myths and realities of cyberterrorism

8/16/2019 Myths and Realities of Cyberterrorism

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@ytas iok Wbidntnbs ch Fygbrtbrrcrns`

]btbr Hdb``noe

Xnsntnoe Wbsbirfa Isscfnitb

Iok

@nfaibd Vtcad

Kbio iok ]rchbsscr

Chhnfb ch Notbroitncoid ]rceri`s iok

[ab Fbotbr hcr Bkufitnco iok Wbsbirfa no Nohcrìtnco Issuriofb iok VbfurntyFBWNIV

]urkub Ronvbrsnty

Ubst Dihiybttb, Noknioi ;5>=8-87=5

RVI

]ipbr prbpirbk hcr tab Notbroitncoid Fcohbrbofb co Fcuotbrnoe [brrcrns` [arcuea

Boaiofbk Notbroitncoid Fccpbritnco, 77-7; Vbptb`gbr, 7=== Fcurìybur, Ntidy it tabnontnitnvb ch tab Notbroitncoid Vfnbotnhnf iok ]rchbssncoid Ikvnscry Fcuofnd ch tab Rontbk

Oitncos Frn`b ]rbvbotnco iok Frn`noid Lustnfb ]rceri``b (NV]IF) iok tab Fbotrc

Oitncoidb kn ]rbvbozncob b Knhbsi Vcfnidb (FO]KV) no fccpbritnco wnta tab Rontbk

Oitncos [brrcrns` ]rbvbotnco Griofa ([]G), Rontbk Oitncos Chhnfb hcr Krue Fcotrcd iok

Frn`b ]rbvbotnco

]ugdnsabk no Fcuotbrnoe [brrcrns` [arcuea Notbroitncoid Fccpbritnco, Idbx ]. Vfa`nk (bk.), NV]IF(Notbroitncoid Vfnbotnhnf iok ]rchbssncoid Ikvnscry Fcuofnd ch tab Rontbk Oitncos Frn`b ]rbvbotnco iok

Frn`noid Lustnfb ]rceri`), Xnbooi, 7==9,pp< 5=-9=2.

]crtncos ch tans wcrj wbrb suppcrtbk gy tab Fbotbr hcr Bkufitnco iok Wbsbirfa no

Nohcrìtnco Issuriofb iok Vbfurnty, ]urkub Ronvbrsnty.

7

Fc`putbrs iok [brrcrns`<

[ab Bvcdvnoe Oiturb ch [brrcrnst Ercups iok tab [brrcrnst [arbit

[abrb ns nofrbisnoe fcofbro tait tab tarbit ch tbrrcrns` no i edcgid bovnrco`bot

nofrbisnoedy rbdniot co fc`putbr obtwcrjs iok nohcrìtnco tbfaocdcey ns ercwnoe iok tait

tab vbry obtwcrjs iok nohcrìtnco tbfaocdcey wanfa aivb gbbo rbspcosngdb hcr tab

kriìtnf nofrbisbs no prckuftnvnty wntano tab wcrdk bfcoc`y ìy idsc firry wnta tab`

bvbo erbitbr fipifntnbs tc kc air`. No tans pipbr wb ireub tait uokbrstioknoe tbrrcrns`

wntano tab obw fygbr bovnrco`bot ch tab twboty-hnrst fbotury ns gbst boaiofbk gy gundknoe

co wait wb aivb dbirobk igcut tbrrcrnsts iok tbrrcrns` no tab prbvncus twboty fboturnbs.

No sacrt, wb gbdnbvb tait tab uokbrdynoe prnofnpdbs ch tab tbrrcrns` gbanok tab tarbit

rbìno tab si`b.

[brrcrns` ns i prcfbss tait novcdvbs ifts cr tarbits, b`ctncoid rbiftncos iok tab

scfnid bhhbfts ch tab ifts cr tarbits iok tab rbsudtiot iftncos. [brrcrns` no i fygbr sbttnoe

novcdvbs idd ch tab igcvb fc`pcobots wntano i ripnkdy faioenoe tbfaocdcenfid bovnrco`bot

wanfa nohdubofbs tbrrcrnst rbscurfbs iok cppcrtuontnbs. [absb faioebs knrbftdy ihhbft

tbrrcrnst tiftnfs, tirebts iok wbipcos iok aivb spiwobk ercwnoe knsfussnco ch i obw

tbrrcrnst tiftnf fiddbk —fygbr tbrrcrns`‐.

Cur furrbot uokbrstioknoe ch tab oiturb ch tbrrcrns` is nt rbditbs tc tab fygbr

bovnrco`bot ns dn`ntbk gy twc prnìry hiftcrs - tab rbditnvbdy rbfbot b`brebofb ch

fc`putbr obtwcrjs iok pbraips, bvbo `crb n`pcrtiotdy tab dbeify ch prbvncus ioidysbs

wanfa fcohusb tbrrcrns` wnta i wnkb rioeb ch ctabr hcr`s ch vncdbofb.9 [ans sink, obw

kbvbdcp`bots no tbrrcrns` irb gbst uokbrstcck gy i grnbh rbvnbw ch tab oiturb ch

9 [ab bok rbsudt ch tans fcohusnco ns tait firbhud ioidysbs ch tbrrcrns` stitnstnfs irb chtbo

neocrbk no hivcr ch spbfuditnvb issbss`bots.

6

tbrrcrns` iok tab pittbro ch tbrrcrns` kurnoe tab pist tanrty ybirs. Ub gbeno wnta i grnbh

kbhnontncoid knsfussnco iok tabo grnbhdy kbsfrngb tab kiti sbt upco wanfa wb gisb cur

b`pnrnfid ioidysns. Ub tabo dccj it tab b`pnrnfid kiti tarcuea tab dbos ch i sbt ch

fc``co `ytas wanfa aivb hri`bk ùfa ch tab knsfussnco ch tbrrcrns`. Unta tait is cur

hcuokitnco wb tabo turo tc i knsfussnco ch fygbr tbrrcrns`.

[brrcrns`< Kbhnontncos, Kbsneos iok @ytas

Kbhnontncos<7

Ub gbeno wnta tab issbrtnco tait tbrrcrns` ns io ift iok ùst gb kbhnobk is sufa.

[c kc ctabrwnsb fcohusbs tab nssub gy fc`gnonoe ctabr bdb`bots ch vncdbofb wnta tans

paboc`boco tait aivb oc gbirnoe co nts gisnf nkbotnty.6 Cofb tab oiturb ch tab ift ais

gbbo spbfnhnbk nt ns tabo iffbptigdb tc ikk quidnhynoe kbsfrnptcrs tc pdifb nt notc fcotbxt.

Hcr nostiofb, "tbrrcrns`" fio gb "notbroitncoid", "kc`bstnf", "stitb" cr "pcdntnfid", wnta

7 Nt ns ebobriddy tab fisb tait knsfussncos ch tbrrcrns` kbhnontncos wndd rbhbr tc cob cr twc

ìlcr pnbfbs tait kbvctb tabnr prnìry hcfus tc tans suglbft. Envbo tab grbikta ch tbrrcrnst

rbsbirfa, acwbvbr, tab iutacrs gbdnbvb tait nt ns nohnontbdy `crb usbhud tc knrbft tab rbikbr

tc survby i ùfa wnkbr rioeb ch dntbriturb tc uokbrstiok acw kbhnontncos irb b`pdcybk no

bifa fisb.

6 [ans uokbrstioknoe ns n`pbritnvb. No tab notrckuftnco tc tab `cst rbfbot Vtitb

Kbpirt`bot rbpcrt (7===, 5), ]ittbros ch Edcgid [brrcrns` 9>>>, nt ns octbktait<"...tbrrcrnst ifts irb pirt ch i direbr paboc`boco ch pcdntnfiddy nospnrbk vncdbofb, iok

it tn`bs tab dnob gbtwbbo tab twc fio gb knhhnfudt tc kriw." Nh tab ift ch tbrrcrns` ns oct

fdbirdy iok bisndy knstnoeunsabk hrc` tabsb ctabr hcr`s ch "pcdntnfiddy nospnrbk vncdbofb"

tabo nt ns pcnotdbss tc b`pdcy tab fcofbpt ch tbrrcrns` is io ioidytnfid tccd. [ab bok rbsudt

ch tab n`prcpbr usb ch tbrrcrns` ns tait tab fcofbpt issu`bs tab nkbotnty ch id`cst ioy

hcr` ch vncdbofb tait tab ioidyst irgntrirndy faccsbs tc nofdukb. No tab fisb ch i rbpcrt

sufa is tab cob prckufbk gy tab RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb, pcdntnfid fcosnkbritncos

udtnìtbdy knftitb acw tab tidb ch tbrrcrns` wndd gb tcdk.

;

bifa kbsfrnptnvb kbhnonoe sufa hbiturbs is pirtnfnpiots, dcfidb, pbrpbtritcrs cr `ctnvbs,

gut tab fcrb ift idwiys rbìnos tab si`b.;

[ab ift ch tbrrcrns` ns spbfnid no tait nt fc`gnobs i spbfnhnf tirebt wnta i wnkbr

iuknbofb. Uandb ìoy ifts ch vncdbofb tirebt cody tab botnty tait ns `biot tc gb air`bk

cr kbstrcybk, tbrrcrns` ns uonqub no tait tab iftuid tirebt tait ns ittifjbk sbrvbs is i

eitbwiy tc nohdubofnoe i direbr iok sc`btn`bs `crb knvbrsb iuknbofb. [brrcrns` ns —tab

purpcsbhud ift cr tab tarbit ch tab ift ch vncdbofb tc frbitb hbir iok/cr fc`pdniot

gbaivncr no i vnftn` iok/cr iuknbofb ch tab ift cr tarbit (Vtcad, 9>11<6).‐2 Untano tans

kbhnontnco, tab fc`pcobots ch i purpcsbhud ift , vncdbofb, hbir , vnftn` iok iuknbofb idd

fcotrngutb tc tab uonqubobss ch tbrrcrns`.8 Nt ns idsc bssbotnid tc octb tait tab n``bknitb

vnftn`s ch tbrrcrns` irb knhhbrbot hrc` tab tirebt iuknbofb.5 Gy nohdnftnoe vncdbofb co tab

hcr`br, tbrrcrns` nohdubofbs tab dittbr. No tab hcddcwnoe knsfussnco tans rbditncosanp wndd

gbfc`b `crb ippirbot, bspbfniddy nh tab rbidnty ch tbrrcrns` ns fcotristbk wnta nts `ytas.

