mythologyyour second topic, greek vase painting, makes even greater use of myth, since 13 of the...

2003/1

GL301

Mythology

Classical Studies in the New Zealand curriculum

This booklet provides background information on Greek and Romanmythology. You need to know this before you attempt the topics.

The activities do not contribute to any achievement standard.

i

Contents

page

I The nature of myths 3The historical background to Greek mythology

II The nature of Greek gods 4The origins of the worldStories of Zeus, Hera, Demeter, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia

III The remaining Olympian deities 5Minor deities

IV Early heroes: Heracles, Jason, Perseus 6

V Early tales: Theseus, Daedalus and Icarus,Bellerophon, Niobe, The Calydonian Boar Hunt,Castor and Polydeuces, Oedipus, Orpheus 7

VI The story of Troy – reasons for the warThe main characters 9

VII The Trojan war and its conclusionAftermath 10

VIII Classical Greek thought 11

IX Hellenistic Greek thought 12

X The gods of Rome 13

Answer guide 15

ii

As you complete each activity, check it yourself in the answer guideat the back of the booklet.

✓ means check your own work

✰ means your teacher will check this work.

Copyright © 2003 The Correspondence School (TCS), Private Bag 39992, Wellington, New Zealand. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the writtenpermission of The Correspondence School.

GL301 1

Introduction

This first classical studies assignment is designed to give you thenecessary background to the many myths you will meet as you workthrough the course.

It contains two books:• a resource book containing an introduction to

Greek and Roman myths• this booklet, which contains a series of activities to

test your knowledge of the stories in the resourcebook.

Each lesson, you will be asked to read a matching chapter in theresource book and to work through the activities. As you completeeach activity, check it yourself in the answer guide at the back of thebooklet.

The mythology resource book is intended as a reference,and you should look back to the appropriate sections during thecourse rather than attempt to learn all the myths first time round.Although it seems large, it is in fact only a brief introduction to thevast body of Greek mythology and, if you can, you should readfurther. A reading list is added at the back of this booklet, and mostlibraries have books on Greek mythology.

As you read you may notice alternative spellings for Greek names.For example:

• Hector and Heracles may be spelt Hektor andHerakles (Greek K was replaced by Latin C)

• Dionysus and Menelaus may be spelt Dionysos andMenelaos (the original -os ending in Greek is morefrequently written as Latin -us)

• Hephaestus may be spelt Hephaistos (the secondspelling is closer to the original Greek)

Also, some older mythology books may call Greek characters by theirRoman names. For example, Greek Zeus is called Jupiter (Latin) orAthene (Greek) is called Minerva (Latin). You will find thealternative Latin names in chapter 10 of the resource book.

• Note that all dates are BC unless indicated as AD.

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Course text books

Some of the topics you will cover this year will require a text. Theseare:

Attic Old Comedy (GL 303, GL304): Aristophanes The Wasps andThe Frogs, trans. David Barrett (Penguin)

Alexander (GL307, GL308): Study Materials

Virgil's Aeneid (GL312, GL313): Virgil, The Aeneid, trans.W F Jackson Knight (Penguin)

Roman Satire (GL310, GL311): Juvenal, The Sixteen Satires, trans.Peter Green (Penguin), third edition, 1998

The study materials are available from the Classics Department,University of Otago, Box 56, Dunedin or Bennetts UniversityBookshop, Palmerston North.

The Aristophanes, Virgil and Juvenal texts are available fromBennetts University Bookshop, Palmerston North.

In addition to the required text, each topic will include a readinglist, and you are strongly recommended to obtain at least one extrabook from your school library, public library or CorrespondenceSchool library. Your second topic, Greek Vase Painting (GL305,GL7VASE) does not require a text but extra reading isrecommended.

GL301 3

Cycladic jug 2000 B.C.

IHave you ever read myths and legends?

Most people in New Zealand have read and enjoyed myths at sometime in their childhood. But the stories told to or written down forchildren are usually simplified and “cleaned-up” versions, and youmay be surprised on reading an adult version to find how muchdetail and how much violence and sex the original tales contained.

