Creativity, and
Language
Unit Overview
• Thinking
• Language
• Thinking and Language
Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.
Introduction
• Cognition (thinking)
• Cognitive psychologists
Thinking
Concepts
• Concepts
–Category hierarchies
–prototype
Solving ProblemsStrategies
• Algorithms
–Step-by-step
• Heuristic
- simple thinking,
more efficient
• Insight
Solving ProblemsCreativity
• Creativity
• Strernberg’s five components
–Expertise
–Imaginative thinking skills
–A venturesome
personality
–Intrinsic motivation
–A creative environment
Solving ProblemsObstacles to Problem Solving
• Confirmation bias
• Fixation
–Mental set
–Functional fixedness
Solving ProblemsObstacles to Problem Solving
• Confirmation bias
• Fixation
–Mental set
–Functional fixedness
Making Decisions and Forming Judgments
Using and Misusing Heuristics
• The Representative Heuristic
Making Decisions and Forming Judgments
Using and Misusing Heuristics
• The Availability Heuristic
Making Decisions and Forming Judgments
Overconfidence
• Overconfidence
Making Decisions and Forming Judgments
The Belief Perseverance Phenomenon
• Belief perseverance
–Consider the
opposite
Making Decisions and Forming Judgments
The Perils and Powers of Intuition
• Intuition
–Unconscious intuition
Making Decisions and Forming Judgments
The Effects of Framing
• Framing
–Framing experiments
Language
LanguageIntroduction
• Language
Language StructurePhonemes
• Phoneme
–English about 40 phonemes
–Learning another language’s
phonemes
Language StructureMorphemes
• Morpheme
–Includes prefixes and suffixes
Language StructureGrammar
• Grammar
–Semantics
–Syntax
Language DevelopmentWhen Do We Learn Language?
• Receptive language
• Productive language
–Babbling stage
–One-word stage
–Two-word stage
–Telegraphic speech
Language DevelopmentWhen Do We Learn Language?
Language DevelopmentWhen Do We Learn Language?
Language DevelopmentWhen Do We Learn Language?
Language DevelopmentWhen Do We Learn Language?
Language DevelopmentWhen Do We Learn Language?
Language DevelopmentWhen Do We Learn Language?
Language DevelopmentExplaining Language Development
• Skinner: Operant Learning
–Learning principles
• Association
• Imitation
• Reinforcement
Language DevelopmentExplaining Language Development
• Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar
–Language acquisition device
–Universal grammar
Language DevelopmentExplaining Language Development
• Statistical Learning and Critical
Periods
–Statistical learning
–Critical (sensitive) period
Thinking and Language
Language Influences Thinking
• Whorf’s linguistic determinism
• Bilingual advantage
Thinking in Images
• Implicit memory
The End
Teacher Information• Types of Files
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slides are animated. To increase student interest, it is suggested teachers animate the slides wherever possible.
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style. To help keep a sense of continuity, blank slides which can be copied and pasted to a specific location in the presentation follow this “Teacher Information” section.
Teacher Information• Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks
can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple).
– Unit subsections hyperlinks: Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (slide #3) can be found listing all of the unit’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection.
– Bold print term hyperlinks: Every bold print term from the unit is included in this presentation as a hyperlink. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of the hyperlinks will take the user to a slide containing the formal definition of the term. Clicking on the “arrow” in the bottom left corner of the definition slide will take the user back to the original point in the presentation.
These hyperlinks were included for teachers who want students to see or copy down the exact definition as stated in the text. Most teachers prefer the definitions not be included to prevent students from only “copying down what is on the screen” and not actively listening to the presentation.
For teachers who continually use the Bold Print Term Hyperlinks option, please contact the author using the email address on the next slide to learn a technique to expedite the returning to the original point in the presentation.
Teacher Information• Continuity slides
– Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes.
• By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts.
• By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.
• To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides.
• Please feel free to contact me at [email protected] with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022
262-253-3400
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Definition Slide
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Definition
Slides
Cognition
= the mental activities associated with
thinking, knowing, remembering, and
communicating.
Concept
= a mental grouping of similar objects,
events, ideas, or people.
Prototype
= a mental image or best example of a
category. Matching new items to a
prototype provides a quick and easy
method for sorting items into categories
(as when comparing feathered creatures
to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).
Algorithm
= a methodical, logical rule or procedure that
guarantees solving a particular problem.
Contrasts with the usually speedier – but
also more error-prone – use of heuristics.
Heuristic
= a simple thinking strategy that often allows
us to make judgments and solve problems
efficiently; usually speedier but also more
error-prone than algorithms.
Insight
= a sudden and often novel realization of the
solution to a problem; it contrasts with
strategy-based solutions.
Creativity
= the ability to produce novel and valuable
ideas.
Confirmation Bias
= a tendency to search for information that
supports our preconceptions and to ignore
or distort contradictory evidence.
Fixation
= the inability to see a problem from a new
perspective, by employing a different
mental set.
Mental Set
= a tendency to approach a problem in one
particular way, often a way that has been
successful in the past.
Functional Fixedness
= the tendency to think of things only in
terms of their usual functions; an
impediment to problem solving.
Representativeness Heuristic
= judging the likelihood of things in terms of
how well they seem to represent, or
match, particular prototypes; may lead us
to ignore other relevant information.
Availability Heuristic
= estimating the likelihood of events based
on their availability in memory; if instances
come readily to mind (perhaps because of
their vividness), we presume such events
are common
Overconfidence
= the tendency to be more confident that
correct – to over-estimate the accuracy of
our beliefs and judgments.
Belief Perseverance
= clinging to one’s initial conceptions after
the basis on which they are formed has
been discredited.
Intuition
= an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling
or thought, as contrasted with explicit,
conscious reasoning.
Framing
= the way an issue is posed; how an issue is
framed can significantly affect decisions
and judgments.
Language
= our spoken, written, or signed words and
the ways we combine them to
communicate meaning.
Phoneme
= in language, the smallest distinctive sound
unit.
Morpheme
= in a language, the smallest unit that
carries meaning; may be a word or a part
of a word (such as a prefix).
Grammar
= in a language, a system of rules that
enables us to communicate with and
understand others.
Semantics
= the set of rules by which we derive
meaning from morphemes, words, and
sentences in a given language; also, the
study of meaning.
Syntax
= the rules for combining words into
grammatically sensible sentences in a
given language.
Babbling Stage
= beginning at about 4 months, the stage of
speech development in which the infant
spontaneously utters various sounds at
first unrelated to the household language.
One-word Stage
= the stage in speech development, from
about age 1 to 2, during which a child
speaks mostly in single words.
Two-word Stage
= beginning about age 2, the stage in
speech development during which a child
speaks mostly two-word statements.
Telegraphic Speech
= early speech state in which a child speaks
like a telegram – “go car” – using mostly
nouns and verbs.
Linguistic Determinism
= Whorf’s hypothesis that language
determines the way we think.