Kbsneos<

; [brrcrns` fio idsc gb knsfussbk no tab fcotbxt ch `crb bofc`pissnoe nostiofbs ch

vncdbofb sufa is wir. Vbb hcr nostiofb [acìs Vfabddnoe„s (9>88<98-95) rbhbrbofb tc

tbrrcrns` usbk is i knpdcìtnf tccd kurnoe wirtn`b.

2 [ab RV Ir`y Hnbdk @iouid 9==-7=, Vtigndnty iok Vuppcrt Cpbritncos prcvnkbs i sn`ndir

kbhnontnco tait hcfusbs co tab oiturb ch tab ift. [brrcrns` ns, —tab fidfuditbk usb ch

vncdbofb cr tab tarbit ch vncdbofb tc nofudfitb hbir: notbokbk tc fcbrfb cr tc notn`nkitb

ecvbro`bots cr scfnbtnbs no tab pursunt ch ecids tait irb ebobriddy pcdntnfid, rbdnencus crnkbcdcenfid.

8 [ab RV Ir`y Hnbdk @iouid hurtabr stitbs, —...tbrrcrns` ns fidfuditbk. [brrcrnsts

ebobriddy jocw wait taby irb kcnoe. [ab sbdbftnco ch i tirebt ns pdioobk iok

ritncoid.....[brrcrnst vncdbofb ns obntabr spcotiobcus ocr riokc`....Z[Pbrrcrns` ns i

psyfacdcenfid ift fcokuftbk hcr nts n`pift co io iuknbofb.‐

5 Vbb Vtcad (9>1><6-;) hcr hurtabr bdigcritnco ch tans iok rbditbk pcnots.

2

[ab tbrrcrns` tait tab wcrdk ais wntobssbk kurnoe tab pist tarbb kbfikbs ais

gbbo fairiftbrnzbk gy i ou`gbr ch fdbirdy nkbotnhnigdb trints. [ab iftuid b`pnrnfid rbfcrk

ch tbrrcrns` gbirs cody ìrenoid rbsb`gdiofb tc fcotb`pcriry `bkni pcrtriyids iok

pcpudir gbdnbhs. [c nddustritb wb prbsbot io bxtrift ch ioidysbs ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`

kriwo hrc` cur bxi`noitnco ch N[BWI[B NX 1, io ioouiddy upkitbk kiti-sbt ch

notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst bvbots tait prbsbotdy fcvbrs tab 9>81 tc 9>>; pbrnck. Cvbridd,

N[BWI[B NX rbfcrkbk 9=,165 nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`.> No su`, tans ioidysns

kbtinds tab wac, wait, wabo iok wabrb ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` iok no kcnoe sc

bstigdnsabs gbofaìrjs9= hrc` wanfa tc issbss notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst bvbots ch tab pist,

prbsbot iok huturb.99

Ub gbeno wnta tab abirt ch tab hbir ebobritnoe fipifnty ch tbrrcrns`, tab tarbit tc

dnhb. @botnco tbrrcrns` iok tab nìebs tait n``bknitbdy fc`b tc `nok irb direb-sfidb

triebknbs, tab gc`gnoes no Cjdiacì Fnty cr @csfcw, cr tab b`gissnbs no Oinrcgn iok

Kir bs Vidii`, hcr bxi`pdb. Acwbvbr, rbditnvbdy hbw nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`

1 @nfjcdus bt id. (9>>>). Idsc sbb tab hcur vcdu`bs ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst farcocdcenbs

fc`pndbk gy @nfjcdus (9>1=, 9>>6) iok @nfjcdus, Viokdbr iok @urkcfj (9>1>i, 9>1>g).

Nt ns n`pbritnvb tc rb`b`gbr tait tab kiti prbsbotbk no tans faiptbr ns tijbo hrc`

N[BWI[B iok nofdukbs cody notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`. [aus, kc`bstnf, is wbdd is stitb

tbrrcrns` irb oct fcvbrbk. @crbcvbr, tabrb irb ctabr kiti-sbts (Vbb hcr nostiofb Lihhbb

Fbotbr, Wiok cr Vtitb Kbpirt`bot) tait prcvnkb gcta knhhbrbot fcuots ch tbrrcrnst

nofnkbots iok knhhbrbot virnigdbs isscfnitbk wnta tab oiturb ch tab nofnkbots. Hcr hurtabr

ioidysns ch tab virncus kiti-sbts tait irb ivindigdb sbb hcr nostiofb Hdb``noe (9>>7<969-

967) cr Hcwdbr (9>19).

> [ans ns io ivbrieb ch ;=9 nofnkbots pbr ioou`.

9= Cob ispbft wanfa sbb`s bspbfniddy n`pcrtiot no tans rbspbft surrcuoks tab qubstnco ch

acw fbrtino pcdntnfid fcotbxts bofcurieb cr knsfcurieb tbrrcrns`.

99 Vbb Eurr (9>11) wac rinsbs sbvbrid n`pcrtiot qubstncos rbditbk tc tab ioidysns ch

notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` kiti uokbrtijbo no tans sbftnco.



8

bok no kbita. [ab tctid ou`gbr ch rbfcrkbk kbitas hrc` nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid

tbrrcrns` hrc` 9>81-9>>; wis >,82;97

@cst nofnkbots (>,79=, 12.2%) wbrb hitidnty hrbb.

Ioctabr 158 nofnkbots (1.9%) wbrb fairiftbrnzbk gy i snoedb kbita. No tctid, hitidnty hrbb

iok snoedb kbita nofnkbots iffcuotbk hcr >6.8 pbr fbot ch idd notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst

nofnkbots.

No tab twboty-sbvbo ybir pbrnck survbybk hcr tans stuky tabrb wbrb it dbist 98,12;

pbcpdb wcuokbk (87;/yr) gy nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`.96

[ans ns io ivbrieb ch

9.22 noknvnkuids wcuokbk pbr nofnkbot. [ab `cst vnftn`s wcuokbk no ioy envbo ybir wis

9,7169; no 9>19. No tab ìlcrnty ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots 1,>=5 (17.7% ch

nofnkbots), oc cob wis wcuokbk iok no ioctabr 812 (8.6%) cody cob pbrsco wis

wcuokbk pbr nofnkbot.92

[aus, gne bvbots wnta ìoy kbitas iok nolurnbs irb no cur

fcosfncusobss, ocob cr hbw kbitas iok nolury hrbb bvbots irb tab —rbidnty‐ hcr `cst

nofnkbots.

No ebobrid, `cst nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` prckufbk oc prcpbrty kiìeb

it idd. Cvbr hnvb tacusiok (2,555) cr 26.6 pbr fbot ch idd notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots

hidd wntano tans fitbecry. [ab sbfcok direbst fitbecry ch prcpbrty kiìeb wis "uojocwo"

97 [ans hneurb rbprbsbots tab tctid ou`gbr ch jocwo kbitas.

96 [ans ns tab jocwo tctid ch wcuokbk. [ab fc`pndbrs ch N[BWI[B NX rbfceonzb tait `crb

pbcpdb wbrb wcuokbk. [ans fivbit ippdnbs tc idd fcuots ch wcuokbk.

9; [ans ns io ivbrieb ch 7.5; wcuokbk pbr nofnkbot.

92 No ikkntnco tc i ebobrid fcuot ch tab ou`gbr ch vnftn`s wcuokbk, N[BWI[B NX idsc

fcuots tab ou`gbr ch hcrbneobrs, RV fntnzbos iok ecvbro`bot chhnfnids wcuokbk. Kiti

sacws tait tabrb wbrb 6,;=9 hcrbneobrs wcuokbk cr 71.91% ch idd vnftn`s wcuokbk. Nt

idsc sacws 112 I`brnfios wcuokbk cr .=1 pbr nofnkbot. No rbditnvb tbr`s tans rbprbsbots

2.72 pbr fbot ch idd vnftn`s wcuokbk, i ùfa dcwbr hneurb taio tab 7> pbr fbot

vnftn`nzitnco ritb tab Rontbk Vtitbs hifbs cvbr idd. Hnoiddy, N[BWI[B NX kiti rbvbid tait it

dbist 9,8=1 ecvbro`bot chhnfnids wbrb wcuokbk cr .77 pbr nofnkbot.



5

(6,11; nofnkbots, 62.1%).98

Kiti ioidysns hurtabr noknfitbs tait tabrb wbrb 189 nofnkbots

(1.=%) rbsudtnoe no "sdneat" kiìeb: wnta 9;2 (9.6%) "`ckbritb": 18 (.1%) "anea": iok 58

(.5%) "sbvbrb" kiìeb.

. [ab hrbqubofy ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots, wandb puoftuitbk gy cffisncoid

kbfdnobs, obvbrtabdbss fcotnoubk tc ercw cvbr tab 9>81 tc 9>>; pbrnck.95

N[BWI[B NX

kiti rbvbid tait it dbist 91

976 notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots wbrb pbrpbtritbk no 9>81

iok tab hrbqubofy ch tabsb ifts nofrbisbk tc 652 no 9>>;. [ab hneurb ch 976 (9>81)

rbprbsbots tab dcw bok hcr nofnkbots, wandb 251 (9>>9) rbprbsbots tab anea bok. Cvbridd,

98 Nt ns knhhnfudt tc bstigdnsa tab bxtbot ch kiìeb fiusbk gy ìoy nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid

tbrrcrns`, is rbpcrtnoe co tans cutfc`b ns chtbo nofc`pdbtb. No sc`b fisbs nt ns prcgigdb

tait nofnkbots no wanfa cody `nocr kiìeb cffurs (b.e. i grcjbo wnokcw cr supbrhnfnid

kiìeb tc io b`gissy widd) irb oct rbpcrtbk gbfiusb taby irb vnbwbk gy tab vnftn` is

trnvnid cr nofcosbqubotnid (Vivb ch fcursb wabo ecvbro`bots hnok i obbk tc rbntbritb tab

sbrncusobss ch tab tbrrcrnst tarbit tc i —fcofbrobk‐ pugdnf.). No ctabr fisbs, tab kcddir

vidub ch tab kiìeb ns knhhnfudt tc kbtbr`nob gbfiusb ch nofcosnstbot rbpcrtnoe hrc` irbis

sufa is tab [anrk Ucrdk cr Bistbro Gdcf. No tabsb fisbs kiìeb ns ippirbot, gut dnttdbnohcrìtnco gbycok tait ns iffbssngdb. Hnoiddy, nt sacudk gb rb`b`gbrbk tait cody

n``bknitb kiìeb ns `bisurbk. [ab hudd bxtbot ch bxpboknturbs rbsudtnoe hrc`

notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots wanfa chtbo nofdukbs ikkntncoid bxpbosbs hcr obw cr

n`prcvbk sbfurnty `bisurbs ns oct fcosnkbrbk.