It becomes clear that myths were not originally designed aschildren's tales, but were created by adults for other, more seriousreasons. Today's work looks at why myths were created and, inparticular, explores why and when the myths of ancient Greececame into being.

Now take your resource book and read the material contained inchapter one.

Then work through the following activities. When you havecompleted them, check your answers in the answer guide at theback of this booklet.

AA CC TT II VV II TT YY 11 AA

Why were myths created? What purposes do they serve?

List as many reasons and purposes as you can think of. You willfind a number in chapter one in the resource book. Try to add someof your own.

✓

AA CC TT II VV II TT YY 11 BB

Draw a time line of events between 3000 BC and 0 which wererelevant for the development of Greek myths.

✓

4 GL301

Etruscan bowl 340 B.C.

IILast lesson you looked at some reasons why myths might have comeinto being, and at the 3000 years of Mediterranean history BC whenthe Greek myths were created, developed and finally written downin the versions we have today.

Today's work examines something of the nature of the gods andgoddesses which feature so prominently in Greek mythology,explores one version of the Greek creation myths and looks at someof the most important gods.

RR EE AA DD chapter two in your resource book.


Either 1 Select the 10 points about Greek divinities whichyou think most important.

or 2 How did the religion of the ancient Greeks differfrom Christianity? Select up to 10 differences youthink important.

✓


Draw a “family tree” to show the descent of Zeus from Chaos.Include the following names: Chaos, Gaea, Erebus, Night, Eros,Oceanus, Uranus, the Titans, the Cyclopes, Rhea, Cronos, theGiants, the Furies, Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, Zeusand Typhon.

✓

AA CC TT II VV II TT YY 22 CC

List the six children of Rhea and Cronos, and by each name write upto three sentences naming each one's area of influence and the mainpoints in their story.

✓

GL301 5

IIIToday's work continues the stories of Greek gods, major and minor.

RR EE AA DD chapter three in your resource book.


List the eight Olympian gods you have been reading about, andalongside each write a few words naming their area of influence.

✓


Either 1 Explore some other genuine mythology and writehalf to one page describing parallel or contrastingdivinities to those found in Greek myths.

or 2 Look closely at another mythology invented by amodern writer (such as J R Tolkein, DavidEddings) and write half to one page comparing itsgods to those of Greek mythology.

or 3 We have given you eight minor divinities, andthere are numerous others in Greek mythology.Select any four, from this period or from your ownreading, which you think are interesting orimportant. Describe them and explain why youchose them. Write up to one page.

✰

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Attic cup 400 B.C.

IVToday's work moves from the immortal gods, great and small, to thetales of the heroes. Many heroes were half-gods, sons of Zeus orother gods, by a mortal woman or man. In historical times manyGreek states were keen to adopt a hero as founder of their city, andmany wealthy aristocratic families were also keen to have a heroicancestor, which meant details were added to or changed in the oldtales. Though we no longer believe in the divine powers whichguided, helped or hindered these heroes, or consider them remotemembers of our families, their stories are as popular today as inancient times. In addition, many modern writers have created theirown mythologies and written stories of heroic quests and sword andsorcery, which owe much to ancient myth.

RR EE AA DD chapter four in your resource book.


1 List the 12 labours of Heracles.2 Explain in your own words why he was so popular a figure

among the Greeks. Try to add some ideas of your own.✓


1 Jason, Perseus and Heracles in many of his labours went tofetch something. What are some of the essential ingredients ofa quest story? Why are they told? Write two or threesentences discussing this.

2 Name one or two modern quest stories.

3 Where do we still use names from stories of Jason and Perseus?

✓

GL301 7

Attic vase 520 B.C.

VToday's work covers the deeds of other heroes, and identifies somelesser-known figures.

The Greeks constantly used tales from their mythology as subjectmatter for their literature and visual arts such as painting andsculpture. They could assume that their readers, listeners orviewers would know the story, so rarely bothered to explain thesubject matter. However, unless modern students have similarknowledge they will simply not understand many references.