95 Ieino, nt ns n`pcrtiot tc rb`b`gbr tait tab hrbqubofy iok ìeontukb ch notbroitncoid

tbrrcrnst bvbots irb twc knstnoft paboc`boi. [aus, bvbo tacuea sc`b ybirs `neat

bxpbrnbofb hbwbr nofnkbots taio ctabr ybirs, tab sbvbrnty cr ìeontukb ch tab dbssbr

ou`gbr ch nofnkbots `neat stndd rbsudt no `crb sbrncus fcosbqubofbs (b.e. fisuidtnbs iok

kiìeb) taio tab erbitbr ou`gbr ch nofnkbots. No ctabr wcrks, idd notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst

nofnkbots irb nofdukbk no tab kiti fcuot wabtabr taby irb sn`pdb tarbits ch notbokbkvncdbofb cr iftuid ìlcr ifts ch vncdbofb sufa is ississnoitnco iok sunfnkb gc`gnoe.

91 B`paisns ikkbk. Nt ns tab cpnonco ch tab iutacrs tait `crb nofnkbots fcudk idwiys gb

ikkbk tc tab ioouid fcuots nh tabrb wis gbttbr iffbss tc nohcrìtnco co notbroitncoid

tbrrcrns`. ]irt ch tab cvbridd nofrbisb no tab hrbqubofy ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots

fio gb bxpdinobk no tans rbspbft. Acwbvbr, nt fcudk idsc gb ireubk tait nh knhhbrbot

kbhnontncos, is wbdd is, knhhbrbot kiti fcknoe fcovbotncos wbrb b`pdcybk gy tab fc`pndbrs

ch N[BWI[B NX tab ioouid fcuots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots fcudk idsc gb dcwbr.

1

N[BWI[B NX rbfcrkbk 9=,165 nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`.9>

No tbr`s ch tab

aneabst hrbqubofy ch nofnkbots 9>>9 (251 nofnkbots) riojbk hnrst hcddcwbk gy 9>>6 (227)

iok 9>18 (266). [ab dcwbst hrbqubofy ch nofnkbots cffurrbk no 9>81 (976 nofnkbots),

9>8> (95>) iok 9>51 (7>=).

Uabo vnbwbk it tab Vtitb dbvbd ch ioidysns N[BWI[B NX kiti rbvbids tait i aiokhud

ch stitbs sbrvbk is tab dcfidb hcr tab ìlcrnty ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`. Vn`pdy stitbk,

aidh ch idd notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` wis fcofbotritbk no lust tanrtbbo stitbs. Dbgioco tcppbk

tab dnst ch stitbs wnta 12= (69.;1 nofnkbots/ybir.) nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`,

hcddcwbk gy tab Rontbk Vtitbs wnta 851 (72.99/ybir.) iok Ubst Ebrìoy/Ebrìoy 7= wnta

8=; (76.6>/ybir.). Ctabr n`pcrtiot stitbs no tans rbspbft wbrb< Hriofb wnta 251 nofnkbots

(79.;9/ybir.): tab Rontbk Jnoekc` (285< 79/ybir.): Erbbfb (615< 9;.66/ybir.): Irebotnoi

(612< 9;.78 ybir.): Ntidy (688< 96.28/ybir.): [urjby (7>=< 9=.>7/ybir): tab ]andnppnobs

(716<99.5>/ybir): Fcdc`gni (757<9=.=5/ybir): ]bru (757<9=.=5/ ybir) iok Vpino (78><

>.>8/ybir.). ]braips bvbo `crb n`prbssnvb ns tab hift tait tab tcp hcur stitbs ch

Dbgioco, tab Rontbk Vtitbs, Ubst Ebrìoy/Ebrìoy iok Hriofb wbrb tab sntb ch cob-

quirtbr ch idd notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` pbrpbtritbk gbtwbbo 9>81 iok 9>>;.

Kbspntb i rbditnvbdy anea hrbqubofy ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots no tab Rontbk

Vtitbs (851) tab ìlcrnty (>6.>%) knk oct prckufb hitidntnbs cr ìlcr prcpbrty kiìeb.

9> [ans ns io ivbrieb ch ;=9 nofnkbots pbr ioou`.

7= N[BWI[B NX fcuots Ubst Ebrìoy iok tabo Ebrìoy ihtbr tab hidd ch tab Gbrdno Uidd

is tab si`b botnty.



>

Hneurbs hrc` N[BWI[B NX sacw >7 vnftn`s jnddbk cvbr i twboty-sbvbo ybir tn`b spio.79

]rcpbrty kiìeb cffurrbk no 28.5 pbr fbot ch tab nofnkbots. No ikkntnco tc tab I`brnfio

fntnzbos wac` bxpbrnbofbk tab gudj ch tab vnftn`nzitnco (6>.8% ch idd notbroitncoid

nofnkbots no tab RV), ctabr stitbs tait wbrb rbeudirdy vnftn`nzbk nofdukbk tab Vcvnbt Ronco

(5.2%): Fugi (2.8%): Nrio (7.2%): ûecsdivni (7.;%): iok @bxnfc (7.;%).77

No tctid, >=

stitbs wbrb vnftn`nzbk it cob tn`b cr ioctabr. [ab `cst hrbqubot typb ch n``bknitb

vnftn`s wbrb hcrbneo knpdcìts (69.2% ch nofnkbots): fcrpcritnco chhnfnids (78.8%): iok

prnvitb pirtnbs (79.;%), wandb prcpbrty wis ittifjbk id`cst hcur tn`bs is chtbo is

pbcpdb. No tbr`s ch typbs ch nofnkbots, gc`gnoes iffcuotbk hcr sdneatdy `crb taio aidh

(2=.2%)76

, hcddcwbk gy tarbits (96.;%). [ab dcenstnfid suffbss ritb hcr idd notbroitncoid

tbrrcrnst nofnkbots no tab Rontbk Vtitbs hrc` 9>81 tc 9>>; wis 8>.6 pbr fbot. Iok `cst

(55%) ch tab notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots no tab Rontbk Vtitbs wbrb pbrpbtritbk gy lust

bneat ercups, hcur ch wanfa wbrb Fugio (C`bei-5, Bd ]ckbr Fugioc, Vbfrbt Fugio

Ecvbro`bot, nokbtbr`noitb iotn-Fistrc Fugios (wnta oc kbhnontnvb oi`bs), tarbb ]ubrtc

Wnfio (HIDO, @NWI iok nokbtbr`noitb ]ubrtc Wnfios) iok cob Lbwnsa (Lbwnsa Kbhbosb

Dbieub) no crneno.7;

79 6.; hitidntnbs pbr ioou`. [ans ns i ìlcr fcotrist tc kc`bstnf tbrrcrns` wabrb hitidntnbs

ebobritbk gy i snoedb bvbot (tab gc`gnoe ch tab Idhrbk ]. @urria gundknoe bisndy bfdnpsbs

idd hitidntnbs rbfcrkbk no i twboty-sbvbo ybir spio ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`.

77 [ab oitncoidnty ch tab vnftn`s ns fdbirdy noknfitnvb ch tab notbroitncoid pcdntnfid fdnìtb chtab tn`b (n.b. tab Fcdk Uir) iok tab pbrsnstbofb ch ctabr rbencoid fcofbros no Fugi iok

]ubrtc Wnfc.

76 [ans tctid ns 86.>% nh nofbokniry ittifjs iok irsco irb nofdukbk.

7; [ab crneno ch tabsb ercups ns dcenfid envbo tabnr fdcsb ebceripanf prcxn`nty tc tab Rontbk

Vtitbs iok tab oiturb ch tabnr pcdntnfid strueedbs, idd ch wanfa rcutnobdy novcdvbk I`brnfio

hcrbneo pcdnfy. Nt ns pbraips, `crb n`pcrtiot tc octb, acwbvbr, tait tabsb ercups wbrb

oct pirt ch wait wcudk gb fcosnkbrbk i —dbhtnst‐ cr —Irig‐ nospnrbk tarbit tait rbeudirdy

9=

It tab ctabr bok ch tab spbftru`, i ìlcrnty ch stitbs rbìnobk rbditnvbdy hrbb ch

notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`. [wboty stitbs72

rbfcrkbk i snoedb bvbot ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`

bifa cvbr tab twboty-hcur ybir pbrnck survbybk. Bdbvbo stitbs78

wbrb tab sntb ch twc

nofnkbots bifa iok ioctabr bdbvbo stitbs75

bxpbrnbofbk lust tarbb nofnkbots bifa. No hift,

onobty-sbvbo stitbs bxpbrnbofbk dbss taio cob nofnkbot ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` pbr ybir:

bneatbbo stitbs erbitbr taio cob, gut dbss taio twc: iok hcrty-hcur stitbs twc cr `crb

nofnkbots pbr ybir. No ctabr wcrks, 992 ch 92>, cr sbvboty-twc pbr fbot ch tab stitbs

bxi`nobk wntobssbk dbss taio cob nofnkbot ch tbrrcrns` pbr ybir co tabnr ac`b scnd.

Io bvbo `crb spbfnhnf ioidysns ch tab dcfitnco ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns̀ novcdvbs

tab bxi`noitnco ch tab sfbob wabrb tbrrcrnst nofnkbots cffur. Fbrtino dcfitncos irb

kc`noitbk I`brnfio trbit`bots ch tbrrcrns` kurnoe tait tn`b pbrnck. Vtitnstnfs (RV Vtitb

Kbpirt`bot, 7===) sacw oc nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` pbrpbtritbk co I`brnfio

scnd kurnoe 9>>>, acwbvbr, cob noknvnkuid wnta suspbftbk tnbs tc Rsiì Gno Dikno wis

irrbstbk it tab Fioiki - RV gcrkbr. No tab 9>1=s V`nta iok Ki`pacussb (9>>1<962-

965) aivb kcfu`botbk io nofrbisb no kc`bstnf iok i kbfrbisb no notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`.