In your first topic you will read a comedy by Aristophanes in whichthe chief character is the god Dionysos. He makes a trip to theunderworld, meeting on the way Heracles and a group of souls whotook part in the Eleusinian Mysteries while alive. In theunderworld he is mistaken for Heracles and threatened withpunishment for kidnapping the watchdog Cerberus on a previousvisit, but is recognised in time by Hades and Persephone. All thiswould be hard to understand without knowledge of the charactersinvolved.

Your second topic, Greek vase painting, makes even greater use ofmyth, since 13 of the vases show one or more scenes from myth.Some are from well-known stories and easily identified, but othersare from quite minor tales, described in this lesson.

Here is a list of the set vases with the picture(s) identified, and thechapter in which you'll find the tale.

1 The François vase: Kalydonian Boar Hunt (chapter 5) danceof the released Athenians – tale ofTheseus (Chapter 5)Chariot race – Patroklos' funeral games– Tale of Troy (Chapter 7)Gods at wedding of Peleus and Thetis(Chapter 3)Achilles chases Troilus – Tale of Troy(Chapter 7)Return of Hephaistos (Chapter 3)Ajax carries the dead Achilles – Tale of Troy(Chapter 7)Artemis – queen of animals (Chapter 3)

2 Krater by Lydos: Return of Hephaistos (Chapter 3)

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3 Amphora by Exekias: Ajax and Achilles (Chapter 7)Kastor and Polydeuces (Chapter 5)

4 Kylix by Exekias: Voyage of Dionysos (Chapter 3)7 Krater of Euphronios: Heracles kills Antaios (Chapter 4)8 Amphora by Euthymides: Hektor and his parents (Chapter 6)9 Skyphos by Makron: Helen and Paris (Chapter 6)

Helen and Menelaos (Chapter 7)10 Amphora by Kleophrades Painter: Dionysos and followers (Chapter 3)11 Hydria by Kleophrades Painter: The fall of Troy (Chapter 7)12 Krater by Berlin Painter: Achilles and Hektor (Chapter 7)

Achilles and Memnon (Chapter 7)13 Krater by Niobid Painter: Slaughter of Niobe's children

(Chapter 5)Athene, Heracles and Argonauts(Chapters 3, 4) or the rescue ofTheseus by Heracles (Chapter 5)

14 Pyxis by Penthesileia Painter: Judgement of Paris (Chapter 6)16 Hydria by Meidias Painter: Abduction of daughters of

Leucippos by Castor andPolydeuces (Chapter 5)

Works 5, 6 and 15 do not have mythological scenes. As well asillustrating the importance of myth, you may find this list of valuewhen you study the vases.

RR EE AA DD chapter five in your resource book.


In what ways is Theseus like Heracles?How is he different?Consider such points as his birth, types of adventures, associationwith the gods, connection with a “home” city, brawn, brains andmoral sense.Write about half a page.

✓


You have read brief accounts of the following myths: Daedalus andIcarus; Bellerophon; Niobe; the Calydonian Boar Hunt; Castor andPolydeuces; Oedipus; Orpheus.

Choose four which have a clear message. Outline the myth or part ofthe myth relevant to the message, and then state what the messageis.

✓

GL301 9

Pompei Villa of the Mysteries

VIThe most detailed and best-known myth cycle was the tale of theGreeks’ successful war against the city of Troy and today's worklooks at the causes of the war and the various personalities involved.

RR EE AA DD chapter six in the mythology resource book.


Draw the following family trees:1 The family of Helen. Include Leda, Tyndareus, Zeus, Helen,

Clytemnestra, Castor, Polydeuces.2 The family of Menelaos and Agamemnon. Include Tantalus,

Pelops, Hippodameia, Atreus, Thyestes, Agamemnon, Menelaos,Aegisthus, Iphigenia, Orestes, Electra.

3 The family of Achilles. Include Peleus, Thetis, Achilles,Neoptolemus.

4 The family of Odysseus. Include Odysseus, Penelope,Telemachus.

5 The family of Paris. Include Priam, Hecabe, Paris, Cassandra,Creusa, Helenos, Deiphobos, Hector, Astynax, Ilus.

✓


What caused the Trojan War?Write half to one page, outlining the real reasons for the war and thereasons given in mythology.

✓

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Attic vase

VIIToday you read some of the stories of the Trojan war, and how thecity was finally destroyed. You also find out what happened to thesurviving Greeks on their return home.

RR EE AA DD chapter seven in your resource book.


Either 1 Tell the story of Achilles in your own words. Writeup to a page.

or 2 What part did Odysseus play at Troy?Describe how he came to be there, his deeds whilethere, and his voyage home.Write up to a page.

✓


What part did the gods play in the destruction of Troy?Write about half a page.

✓

GL301 11

Cycladic jug 650 B.C.

VIIIReligion remained an important factor in Greek life long after thebeginning of the Christian era in the years AD. But attitudestowards religion and the stories of the gods and heroes changedthroughout the years, and this lesson examines Greek thought afterthe Dark Ages, in the era of the city state.

RR EE AA DD chapter eight in your resource book.


1 Why was Greek religion of value in Greek society?2 When did the first real scientific enquiry and philosophical

speculation develop and why?3 Why was early Greek philosophy limited?4 Why was it of value?

✓


Choose three of the following names:Thales, Protagoras, Isocrates, Socrates, Plato, Aristotle

Alongside each, write a sentence or two summarising theircontribution to Greek thought, as outlined in the paragraphs inchapter eight of the resource book.

✓

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IXThe conquests of Alexander and the replacing of city states by largekingdoms in the Greek world had a considerable impact on religiousand scientific thought. Today you will examine some of the changeswhich followed Alexander's death.

RR EE AA DD chapter nine in your resource book.


Create a chart comparing the doctrines of Epicurus and the Stoicsusing the following headings:greatest good; emotion; public life; the gods.

✓


What progress did the Greeks make in medicine, astronomy,mathematics and technical inventions after the time of Alexander?Make a general comment on two of these categories.Under each, list the names of the best-known Greeks with a fewwords summarising their achievements.

✓

GL301 13

Corinthian lamp 40 B.C.

XThe great empires of Alexander's successors were absorbed by theeven greater empire of Rome within 300 years of his death. TheRomans also absorbed many ideas of the Greeks, and today you willlook at what they did with some of them.

RR EE AA DD chapter 10 of your resource book.

AA CC TT II VV II TT YY 11 00 AA

Create a chart listing the first 14 gods ad goddesses (Jupiter to Plutoand Proserpina). Use the following headings:Latin name; Greek name; area of influence; comments.Under “comments”, write down any major difference between theRoman and Greek figure.

✓

AA CC TT II VV II TT YY 11 00 BB

Select four of the figures of particular importance to the Romans(Janus to Castor and Pollux). Write a few words to explain why eachwas important.

✓

AA CC TT II VV II TT YY 11 00 CC

Read through the material on Roman gods once more. From thedeities the Romans chose to honour, and from the aspects of thosedeities they chose to emphasise, what conclusions can you drawabout differences between Greek and Roman mythology andreligion? Write up to half a page.

✰

14 GL301

Appendix

A list of classical mythology books for additional reading.

Most libraries contain something on Greek and Roman myths in thesection 291-292, and you may also find brief articles in referencebooks such as encyclopaedias. The following books are availablefrom The Correspondence School library.

A book of myths Roger Lancelot Green Dent/Dalton

The God beneath the Sea Leon Garfield &Edward Blishen

Longman Young Books

The Golden Shadow Leon Garfield &Edward Blishen

Longman Young Books

Stories from Ancient Greece ed. John Kent Peter Lunn

The Heroes Charles Kingsley Dent/Dalton

The Faber Book of GreekLegends

ed. Kathleen Lines Faber

The Spirit of Spring Penelope Proddow Macmillan

The Gods of Mount Olympus Robert Penn Warren Random House

Children of the Gods Kenneth McLeish Longman

Creation Myths Maureen Stewart McMillan

Other recommended books are:

The Greek Myths – Volumes1 & 2

Robert Graves Penguin

Greek and Roman

Mythology

D M Field Hamlyn

Roman Mythology Peter Croft Octopus Books

Roman Mythology Stewart Perowne Paul Hamlyn

Greek Mythology Richard Patrick Octopus Books

Larousse – Encyclopaedia ofMythology

Hamlyn

GL301 15

Answer guide

11 AA Reasons myths were created and the purposes theyserve include:• to explain the origins of the world• to explain the happenings of nature• to explain and justify existing customs and rituals• to reflect human dreams and wishes• to communicate beliefs and instructions

from one generation to the next.