Hcr hurtabr nohcrìtnco co kc`bstnf tbrrcrns` no tab Rontbk Vtitbs sbb rbpcrtssufa is tab HGN Ioidysns ch [brrcrnst Nofnkbots no tab Rontbk Vtitbs (virncus ybirs):

[brrcrns` no I`brnfi< ]npb Gc`gs iok ]npb Krbi`s (V`nta, 9>>;): —[wc Kbfikbs ch

[brrcr< Fairiftbrnstnfs, [rboks iok ]rcspbfts hcr tab Huturb ch I`brnfio [brrcrns`‐

(V`nta iok Ki`pacussb, 9>>1): iok —Hidsb ]itrncts< [ab [arbit ch Iotnecvbro`bot

Bxtrb`nsts‐ (Vcutabro ]cvbrty Diw Fbotbr, 9>>8). [absb iok ctabr rbfbot stuknbs

farconfdnoe kc`bstnf tbrrcrns` no tab Rontbk Vtitbs pcnot tc i huturb tarbit ch tbrrcrnst

vncdbofb hrc` —rneat-wnoe‐, rbdnencus iok —snoedb-nssub‐ ercups. [ans kbvbdcp`bot ais

n`pcrtiot n`pdnfitncos hcr tab huturb ch tbrrcrns`/fc`putbr obtwcrjs iok wndd gb kbidt wnta

no tab sbfcok sbftnco ch tab prbsbot stuky.

72

[absb stitbs irb< Iotneui, Ir`boni, Izcrbs, Fignoki, Kc`nonfi, Hidjdiok Nsdioks,Bquitcrnid Eunobi, Engridtir, Erboiki, @idn, @idiwn, @usfit iok Cìo, Yitir,

Vbyfabddbs, Vnbrri Dbcob, Vcdc`co Nsdioks, Vcuta ^b`bo - ]KW^, Xnbtoi`, Ubst Noknbs

Hbkbritnco iok \iozngir.

78 [absb stitbs irb< Giaiìs, Gurjnoi Hisc, Fcoec, Bstconi, Euyioi, Eaioi, Nfbdiok,

Ditvni, @irtnonqub, @iurntioni iok Vfctdiok.

75 [absb stitbs irb< Idgioni, Giarino, Gudeirni, Fi`brcuo, Fbotrid Ihrnfio Wbpugdnf,

Brntrbi, Euikbdcupb, Jurknstio, Obw Fidbkconi, Vbobeid, iok [ab Rjrinob.



99

hivcrbk cvbr ctabrs wnta tab `cst hrbqubot cob gbnoe tab chhnfb cr pdifb ch b`pdcy`bot

ch tab vnftn`. Cvbr hcur tacusiok (;,=11, 65.5% ch tctid nofnkbots) nofnkbots ch

notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` wbrb pbrpbtritbk it tans sfbob. [ab sbfcok `cst fc``co sfbob

ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` ns tab oco-rbsnkbotnid/oco-vcfitncoid sntb ch tab vnftn`. [ans typb

ch sfbob nofdukbs strbbt fcrobrs, `irjbts, tabitbrs, tivbros iok actbds. [abrb wbrb

7,=76 (91.5%) nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` pbrpbtritbk it tans sfbob. Dbss

hrbqubot sfbobs ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` wbrb tab ac`bs ch vnftn`s (9,=7; nofnkbots,

>.8%), vbanfdbs (>11, >.9%), inrfriht (867, 2.1%), b`girjitnco irbis (98>, 9.8%), sanps

(92=, 9.;%) iok trinos (26, .2%). Ioctabr 9,8>7 nofnkbots (92.8%) wbrb fckbk is aivnoe

cffurrbk it "ctabr" sfbobs cr is `nssnoe. Io ioidysns ch tans virnigdb rbvbids tait tab

prn`iry oiturb ch vnftn` tirebtbk kurnoe notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots hcr tab 9>81-9>>;

pbrnck wis prcpbrty. Cvbr hcur tacusiok (;,68;) nofnkbots cr sdneatdy `crb taio hcrty pbr

fbot (;9.21%) ch tab tctid wbrb knrbftbk it tans typb ch tirebt. ]bcpdb wbrb tirebtbk co

6,8=1 (6;.6%) cffisncos iok i fc`gnoitnco ch pbcpdb iok prcpbrty wis tirebtbk

ioctabr 7,265 (7;.9%) tn`bs.71

Kurnoe tab twboty-sbvbo ybirs survbybk prcpbrty prcvbk

tab hivcrntb tirebt ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnsts hcr sbvbotbbo ybirs, wandb pbcpdb wbrb

hivcrbk hcr onob ybirs iok i fc`gnoitnco ch tab twc hcr cob ybir.7>

71 Kub tc `nssnoe kiti, spbfnhnf tirebts wbrb nkbotnhnbk hcr cody 9=,296 ch tab 9=,165

nofnkbots.

7> No 9>>9, prcpbrty wis tirebtbk no 8>.5% ch idd notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots iok no

9>55 pbcpdb wbrb tirebtbk 86.2% ch tab tn`b.

97

Vtndd ioctabr ipprcifa tc fc`prbaboknoe tab oiturb ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` ns tc

novbstneitb wanfa typb ch n``bknitb vnftn`6=

ns rbeudirdy suglbftbk tc tbrrcrnst tirebtnoe.

N[BWI[B NX fdissnhnbs n``bknitb vnftn`s is hcddcws< acst ecvbro`bot chhnfnids69

: hcrbneo

knpdcìts cr chhnfnid oco`ndntiry: acst ecvbro`bot `ndntiry: hcrbneo `ndntiry: fcrpcritnco

chhnfnids: prc`nobot cpnonco dbikbrs: prnvitb pirtnbs, nofduknoe tcurnsts, `nssncoirnbs iok

stukbots: iok suspbftbk tbrrcrnsts.67

Kiti ioidysns ch tab n``bknitb vnftn` virnigdb sacws tait hcrbneo knpdcìts cr

chhnfnid oco`ndntiry fdbirdy riojbk is tab `cst hrbqubotdy tirebtbk typb ch n``bknitb

vnftn`. Cvbr tanrty (69.9%) pbr fbot cr 6,9>6 nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` wbrb

knrbftbk it hcrbneo knpdcìts cr chhnfnid oco`ndntiry gbtwbbo 9>81 iok 9>>;. Hcrbneo

knpdcìts cr chhnfnid oco-`ndntiry wbrb idsc tab `cst hrbqubotdy tirebtbk n``bknitb

vnftn`s no hcurtbbo knhhbrbot ybirs. Ctabr typbs ch n``bknitb vnftn` no crkbr ch hrbqubofy

ch vnftn`nzitnco nofdukbk< fcrpcritnco chhnfnids (7,728 nofnkbots, 79.>%)66

: hcrbneo `ndntiry

6= N``bknitb vnftn`s irb tacsb vnftn`s tait irb knrbftdy ihhbftbk gy tbrrcrnst nofnkbots.

Ebobriddy spbijnoe, nt ns tabsb tirebts tait gbir tab gruot ch iok fc`b notc knrbft fcotift

wnta tbrrcrnst vncdbofb. @cst tbrrcrnst ifts, acwbvbr, idsc aivb i wnkbr tirebt iuknbofb.

Idtacuea tans iuknbofb hidds cutsnkb ch tab knrbft tbrrcrnst vncdbofb, nt ns obvbrtabdbss

nohdubofbk gy tab hift tait tab vncdbofb vnsntbk co tab n``bknitb vnftn` `neat cob kiy gb

knrbftbk spbfnhnfiddy it nt. N``bknitb vnftn`s irb rbditnvbdy bisy tc nkbotnhy gy vnrtub ch

tabnr fdcsb isscfnitnco tc tbrrcrnst nofnkbots. Unkbr tirebt iuknbofbs irb `crb knhhnfudt tc

knsfbro irb taus, oct nofcrpcritbk notc tab N[BWI[B NX kiti sbt. [aby ùst, acwbvbr,

oct gb kns`nssbk is nrrbdbviot nh tab trub oiturb ch tbrrcrns` ns tc gb huddy uokbrstcck.

69 [ab acst ecvbro`bot ns tab ecvbro`bot hrc` tab stitb no wanfa tab notbroitncoidtbrrcrnst nofnkbot gbenos.

67 Uabo prcpbrty ritabr taio noknvnkuids ns ittifjbk, tab typb ch prcpbrty kbtbr`nobs acw

tab n``bknitb vnftn` wndd gb fckbk. Uabo io nofnkbot ns knrbftbk it io b`gissy, hcr

nostiofb, tab n``bknitb vnftn` ns fckbk is knpdcìtnf. Nh i fcrpcritb abik chhnfb ns

novcdvbk, tab n``bknitb vnftn` wndd gb fckbk is i fcrpcritnco chhnfnid.

66 Fcrpcritncos wbrb tab hivcrbk tirebt no tarbb ybirs, hrc` 9>5; tc 9>58.

96

(12;, 1.6%): prc`nobot cpnonco dbikbrs (652, 6.8%): acst ecvbro`bot chhnfnids (6;6,

6.6%): suspbftbk tbrrcrnsts 792 (7.9%): iok acst ecvbro`bot `ndntiry (927, 9.;%).

[ab ioidytnf ipprcifa usbk igcvb prbsbots i sc`bwait knhhbrbot pnfturb ch wanfa

typb ch vnftn` ns `cst dnjbdy tc bxpbrnbofb notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` knrbftdy. Idtacuea

knpdcìts (cob typb ch iutacrnty hneurb) wabo trbitbk is i knstnoft fdiss irb tab `cst

chtbo tirebtbk typb ch n``bknitb vnftn`s, oco-ecvbro`bot ercups fcuotbk no ieerbeitb

irb tab n``bknitb vnftn`s ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` `crb chtbo. [aus, no ieerbeitb tbr`s

prnvitb pirtnbs rbprbsbot tab `cst rbeudirdy tirebtbk ercup gy notbroitncoid tbrrcrnsts.

[ab N[BWI[B NX kiti sueebst i `nocrnty ch tbrrcrnst ercups boeiebk no i ìlcrnty

ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst iftnvnty, wandb i ìlcrnty ch tbrrcrnst ercups boeiebk no rbditnvbdy

hbw nofnkbots. Cody sbvbotbbo tbrrcrnst ercups pbrpbtritbk io ivbrieb ch twc cr `crb

(2;) nofnkbots ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` pbr ybir. Onobtbbo ercups wbrb rbspcosngdb hcr

`crb taio cob, gut dbss taio twc nofnkbots iok 9,975 ercups wbrb rbspcosngdb hcr dbss

taio cob nofnkbot pbr ybir. Obirdy cob-aidh ch idd ercups boeiebk no cody i snoedb bvbot.