As you were asked to try to add some of your own, yourteacher will check your work.

11 BB

3000

2000

1450

1250

1100

1000

700

400

0

Bronze Age begins.Fertility goddess worshipped.

Invasion of mainland Greece by Achaeans.Sky god now dominant.

Minoan civilisation in Crete flourishes.Mother/earth goddess still supreme.

Minoan civilisation destroyed.Mycenaean civilisation flourishes.

Troy sacked.

All mainland Mycenaean centres destroyed.

Invasion of Dorians. Writing lost.Myths created and retold orally.Homer composed Iliad and Odyssey.

Writing now in general use.Myths written down.Details changed or added by powerful states.

Hellenistic and Roman writers write downstories in the versions we have today.

B C

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22 AA You answered either question 1 or question 2.1 Important points about Greek divinities might include:

• there were large numbers of them• some were more important than others• they were usually of human shape• they had human appetites, desires and failings• they were larger, more beautiful, more powerful than

humans• in a moral sense they were no better than humans• they were immortal• they didn't care whether humans were good or not• they only required worship from their followers• they weren't evil• to humans they might be friendly, indifferent or

hostile• they caused everything that happened• they could tinker with minor details• fate decided the general scheme of events.

You may have thought of others, which your teacherwill check.

2 Differences between the religion of the ancient Greeks and Christianity:• many gods• hierarchy of power• human appetites and

desires• no power of evil• friendly, indifferent,

or hostile• virtuous life not

rewarded• various areas of influence• no dogmas or creed• religious tolerance• religion a state affair

one Godall-powerful GodGod is good

Satantotally loving

reward for virtue in next lifeone god covers everythinglarge body of doctrinecomparative intoleranceprimarily a personal matter

You may disagree with some of these differences or havethought of others. Your teacher will check your work.

GL301 17

22 BB Family tree of Zeus.

Chaos

Gaea Erebus Night Eros

Oceanus Uranus = Gaea

Titans Cyclopes Rhea = Cronos Giants Furies Typhon

Hestia Demeter Hera Hades Poseidon Zeus

22 CC Hestia: Goddess of hearth and home. Sweet,kindly nonentity. Gave place on Olympos toDionysos.

Demeter: Goddess of corn and fertility. Rape ofdaughter, Persephone. Explains seasons ofthe year. Eleusinian mysteries celebratedin their honour.

Hera: Goddess of marriage, childbirth and“women's affairs”. Resented husband'sinfidelity.

Hades: God of the underworld, ruler of the dead.

Poseidon: God of the sea, contender with Athene forpower in Athens.

Zeus: Supreme god over gods and humans. Notedfor numerous love affairs.

33 AA Athene: Goddess of wisdom, war and crafts.

Aphrodite: Goddess of love.

Ares: God of war.

Hephaistos: God of metal-working crafts.

18 GL301

Apollo: God of civilisation (such as music,poetry, philosophy, astronomy, medicine,science, prophecy, the sun).

Artemis: Virgin huntress (mistress of animals,eastern fertility goddess, patron of safe,easy childbirth).

Hermes: Messenger of Zeus (god of rogues,commerce, treaties, travellers).

Dionysos: God of wine, fertility, drama.

44 AA 1 The 12 labours of Heracles were:i killing the Nemean lionii killing the Hydra of Lernaiii capturing the Ceryneian hindiv capturing the Erymantheian boarv cleaning out the Augeian stablesvi killing/driving away the Stymphalian birdsvii capturing the Cretan bullviii taming the mares of Diomedesix fetching the girdle of Hippolytex stealing the cattle of Geryonxi gathering the golden apples of Heraxii kidnapping Cerberus.

2 Heracles represented the ideal man in an agewhich put physical strength and courage at the topof the list of ideal qualities. He was alwayssuccessful despite great odds, and everyone loves awinner. He could feature in tales set in almostevery part of Greece, and in fact in almost everyland in the Mediterranean, so every state couldrelate a story about “when Heracles visited here”.