Hnoiddy, tab ercups `cst hrbqubotdy novcdvbk no notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` irb sn`ndir no

tait taby irb fairiftbrnzbk gy rbditnvbdy wbdd-kbhnobk pcdntnfid iebokis6;

iok suppcrtnvb

pcdntnfid fcostntubofnbs.62

No sacrt, tbrrcrnst ercups tait irb ìrjbk gy dcoebvnty iok

6; [absb ebobriddy aivb tabnr rccts no oitncoid (nrrnkbotnst, sbfbssnconst, iotn-fcdconid

`cvb`bots) cr rbdnencus (huoki`botidnst) nkbotntnbs iok irb oct is dnjbdy tc bìoitb hrc`

purbdy nkbcdcenfid (@irxnst, @icnst) `ctnvitncos.

62 Bvbry ercup obbks cutsnkb suppcrt tc survnvb. Oitncoidnst ercups hcr nostiofb rbprbsbot

direbr fcostntubofnbs tait taby acpb tc sairb tabnr pcdntnfid einos wnta hcddcwnoe suffbsshud

tbrrcrnst fi`pineos. Nkbcdcenfiddy `ctnvitbk ercups idsc rbdy co suppcrtbrs wac

sugsfrngb tc tab si`b pcdntnfid gbdnbhs. [ab `crb suffbsshud tbrrcrnst ercups sufa is tab

]rcvnsncoid Unoe ch tab Nrnsa Wbpugdnfio Ir`y aivb gbbo igdb tc kbvbdcp, ìnotino iok

usb tabnr suppcrtbrs tc hurtabr tabnr cwo cpbritncos. Vbb Lbhhrby I. Vduji„s (9>1>) Abirts

iok @noks, Uitbr iok Hnsa< Vuppcrt Hcr tab NWI iok NODI no i Ocrtabro Nrnsa Eabttc.

9;

suhhnfnbot rbscurfbs tc cpbritb co i rbeudir gisns rbprbsbot tab erbitbst scurfb ch

notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`.

Unta tans grnbh notrckuftnco tc tab kiti ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns`, dbt us turo tc i

grnbh ioidysns ch sbvbo `ytas tait kc`noitb tab pcpudir (iok chtbo chhnfnid pcdntnfid)

fcofbptuidnzitnco ch tbrrcrns`. It dbist tarbb `ytas rcutnobdy fairiftbrnzb bxpdioitncos ch

tab prcfbssbs ch tbrrcrns`. @ytas wanfa `cocpcdnzb tanojnoe no tans irbi irb<

- @yta Cob< [brrcrns` ns riokc` iok difjs spbfnhnf knrbftnco.

- @yta [wc< [brrcrns` jocws iok rbspbfts oc gcuokirnbs.

- @yta [arbb< [brrcrns` ns syocoy`cus wnta ìssnvb kbita iok kbstruftnco.

Ctabr `ytas wanfa hcfus co tab crnenos, `ctnvitncos, pbrpbtritcrs iok ecids ch

tbrrcrns` iok idsc aivb n`pdnfitnco hcr cur uokbrstioknoe ch tbrrcrns`, fc`putbrs iok

fc`putbr obtwcrjs nofdukb<

- @yta Hcur< [brrcrns` ns tab bxfdusnvb iftnvnty ch oco-ecvbro`botid iftcrs iok nts

purpcsb ns tc frbitb faics.

68

- @yta Hnvb< Idd tbrrcrnsts irb ìk`bo cr frn`noids.65

- @yta Vnx< Ecvbro`bots idwiys cppcsb oco-ecvbro`botid tbrrcrns`.

- @yta Vbvbo< [ab scurfb ch fcotb`pcriry pcdntnfid tbrrcrns` ìy gb hcuok no tab

bvnd ch cob cr twc ìlcr iftcrs (tab kbvnd ìkb `b kc nt!).61

68 Idtacuea tab prbsbot bssiy kbids id`cst bxfdusnvbdy wnta tab usb ch tbrrcrns` gy oco-

stitb iftcrs tab iutacrs irb pcsntnvbdy iwirb ch tab sneonhnfiofb ch stitb iftcrs no tab

tbrrcrns` bquitnco.

65 [ans ns i fcokbositnco ch Vtcad„s (9>11) sbfcok iok tanrk `ytas, tab purpcsb ch wanfa

ns tc nddustritb acw tbrrcrnst creionzitncos fio gb bisndy vndnhnbk iok kbonbk ioy dbentnìfy.

61 Vbb Vtcad (9>11<5-76) hcr i dnst ch tbo ̀ ytas ch fcotb`pcriry pcdntnfid tbrrcrns`.

98

rbditbk tirebts.;=

Gy tab si`b tcjbo nt ns uodnjbdy tc sbb tab Gdifj Vbptb`gbr

Creionzitnco ittifj tab Grntnsa Wcyid Hi`ndy.;9

Vufa tbrrcrnst ercups boeieb no tbrrcrnst

iftnvnty hcr i prbkbtbr`nobk pcdntnfid purpcsb iok tabnr ecids irb oct hurtabrbk gy riokc`

ittifjs wanfa tab pugdnf (tabnr iuknbofb) fiooct notbrprbt.;7

Idtacuea tab dist tarbb

kbfikbs aivb wntobssbk tacusioks ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst nofnkbots taby aivb `crb

chtbo taio oct gbbo ch i kbdngbritb ritabr taio riokc` oiturb.

@yta [wc< [brrcrns` jocws iok rbspbfts oc gcuokirnbs.

[ab issu`ptnco tait tbrrcrns` jocws iok rbspbfts oc gcuokirnbs hdcws hrc` tab

si`b gisb tait pbrpbtuitbs tab `yta tait tbrrcrns` ns riokc` iok noknsfrn`noitb. ^bt,

ùfa ch tab stitnstnfid ioidysns prbsbotbk no tab prbvncus knsfussnco pcnots tc nkbotnhnigdb

dn`nts wntano tab rbid` ch tbrrcrnst vncdbofb. Uandb nt ns fcrrbft tc sueebst tait tab botnrb

notbroitncoid systb` ais bxpbrnbofbk notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` it cob tn`b cr ioctabr, nt ns

`crb iffuritb tc ireub tait i rbditnvbdy sìdd ercup ch stitbs irb tab fcostiot tirebts ch

;= [c kitb nofnkbots novcdvnoe tab ]NWI aivb novcdvbk vnftn`s hrc` tbo stitbs, ocob ch

wanfa nofdukb Nsribd. Nt ns uojocwo nh nt wis tab notbotnco ch tab ]NWI tc novcdvb idd tbo

stitbs, cr sc`b vnftn`s wbrb sn`pdy —no tab wrcoe pdifb it tab wrcoe tn`b‐ (b.e. no i

pugdnf pdifb it tab tn`b ch i gc`gnoe.).

;9 [ab GVC ais ittifjbk vnftn`s hrc` it dbist hnhtbbo stitbs, gut ais cody cofb tirebtbk

Grntnsa tcurnsts no Erbbfb. [ab GVC ais idsc cpbritbk no tab Rontbk Jnoekc` twnfb, cofb

ieinost i Lcrkionio iok cofb ieinost io Nsribdn tirebt.

;7 Bvbo no fisbs wabrb tbrrcrnsts ittifjs ippbir tc `cvb gbycok tab dn`nts ch ctabr

hcr`s ch dbentnìtb (3) vncdbofb (b.e. wc`bo, fandkrbo, tab bdkbrdy iok nohnr` sacudk gb

spirbk) taby irb oct obfbssirndy noknsfrn`noitb cr riokc`. [ans pcnot fio gb ìkb gy

bxi`nonoe tab 9>12 ittifjs ieinost tab Wc`b iok Xnbooi inrpcrts. —[ab tbrrcrnsts knk oct

hnrb noknsfrn`noitbdy no tabnr issiudts. [aby wiotbk tc ìjb surb tait fandkrbo wbrb

nofdukbk i`coe tab vnftn`s. [aby suffbbkbk no jnddnoe io bdbvbo-ybir-cdk enrd...‐ (Vn`co,

9>>;<9>8). [ab ritncoidb gbanok tans tiftnf wis bxpdinobk no i octb firrnbk gy tab dcob

survnvnoe tbrrcrnst ch tab Wc`b ittifj. No sacrt, tab tbrrcrnst ecid wis tc —vncditb‐ bvbry

ispbft ch tab vnftn`s nofduknoe tabnr fandkrbo. (Vn`co, 9>>;<9>8). Kbspntb tab acrrnhnf

oiturb ch tabsb ittifjs tabrb wbrb oc riokc` vnftn`s.



95

notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` wandb tab vist ìlcrnty rbsnkb co tab pbrnpabry ch tans vncdbofb.

B`pnrnfid bvnkbofb tait cvbr aidh ch idd notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` ais gbbo pbrpbtritbk no lust

tanrtbbo stitbs iok dbss taio sbvbo stitbs iffcuot hcr cvbr hnhty pbr fbot ch idd

vnftn`nzitnco noknfitbs tab rbidnty ch tbrrcrns`. Hurtabr bvnkbofb idsc sueebsts tait tab

ìlcrnty ch tbrrcrnst ifts irb oct fairiftbrnzbk gy tab direb-sfidb wiotco jnddnoe iok

kbstruftnco tait ns sc chtbo issu`bk

[ab bvnkbofb prbsbotbk no tab stitnstnfid ioidysns prcvnkbs cody i pirtnid

bxpdioitnco ch way tbrrcrnst vncdbofb sacudk gb trbitbk is i strufturbk paboc`boco.

Gbfiusb tbrrcrns` fio fcofbnvigdy fcvbr i hudd spbftru` ch vncdbofb hrc` oco-dbtaid

tarbits, tc sn`pdb kbstruftnco ch prcpbrty, tc ìss dcss ch dnhb, tabrb ns fcosnkbrigdb rcc`

hcr notbrprbtitnco igcut nts oiturb. Nostbik ch rbdynoe co tans fcofbptuidnzitnco is tab scdb

stiokirk hcr lukenoe tbrrcrnst vncdbofb, nt ns `crb abdphud tc pdifb noknvnkuid tbrrcrnst ifts no

tab fcotbxt ch direbr tbrrcrnst fi`pineos.;6

[ab bok rbsudt ch bstigdnsanoe tab kyoi`nfs ch

tbrrcrns` ns tait nt ns tabo pcssngdb tc nkbotnhy tab piri`btbrs ch vncdbofb wntano wanfa

tbrrcrnsts ebobriddy boeieb.