As you may have thought of other reasons, yourteacher will check your work.

44 BB 1 A quest story involves a hero or heroes, settingout to do something or to find something ofvalue far away. There must be many difficultiesalong the way and even when the goal isreached, so that the “questers” must pass manytests of courage and ingenuity. They are toldbecause people enjoy adventure stories whichhave a purpose.

2 Tolkein: Lord of the RingsTerry Brooks: Sword of Shannara and so on.David Eddings: Belgariad and Malloreon

GL301 19

3 Argo is a US underwater exploration craft. Itfound the Titanic and the Bismark.Perseus, Andromeda, the sea monster, andAndromeda's parents Cassiopeia and Cepheusare constellations in the northern sky.

As you may have different answers for 2 and 3,your teacher will check your work.

55 AA Both Theseus and Heracles were the sons of gods,Theseus of Poseidon and Heracles of Zeus.

Both killed large numbers of dangerous men, animals andmonsters with their combination of courage, strength andskill.

Both carried a famous club – Heracles had his lion skin aswell. Heracles suffered from the anger and spite of Hera,but Theseus had no similar unfriendly deity. Heracleswas associated with the city Tiryns, but was never itsking, whereas Theseus had much stronger associationswith Athens.

Theseus was much wiser than Heracles, and was giventhe credit for political changes in Attica. He was thus allthe more blameworthy for his evil deeds like carrying offHelen and attempting to carry off Persephone.

Heracles was all brawn and little brain, and obviously hadlittle morality. 'Might is right' meant he could steal andpillage as he pleased, and you could hardly blame him ashe knew no better.

Theseus' stories were obviously “fiddled” with by laterAthenians. They credited him with historical deeds whichcame much later in time, and he was given a divine fatherand adventures to rival Heracles. But as fashionsrequired a bit more intelligence and moral virtue inclassical times, Theseus remains a rather unwieldymixture of stories.

55 BB Daedalus and Icarus

Daedalus invented a cow for Pasiphae to satisfy anunnatural lust, a labyrinth to contain the Minotaur,and a device to successfully kill the Minotaur. He theninvented wings to escape Minos' wrath, but his son flewtoo high, so the wax melted on his wings and hedrowned.

20 GL301

Message: a Daedalus brought misery to others by his inventions and finally to himself.

b Icarus flew too high, which a mortal must not do, and paid the price.

BellerophonHe also flew too high, and Zeus “cut him down tosize” and killed him.Message: If you get too ambitious, the gods will

destroy you.

NiobeShe boasted she was superior to Leto because she hadmore children. Leto's children were infinitely morepowerful and killed all Niobe's children.Message: Quality is more important than quantity.

Don't presume to be superior or even to equal a god.

The Calydonian boar huntAll the hunters were anxious to kill the boar, andcompeted rather than co-operated. Thus a numberwere killed.Message: Sometimes co-operation is preferable to

competition.

Castor and PolydeucesWhen mortal Castor died, semi-divine Polydeucesoffered to spend half the year dead so his brothercould live during that time. Zeus set them both in thesky.Message: Sometimes even the gods are touched by

devotion.

OedipusHis parents and he both tried to escape from theprophecy that he would kill his father and marry hismother, but in vain.Message: You cannot avoid your fate.

OrpheusWhen his wife died, he used the power of his music towin her back from the underworld, but lost her againwhen he broke a promise not to look back.Message: a The power of love and beauty is very

great.b He was a victim of his own error.c We are all victims of our own lack of faith.

GL301 21

66 AA 1 The family of Helen.

Leda = (Tyndareus, King of Sparta(Zeus

Clytemnestra Helen Castor Polydeuces(Pollux)

2 The family of Menelaos and Agamemnon.Tantalus

Pelops = Hippodameia

Atreus Thyestes

Aegisthus

Menelaos Agamemnon

Iphigenia Orestes Electra

3 The family of Achilles.Thetis = Peleus.

Achilles

Neoptolemus

4 The family of Odysseus.Odysseus = Penelope

Telemachus

5 The family of Paris.Hecabe = Priam, King of Troy

Hector Paris Cassandra Creusa Deiphobos Helenos

Astynax Ilus

22 GL301

66 BB Here are some of the causes of the Trojan War.

Real1 Troy controlled the trade routes to the Black Sea – a trade

war.2 A plundering raid – sacking and looting cities was an

integral part of Mycenaean life.

Mythological3 The Fates said Troy must fall.4 Priam was warned more than once that Paris would be the

ruin of Troy, but failed to kill him.5 Paris chose Aphrodite as the fairest goddess, making

enemies of Hera and Athene, but no matter whom he chosetrouble could be expected from the other two.

6 Aphrodite caused Paris and Helen to fall in love.7 Paris was guilty of seducing Helen, Menelaos' wife.8 Helen went willingly with Paris to Troy.9 The suitors of Helen had agreed to defend the “honour” and

“rights” of her husband, so were bound by oath to makewar on Troy on Menelaos' behalf.

10 The Trojans could have returned Helen to Menelaos butthey refused to give her back.

77 AA 1 Points you could make in your answer:• Achilles was by far the greatest warrior at Troy• he killed Trojan Troilus• he killed Ethiopian Memnon• he killed (and fell in love with) Amazon Penthesileia• he raided cities to cut off supplies• the loot from these cities, Chryseis and Briseis, were

the cause of his dispute with Agamemnon• as a result of this dispute, he refused to fight• as a result of his refusal, his friend Patroclus was

killed• Achilles went berserk and killed Hector• he buried Patroclus with funeral games and human

sacrifice• he treated Hector's corpse in a barbaric fashion and

refused ransom• his generosity in finally returning the body was

limited by demanding a colossal ransom for it• he was slain by a poisoned arrow in his one weak place

– his heel• when Troy was taken his spirit complained he wasn't

sharing in the loot, so he demanded the princessPolyxena, whom he'd fallen in love with, be sacrificedat his tomb

GL301 23

2 Points you could include in your answer:• Odysseus was one of Helen's many suitors• he devised the promise that the disappointed suitors

must promise to defend her father's choice• this promise forced the Greeks to accompany

Menelaos and Agamemnon to attack Troy• Odysseus tried to get out of going by feigning insanity

but was exposed by Palamedes• he got his revenge by framing Palamedes as a traitor• he received Achilles' armour after his death, and

insisted Ajax be properly buried• he stole the Palladium with Diomedes, and tried to

grab all credit• he devised the horse at Athene's prompting• he killed Hector's son Astynax• his voyage home took 10 years after he offended

Poseidon• on his return he had to clear his home of rivals who

wanted to marry his wife• he succeeded with the help of his son and, as always,

Athene.

77 BB Points you could make in your answer:• the Fates decreed Troy must fall• Eris and Zeus were responsible for the judgement of

Paris• Hera and Athene fought on the Greek side• Athene told Odysseus to make the horse• she (or Poseidon) sent the serpents to kill Laocoon,

thus convincing the Trojans that he was wrong tooppose the horse

• the Trojans were still foolish to believe the GreekSinon, and accept the enemy's “gift” of the horse.Clearly the gods made them foolish.

88 AA 1 Greek religion was of value because:• it satisfied its followers on a variety of levels• it both consoled and inspired them• it catered for all sorts of religious practices, from

Dionysos to Apollo• it inspired art and encouraged sport• it created a sense of unity among the Greeks, even

when at war with each other.

2 The first real scientific enquiry and philosophicalspeculation developed on the coast of Asia Minor.

• Other cities in the area and in Sicily and Italy werealso involved.

24 GL301

• These areas had contact with both the mother cities inGreece and with other cultures in their own regions.

• The ideas and knowledge from other cultures wereshared around the Greek world to stimulate theGreeks' own ideas.

• The Greeks were accustomed to discussing andarguing about differing customs and ideas.

• Greek religion had no set doctrines, so people were freeto speculate.

3 Early philosophy was limited because:• it was not always logical• it often contained superstition• many philosophers were not interested in

experiments• they lacked technical equipment to conduct

experiments.

4 It was of value because:• asking the questions was of value, even though the

answers were wrong• they consciously developed logic• they believed humans could understand the world• the world was, they thought, governed by rational

laws• nothing was too sacred to be questioned.