[ab sbfcok pirt ch tab bxpdioitnco faiddboenoe @yta [wc fbotbrs co

uokbrstioknoe tbrrcrnst ercups is ritncoid iftcrs. No crkbr tc ifanbvb tabnr ecids

(rbeirkdbss ch acw nrritncoid tab ecids `neat ippbir tc cutsnkbrs), tbrrcrnst ercups ùst

boeieb no sc`b dbvbd ch ritncoid gbaivncr. [c kc ctabrwnsb wcudk fc`prc`nsb tab vbry

bxnstbofb ch tab ercup. Ercups tait hcfus idd tabnr bhhcrts co wndk hcriys notc vncdbofb

fairiftbrnzbk gy ìss jnddnoe irb oct dnjbdy tc survnvb hcr i ou`gbr ch rbiscos. @cst

;6 Nt wcudk prcgigdy idsc gb abdphud tc rbvnbw tbrrcrns` no rbditnco tc ctabr hcr`s ch

vncdbofb. Notbroitncoid cr fnvnd wir idsc spios i wnkb spbftru` ch vncdbofb, gut ns sbdkc`

pcrtriybk no tab si`b hisanco is tbrrcrns`.

91

tbrrcrnst ercups obbk tab suppcrt ch wnkbr fcostntubofnbs no crkbr tc survnvb. [ans suppcrt

ns ebobriddy oct hcrtafc`noe nh tbrrcrnst nofnkbots irb kbb`bk —tcc vncdbot‐ cr gbycok tab

iffbptbk dn`nts ch tab fcostntubofy. Uandb ìoy fcostntubofnbs wndd suppcrt vncdbofb

ieinost ecvbro`bot chhnfnids, scdknbrs iok ctabrs sbbo is rbprbsbotnoe tab —cffupnbrs‐ cr

—‐rbprbsscrs,‐ nt ns knhhnfudt hcr `cst ercups tc sustino tab suppcrt ch tabnr —fcostntubofnbs‐

hcr ifts ch tbrrcr ieinost —noocfbot‐ fnvndnio pcpuditncos, pirtnfudirdy nh tabrb irb

wnkbsprbik fnvndnio vnftn`s.

[brrcrnst ercups ùst idsc kbid wnta i abneatbobk stitb rbspcosb tc pirtnfudirdy

vncdbot ifts. Gc`gs pdifbk cutsnkb ch prctbftnvb b`gissy widds kc oct bdnfnt tab si`b

prbssurb hcr fcuotbr-tbrrcrnst rbspcosb is gc`gs pdifbk co inrdnobrs. Hnoiddy, tbrrcrnst

ercups ùst rbfcofndb tabnr usb ch vncdbofb wnta tabnr cwo nkbcdcenbs. Nh tbrrcrnst ercups

irb tc survnvb iok tarnvb firbhud ittbotnco ùst gb pink tc tab bxift oiturb ch tabnr

tbrrcrnst fi`pineos. Fdbirdy, tabrb irb wbdd-kbhnobk dn`nts no tans rbspbft. [aus, tbrrcrns`

ns purpcsbhud iok tans ns rbhdbftbk no tab pittbro ch tbrrcrnst vncdbofb.

@yta [arbb< [brrcrns` ns syocoy`cus wnta ìssnvb kbita iok kbstruftnco.

Kbspntb nts vnfncus octcrnbty, tab kiti noknfitbs tait notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` rbsudts

no dbss taio cob hitidnty pbr nofnkbot iok cvbr onobty pbr fbot ch tab nofnkbots aivb oct

rbsudtbk no tab kbita ch ioy vnftn`s. [abrb irb idsc rbditnvbdy hbw —anea bok‐ nofnkbots

sufa is tab gc`gnoe ch inrdnobrs. No hift, tabrb wbrb cody twboty-cob gc`gnoes ch

inrdnobrs cvbr i twboty-sbvbo ybir pbrnck iok cody twbdvb rbsudtbk no tab kbitas ch `crb

taio twboty pbcpdb.;;

Uandb tabsb typbs ch nofnkbot kc nokbbk cffur, taby irb tab

;; [ans ns oct `biot tc ireub tait 7= cr dbss kbitas ns nosneonhnfiot, gut ritabr tc pdifb tab

bxtbot ch nofnkbots ch ìss hitidntnbs no tabnr prcpbr fcotbxt. [ab tbo `cst dbtaid nofnkbots

ch notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` (wnta kitbs iok hitidntnbs) irb is hcddcws< 9. Luob 76, 9>12. [ab

9>

bxfbptnco ritabr taio tab rudb. [ab ìnostiy ch tbrrcrns` tc kitb ais gbbo i fc`gnoitnco

ch tarbitbobk vncdbofb wnta io isscrt`bot ch ctabr vncdbot ifts tait aivb prckufbk

prcpcrtncoiddy `crb hbir taio kbita cr kbstruftnco.

@yta Hcur< [brrcrns` ns tab bxfdusnvb iftnvnty ch oco-ecvbro`botid iftcrs iok nts purpcsb

ns tc frbitb faics.

[ab rbisconoe gbanok tans `yta ns tait sìdd oco-stitb (iok pbraips nrritncoid)

iftcrs irb tab scdb hcrfb gbanok tbrrcrns`. Nh tans issu`ptnco ns trub, nt hcddcws tait envbo

tabnr rbditnvbdy sìdd stiturb vns-i-vns stitbs rbdbeitbs tab` tc knsturgnoe tab pbifb

wntacut rbidnstnfiddy bstigdnsanoe ioy fcuotbr-crkbr. Uandb nt ns fdbirdy trub tait i prnìry

purpcsb ch tbrrcrns`, is priftnfbk gy faiddboebrs tc ecvbro`botid iutacrnty, ns tab

prckuftnco ch faics, tc kb`costritb tab noigndnty ch tab rben`b tc ecvbro nt ns idsc i

rbidnty ch tbrrcrns` ns tait nt ns rbeudirdy b`pdcybk gy stitbs tc bohcrfb crkbr. [ans

paboc`boco cffurs no ìoy stitbs iok ns octbk it sbvbrid stiebs ch stitbs„ pcdntnfid

kbvbdcp`bot.;2

No bifa fisb, nt ns tab prckuftnco ch crkbr, oct faics tait tab rbdbviot

tbrrcrnsts strnvb hcr.

gc`gnoe ch Inr Nokni Hdneat 917 chh tab fcist ch Nrbdiok - 67> kbik: 7. Iueust 5, 9>>1.

[ab gc`gnoe ch tab I`brnfio B`gissy no Oinrcgn, Jboyi - 7>9 kbik: 6. Kbfb`gbr 79,

9>11. [ab gc`gnoe ch ]io I` Hdneat 9=6 cvbr Dcfjbrgnb, Vfctdiok - 756 kbik: ;.

Vbptb`gbr 9>, 9>1>. [ab gc`gnoe ch R[I Hdneat 557 cvbr Onebr - 959 kbik: 2. Iueust

96, 9>51. [ab gc`gnoe ch io ipirt`bot gundknoe no Gbnrut, Dbgioco - 989 kbik: 8.

Ocvb`gbr 6=, 9>15. [ab gc`gnoe ch Jcrbio Inrdnobs Hdneat 121 cvbr Vcuta Bist Isni -

992 kbik: 5. Vbptb`gbr 76, 9>16. [ab gc`gnoe ch io B`nritbs Gcbnoe 565 obir Kugin -999 kbik: 1. Ocvb`gbr 75, 9>1>. [ab gc`gnoe ch Ivniofi Hdneat 7=6 cvbr Fcdc`gni -

99= kbik: 1. Iueust 75, 9>19. [ab sigctieb ch i Hir Bistbro Inr triospcrt obir [inwio

- 99= kbik: iok 9=. Kbfb`gbr ;, 9>55. [ab anlifjnoe iok frisa ch i @idiysnio Inrdnobs

Vystb` Gcbnoe 565 - 9== kbik.

;2 Birdy bxi`pdbs sueebstbk gy Ercss (9>25<996) nofdukb octigdb nostiofbs sufa is tab

Vpionsa Noqunsntnco knrbftbk gy tab Fitacdnf Faurfa iok tab usb ch tab eunddctnob gy tab

Lifcgnos kurnoe tab Hrbofa Wbvcdutnco.

7=

[ab facnfb ch dn`ntnoe ioidysbs ch tbrrcrns` tc oco-ecvbro`botid iftcrs ns fdbirdy

prcgdbìtnf nh i trub iffcuotnoe ch tbrrcrnst pbrpbtritcrs ns tc gb ifanbvbk. [brrcrns` ns

rcutnobdy usbk gy rben`bs tc ìnotino iok strboetabo pcdntnfid fcotrcd.;8

No pirtnfudir, cob

fio rbikndy pcnot tc tab wnkbsprbik usb ch —stitb tbrrcr‐ (hcr purpcsbs ch pcdntnfid fcotrcd)

no `cst ch tab wcrdk kurnoe sc`b pirt ch tab twbotnbta fbotury. Hrc` tab tctidntirnio

rben`bs ch Burcpb kurnoe tab twbotnbs, tanrtnbs iok hcrtnbs, tc tab snoedb pirty

knftitcrsanps ch Ihrnfi iok Isni iok tab @nkkdb Bist no tab pcst fcdconid pbrnck tc tab

hcr`br stitbs ch tab Vcvnbt Ronco iok nts iddnbs tc tab —iutacrntirnio‐ rben`bs ch Ditno

I`brnfi tab usb ch stitb tbrrcr ais gbbo rcutnob. Vtitbs aivb idsc rbpbitbkdy b`pdcybk

tbrrcrns` no tn`b ch wir ;5

iok bvbo no tn`bs ch pbifb.;1

[ab rbidnzitnco tait stitb iftcrs

boeieb no tbrrcrns` ns oct cody n`pcrtiot nh idd tbrrcrnst iftnvnty ns tc gb iffuritbdy

kcfu`botbk, nt ns n`pbritnvb nh huturb pbrpbtritcrs irb tc gb rbikndy nkbotnhnbk iok

uokbrstcck. Nt ns idsc ireuigdb tait stitbs irb hir `crb fipigdb ch suffbsshuddy

b`pdcynoe tbrrcr tiftnfs taio irb nosurebots. Unta tab ikvbot ch tbrrcrns` novcdvnoe

fc`putbr obtwcrjs nt ns uorbidnstnf tc gbdnbvb tait cody oco-stitb iftcrs wndd usb tab fygbr

bovnrco`bot is i obw irboi ch tbrrcrns`. Vtitb iftcrs wndd fcotnoub tc aivb sneonhnfiot

;8< —Z[Pab tbr` —tbrrcr‐ hnrst kbvbdcpbk no rbspcosb tc tab systbìtnf b`pdcy`bot ch

vncdbofb iok tab eunddctnob gy tab Lifcgno iok [abr`nkcrnio rben`bs no Hriofb.‐ [abrb

irb ìoy `crb anstcrnfid iok fcotb`pcriry bxi`pdbs ch tab usb ch tbrrcrns` gy stitb

iftcrs (sbb Vtcad 9>11<1).

;5 Cob fcotb`pcriry bxi`pdb ns tab 9>>> OI[C gc`gnoe fi`pineo ieinost Vbrgni

wanfa scueat tc tbrrcrnzb gcta tab Vbrgnio Ecvbro`bot iok pbcpdb notc igiokconoe tab

Vbrgnio prcvnofb ch Jcscvc. Io birdnbr bxi`pdb ns tab 9>57 Farnstìs gc`gnoes ch Aiocn

gy tab I`brnfio Ecvbro`bot kbsneobk tc fcbrfb tab Ocrta Xnbtoi`bsb notc rbcpbonoe

obectnitncos wnta tab Rontbk Vtitbs.

;1 [ab fcvbrt cpbritncos ch tab I`brnfio Fbotrid Notbddnebofb Iebofy iok tab Nsribdn

@cssik irb gut twc bxi`pdbs ch stitbs usnoe tbrrcrns` no pursunt ch tabnr cwo pcdntnfid

notbrbsts.

79

cppcrtuontnbs;>

tc fc`gnob tbrrcrnst tiftnfs iok fc`putbrs no ioy ou`gbr ch knhhbrbot

hcr`s no tabnr qubst tc ifanbvb pcdntnfid cglbftnvbs.

@yta Hnvb< Idd tbrrcrnsts irb ìk`bo cr frn`noids.2=

[ab issu`ptnco tait idd tbrrcrnsts irb ìk`bo cr frn`noids no nts sn`pdbst hcr` ns i

`yta tait ns prc`ctbk gy stitbs sc is tc kboy pcdntnfid dbentnìfy tc tbrrcrnst iftcrs cr

tabnr ecids. It cob dbvbd tab `yta ìnotinos tait, —cody ìk`bo wcudk rbscrt tc ìoy ch

tab iftncos tait tbrrcrnsts aivb uokbrtijbo.‐ [ans vnbw, wanfa ns fc``co no Ubstbro

`bkni iok ecvbro`botid fnrfdbs, iddcws cgsbrvbrs tab bisy cppcrtuonty tc rbkufb pcdntnfid

iftcrs, iftncos iok prcgdb`s tc psyfacdcenfid cobs, tab bok rbsudt ch wanfa kbonbs tait

tbrrcrnsts iok tabnr vncdbot gbaivncr ns ioytanoe gut ritncoid.29

[ab octnco tait tbrrcrnsts irb gy kbhnontnco frn`noids ns trub no tbr`s ch tab dbeid

fckb gut oct obfbssirndy abdphud gbycok tait. Is i `nddboonu`„s wcrta ch hios ais

kb`costritbk, tab Vabrnhh ch Octtnoeai`„s nosnstbofb tait Wcgno Acck wis i tanbh iok i

fc``co frn`noid ais kcob octanoe tc knssuikb tab pcpuditncos tait aivb fabbrbk Wcgno

Acck„s bsfipikbs tait ab wis i abrc. Nostbik ch rbfceonznoe tait ìoy ifts ch tbrrcrns`

aivb i gisns no i pirtnfudir pcdntnfid strueedb iok ùst gb bviduitbk iok `cst n`pcrtiotdy

hrc` i ecvbro`bot, diw bohcrfb`bot pbrspbftnvb, rbspcokbk tc no tbr`s ch tait strueedb,

;> Nt fcudk idsc gb ireubk tait envbo tabnr rbscurfbs, stitb iftcrs aivb i knstnoft

ikviotieb cvbr oco-stitb iftcrs no tbr`s ch tab sfcpb iok notbosnty ch tab tbrrcrns` tabyirb igdb tc pbrpbtritb b`pdcynoe cr tirebtnoe fc`putbrs.

2= —@ik`bo‐ iok —frn`noids‐ irb bisndy notbrfaioebk wnta ctabr digbds sufa is —@irxnst‐,

—@icnst‐, —Dbononst‐, —Wneatnst‐ iok —Hisfnst‐.

29 I anstcry ch bxtbokbk, pcdntnfiddy `ctnvitbk iok wbdd-pdioobk notbroitncoid tbrrcrnst

fi`pineos wcudk sbb` tc sueebst ctabrwnsb. It tab vbry dbist, cob `neat ireub tait

sc`b vbry scpanstnfitbk ìk`bo ùst gb gbanok tab dist tarbb kbfikbs ch notbroitncoid

tbrrcrns`.

77

iffbptiofb ch tab `yta fcohusbs bohcrfb`bot ch tab frn`noid fckb wnta tab ipprcprnitb

pcdntnfid rbspcosb. Untano tans sfaccd ch tacueat, idd tbrrcrnst iftnvnty ns frn`noid iok fio gb

kbidt wnta iffcrknoedy.27

Nt ns rirb hcr tbrrcrnst ifts tc rbsudt no ioy nkbotnhnigdb frn`noid

eino.26

Acwbvbr, ercups wanfa aivb gbbo digbdbk is tbrrcrnst ercups aivb boeiebk no

wait irb fdbirdy —frn`noid‐ ifts sn`pdy tc ebobritb huoks hcr tabnr cpbritncos. Vufa ifts

sacudk oct gb fcohusbk wnta tbrrcrns` is tabnr purpcsb aivb octanoe tc kc wnta frbitnoe

hbir iok/cr fc`pdniot gbaivncr no tbr`s ch tab pcdntnfid systb`. [ab tbrrcrnst tarbit

wabtabr vnbwbk is erbit cr sìdd ns oct dn`ntbk tc tab kbsneos ch ìk`bo iok frn`noids.2;

No i obw bri wabrb tbrrcrns` iok fc`putbrs/ fc`putbr obtwcrjs aivb tab pctbotnid tc

gbfc`b nofrbisnoedy notbrtwnobk, tab obbk tc knstnoeunsa gbtwbbo fygbr frn`noids/frn`b

iok fygbr tbrrcrnsts/ tbrrcrns` ns frntnfid.22

@yta Vnx< Ecvbro`bots idwiys cppcsb oco-ecvbro`botid tbrrcrns`.

27 No sc`b fisbs, tab iffbptiofb ch tbrrcrns` is sn`pdy ioctabr hcr` ch frn`b iddcws tab

stitb tc ikcpt obw iok pctbotniddy rbprbssnvb `bisurbs tc kbid wnta i typb ch frn`b tait

fiooct gb bisndy fcotinobk gy bxnstnoe dbeid ippiritus.

26 No tans nostiofb, frn`noid eino ns rbeirkbk is bofc`pissnoe sc`b hcr` ch hnoiofnid

rbwirk. [ab ìlcrnty ch tbrrcrnst ississnoitncos, gc`gnoes iok tarbits aivb pcdntnfid, gut

oc frn`noid fc`pcobots. [aby irb notbokbk hcr sy`gcdnf purpcsbs wntacut iffc`pioynoe

hnoiofnid eino. Idtacuea sc`b anlifjnoes iok jnkoippnoes novcdvb riosc` kbìoks, tabsb

irb trikntncoiddy pirt ch i direbr pifjieb ch kbìoks wanfa idsc nofdukb tab pugdnfitnco ch

pcdntnfid ìonhbstcs, rbdbisb ch pcdntnfid prnscobrs cr ctabr n`prnscobk tbrrcrnsts iok sihbpissieb cr pcdntnfid iòbsty. [absb nofnkbots irb idsc i kb`costritnco tc direbr

iuknbofbs ch tab noigndnty ch ecvbro`bots tc ikbquitbdy prctbft tabnr cwo fntnzbos.

2; [rbitnoe tbrrcrnsts is frn`noids `brbdy trnvnidnzbs tab prcgdb` iok neocrbs tab hift tait

tab scdutnco tc stcppnoe tbrrcrnst vncdbofb difjs i —fcovbonbot‐ scdutnco (sbb Vtcad

9>1><96).

22 [ans nssub iok rbditbk pcnots wndd gb ikkrbssbk no erbitbr kbtind no tab hcddcwnoe sbftnco.

76

[ab `yta tait stitbs< —Ecvbro`bots idwiys cppcsb oco-ecvbro`botid tbrrcrns`,‐

fio gb bisndy fcrrbftbk gy ikknoe tab sn`pdb fcotbxtuid ikkboku`, —wabo taby hnok nt

pcdntnfiddy bxpbknbot.‐ Idtacuea stitbs aivb trikntncoiddy gbbo fcosnkbrbk is —scfnbty„s

obutrid fcohdnft ìoiebr,‐ i `crb iffuritb vnbw trbits tab` is notbrbstbk pirtnbs. No tans

fcofbptuidnzitnco tab rcdb ch stitbs is jbbpbrs ch crkbr ns bxpiokbk tc nofdukb nostiofbs

wabrb oco-stitb iftcrs aivb iftbk wnta i stitb„s pcdntnfid notbrbsts no `nok. No ctabr

wcrks, tabrb irb fnrfu`stiofbs wabrb tab tbrrcrnst iftnvnty ch oco-stitb iftcrs ns

iffbptbk is crkbr ritabr taio faics nokufnoe.

Cob prc`nobot bxi`pdb ch stitb suppcrt hcr ocoecvbro`botid tbrrcrns` ns hcuok no

tab rbditncosanp gbtwbbo fbrtino stitbs iok vnendiotb ercups boeiebk no kc`bstnf

tbrrcrns`. Uabo vnendiotb ercups sbbj tc issnst tab bstigdnsabk ecvbro`bot no tab

ìnotboiofb ch crkbr taby irb oct cody tcdbritbk, gut bofcuriebk gy ecvbro`bots, hcr

bxi`pdb, gcta tab Irebotnob iok Grizndnio ecvbro`bots rbscrtbk tc suppcrtnoe kc`bstnf,

oco-stitb tbrrcrnst ercups kurnoe tab 9>5=s

28

wnta tab notbot ch ifanbvnoe erbitbr pcdntnfid

fcotrcd wntano tabnr cwo gcrkbrs.