88 BB Thales: The first Greek philosopher. He usedmathematical knowledge to solvepractical problems and claimed theworld had evolved by natural processes.

Protagoras: Sophist who claimed "Man is the measure ofall things", meaning all knowledge isrelative.

Isocrates: Sophist, teacher of rhetoric and the doctrinethat education should show men how tolead a virtuous life in society.

Socrates: By questioning, he demonstrated theinconsistency in a man's beliefs, and byshowing his ignorance set him on the pathto true wisdom.

Plato: Searched for general principles and eternalideas and ideals, as well as founding theAcademy to search for truth and trainpoliticians through mathematics andphilosophy.

GL301 25

Aristotle: Used a scientific approach to draw generalconclusions from many specific examples.

99 AAEpicurus Stoics

Greatest good Pleasure, which wasan absence of pain.

Virtue, such asliving in harmonywith nature andreason.

Emotion Avoid emotion as itdisturbed the mind’stranquillity.

Avoid emotion as itis irrational.

Public life Avoid public life asit disturbed themind’s tranquillity.

Do one’s duty,including publicservice, withoutwanting rewards.

The gods The gods exist buttake no interest inhumanity.Prayer and sacrificeare pointless, anddeath is not to befeared.

God is good andrational, andthere’s probablyonly one.

99 BB Points you could include in your answer:• Medicine made significant progress through careful

and regular observation.Hippocrates – assigned earthly causes to illness (thatis, not caused by the gods).Herophilus and Erasistratus – study of anatomy.

• Astronomy progressed as the Greeks moved from beliefin a flat earth to a round, rotating earth.Aristarchus – declared the earth moves round the sun.

• Mathematics and technical inventions continued todevelop.Euclid – wrote 13 books of geometry.Apollonius – wrote on conics.Archimedes – worked on the behaviour of solids inliquids, pulleys and levers and invented theArchimedean screw.Ctesibos – invented water clocks and force pumps.Heron – steam and compressed air machines.Eratosthenes – calculated the circumference of the earth.

26 GL301

11 00 AARomanname

Greek name Area ofinfluence

Comments

Jupiter Zeus Sky More dignified andmoral than Zeus,whose love affairswere inappropriate.

Juno Hera Women’saffairs

More dignified thanHera.

Mars Ares War More important to theRomans than theGreeks.

Minerva Athene Crafts andcommerce

Less important thanAthene. Warriorgoddess only fromidentification withAthene.

Vulcan Hephaestus Fire,metalwork

Old Latin god.

Neptune Poseidon Water First offered droughtprotection, later god ofsea when identifiedwith Poseidon.

Ceres Demeter Corn Less important thanDemeter.

Diana Artemis Mountainsand woods

Less important thanArtemis.

Apollo Apollo Civilisationand culture

Wholly Greek god.

Venus Aphrodite Spring andflowers

Minor Italian goddess,identified with theGreek goddess of loveand beauty.

Mercury Hermes Commerce A minor god always.Liber Pater/Bacchus

Dionysos Fertility Became god of wineand “mysteries”through identificationwith Dionysos.

Pluto andProserpina

Hades andPersephone/Kore

Underworld Not popular amongthe Romans in theirrole as rulers of theUnderworld.

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11 00 BB Janus: God of doorways, journeys,beginnings, departures andreturns. Peculiarly Roman.Temple doors signified war/peacewhen open/shut.

Vesta-Hestia: Major goddess of hearth and home,with important state worship.

Lares and Penates: Spirits guarding individualhouseholds.

Saturn-Cronos: An old Italian agricultural godresponsible for the peace andprosperity of the Golden Age.

Hercules-Herakles: The Greek hero who had visited thesite of Rome.

Aeneas: Founder of the Roman race.Romulus and Remus: Sons of Mars. Romulus founded

Rome and murdered his brother.Castor and Pollux: Helped the Romans against the

Latins 496.Major Roman figures – much moreimportant than in Greek mythology.

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GL301

mythologyyour second topic, greek vase painting, makes even greater use of myth, since 13 of the...

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