Vtitb suppcrt hcr ocoecvbro`botid tbrrcrns` idsc bxtboks tc tab notbroitncoid

irboi. Ieino, tabrb irb nostiofbs wabrb tab tbrrcrns` ch oco-stitb botntnbs fcnofnkbs wnta

tab oitncoid notbrbsts ch scvbrbneo stitbs. Vtitb suppcrt no tans rbspbft ebobriddy kbpboks

co i fcst-gbobhnt ioidysns tait fidfuditbs tab gbobhnt tacueat pcssngdb hrc` tab kbsnrbk

cutfc`b, tab gbdnbvbk prcgigndnty wnta wanfa tab iftnco wndd grnoe igcut tab kbsnrbk stitb

ch ihhinrs iok tab gbdnbvbk prcgigdb fcst ch boeienoe no tab iftnco. Notbroitncoid oco-stitb

28 [ab ercups no qubstnco irb tab Iotn Fc`ùonst Iddniofb (III) (Irebotnoi) iok tab

Bsquikrc kb @crtb (Griznd).

7;

tbrrcrns` suppcrtbk gy stitbs ns io bxi`pdb ch surrceitb tbrrcr. @crb spbfnhnfiddy, tans

tbrrcrns` ippbirs is<

9) Vtitb-suppcrtbk tbrrcrns`< Io cffurrbofb wabrb tab nontnid tbrrcrnst iftncos ch

tanrk pirtnbs irb sugsbqubotdy suppcrtbk gy notbrbstbk stitbs: cr

7) Vtitb ifqunbsfbofb< Nostiofbs wabrb tab tbrrcrnst iftnvnty ch oco-stitb iftcrs ns

tifntdy ipprcvbk cr it dbist oct fcokbòbk:25

No gcta ch tab igcvb fisbs tab iftncos ch stitbs irb it ckks wnta tab `yta tait

tabsb iftcrs idwiys cppcsb stitb tbrrcrns`. [ans rbidnty ns idsc no knrbft fcotrist wnta

ioctabr wnkbdy abdk gbdnbh tait tbrrcrns` ns i wbipco ch tab wbij. Bvbo tab `cst

pcwbrhud stitbs aivb hcuok tait suppcrt hcr oco-stitb tbrrcrns` sbrvbs i purpcsb no

notbroitncoid rbditncos. [ab Rontbk Vtitbs ecvbro`bot ais noknfitbk erbit fcofbro wnta

tab pcssngndntnbs ch stitb suppcrt hcr oco-stitb tbrrcrns` novcdvnoe fc`putbrs/fc`putbr

obtwcrjs.

@yta Vbvbo< [ab scurfb ch fcotb`pcriry pcdntnfid tbrrcrns` ìy gb hcuok no tab bvnd ch

cob cr twc ìlcr iftcrs (tab kbvnd ìkb `b kc nt!).

[ab pcdntnfid bxpbknbofy ch tab hnoid `yta ch tbrrcrns` ns gbst bxpdinobk gy

rbvnbwnoe bifa ch tab snx prbvncusdy knsfussbk `ytas wanfa idd kb`costritb tab bssbotnid

hdiw ch aneadneatnoe tab n`pcrtiofb ch iftcr cvbr iftnco. [ab igndnty tc bquitb tab acrrcrs

ch tbrrcrns` wnta tab obwdy kbhnobk sitionf fairiftbr ch tab stitb cr ercup boeiebk no nt

frbitbs i pcwbrhud tccd no tab irboi ch notbroitncoid pugdnf cpnonco21

iok idsc boigdbs us

25 Vtitb ifqunbsfbofb novcdvbs tab `nonìd usb ch stitb rbscurfbs, gut ns idsc suglbft tc

dnttdb fcotrcd co tab pirt ch tab ifqunbsfnoe stitb (Vbb Vtcad 9>11<916).

21 Bvnkbofb ch tans sntuitnco fio gb hcuok no tab pugdnf I`brnfio sfcdknoe ch tab Vcvnbt

novcdvb`bot no trinonoe, huoknoe iok bqunppnoe notbroitncoid tbrrcrnsts (Vtcad, 9>11<7=).

72

tc neocrb tab pctbotnid scurfbs ch pcdntnfid fiusb hcr tab ifts wanfa wb rneatdy fcokbò.

[ab oiturb ch tbrrcrns` is igacrrbot is nt ìy gb ais oct prbfdukbk nts usb gy i wnkb

spbftru` ch iftcrs.

Uabo tab tccd ns suffbsshuddy b`pdcybk, tab bvnd ch tab stitb no qubstnco ercws tc

`ytanfid prcpcrtncos iok nt fio gb abdk rbspcosngdb hcr idd wrcoes wntacut ikkrbssnoe tab

pctbotnid dbentnìfy ch tab pcdntnfid ernbviofbs wanfa dbk tc tab igacrrbot ift. No ikkntnco

tc tab Vcvnbts, wcrdk dbikbrs (@ui`ìr Yuikkihn, tab Iyitcddia Jac`bnon) iok ctabr

tbrrcrnst pbrscoiebs (Igu Onkid, îsnr Irihit iok Rsiì Gno Dikno) wbrb idd bdbvitbk tc

kbvnd stitus iok envbo hir `crb —frbknt‐ hcr tab pbrpbtritnoe ch tbrrcrnst ifts taio tab

rbfcrk noknfitbs taby aik rbspcosngndnty.2>

@crb rbfbotdy tab fcofbpt ch Wceub Vtitb

(rbfbotdy gionsabk hrc` tab Vtitb Kbpirt`bot Dbxnfco) wis ikcptbk.

[ab pbrsnstbofb ch tab —Kbvnd [abcrnbs ch [brrcrns`‐ `yta ns, uohcrtuoitbdy, oct

`brbdy i fcofbro hcr tbrrcrns` ioidysts, fc``botitcrs iok tab fisuid cgsbrvbr.

Ecvbro`botid iutacrntnbs wac aivb b`grifbk tab `yta fcotnoub tc pbrpbtuitb nt hcr tabnr

cwo notbrbsts wanfa pbr`nts erbitbr hrbbkc` tc pursub pcdnfnbs tait aivb ùfa tc kc

wnta hcrbneo pcdnfy notbrbsts, gut dnttdb tc kc wnta tbrrcrns` igitb`bot8=

. [ans sink, tab

2> Vbb Fac`sjy„s (9>18) ]nritbs iok B`pbrcrs< Notbroitncoid [brrcrns` no tab Wbid

Ucrdk hcr sc`b nosneathud iok prcvcfitnvb (hcr tacsb wac iffbpt tbrrcrns` `ytas)

ioidysns ch acw tab pblcritnvb usb ch tbrrcrns` tbr`nocdcey iok tab kb`conzitnco ch

fbrtino iftcrs wcrjs.

8= ]braips tab `cst cgvncus bxi`pdb ns tab I`brnfio inr ittifj (Bd Kcrikc Fioyco)

ieinost Dngyio tirebts co Iprnd 9;, 9>18, i `brb onob kiys ihtbr tab tbrrcrnst gc`gnoe ch

tab Di Gbddb knsfctabqub no Ubst Gbrdno. Gy dnojnoe Dngyi (i stitb) tc tab gc`gnoe, tab

Rontbk Vtitbs wis igdb tc pcnot tc i sugstiotnvb tirebt iok taus boeieb no swnht

rbtidnitnco. [ab nkbotnhnfitnco ch stitb iftcrs is tbrrcrnst pbrpbtritcrs chhbrs tab

notbroitncoid fc`ùonty tab cppcrtuonty tc rbspcok tc notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` gy `bios ch

bstigdnsabk notbroitncoid diw. [ab ikkbk ittriftnco ch puonsanoe i sitionf scurfb ch

tbrrcrns` ìjbs tans typb ch hcrbneo pcdnfy rbspcosb idd tab `crb ittriftnvb (sbb Vtcad,

9>15< 988-85).

78

huturb ioidysns ch tbrrcrns` no tab fygbr bovnrco`bot ùst frntnfiddy issbss idd crnenos iok

scurfbs ch tbrrcrns`. Nh tab `yta ch sitionf iftcrs pbrsnsts notc tab obxt ebobritnco ch

tbrrcrns` ìoy cppcrtuontnbs hcr fcuotbrnoe tab paboc`boco wndd gb dcst.

Idd ch tab `ytas cutdnobk igcvb noangnt fdbir tanojnoe co tab suglbft ch tbrrcrns` iok

irb bquiddy n`pcrtiot no tbr`s ch uokbrstioknoe tbrrcrns` ch tait ns ch gcta fcovbotncoid

iok fygbr no oiturb. No dneat ch tab rbditnvb obwobss ch tbrrcrns` iok fc`putbrs i

fc`pirnsco ch tab rbditncosanp gbtwbbo tab sbvbo `ytas iok tab rbidnty ch fcovbotncoid

tbrrcrns`, fc`gnobk wnta i aypctabsnzbk vnbw ch tab rbidnty ch fygbr tbrrcrns` ns no crkbr.

[absb pcnots irb nddustritbk no [igdb 9.9.[igdb 9.9< [brrcrns`

@ytas, Fcovbotncoid [brrcrns` iok Fygbr [brrcrns`

@yta Fcovbotncoid Wbidnty Aypctabsnzbk Fygbr

Wbidnty

9.[brrcrns` ns Wiokc` iok

difjs spbfnhnf knrbftnco.

[brrcrns` ais i spbfnhnf

purpcsb iok ns krnvbo gy wbdd

kbhnobk ecids. [ab chtbo

sy`gcdnf oiturb ch tbrrcrnst

vncdbofb tboks tc bxifbrgitbvnbws ch nts nrritncoid

rbputitnco.

Fygbr tbrrcrns` wndd fcotnoub

tc gb ìrjbk wnta purpcsbhud

hcriys ch tbrrcrnst tarbits

iok vncdbofb notc tab fygbr

bovnrco`bot. [ab bvbrnofrbisnoe pugdnf iffbss tc

iok iwirbobss ch tans

bovnrco`bot ikks sneonhnfiot

pctbotnid hcr frbitnoe i obw

grbbk ch tbrrcrnst `costbrs.



75

7.[brrcrns` jocws iok

rbspbfts oc gcuokirnbs.

[ab anstcry ch fcovbotncoid

tbrrcrns` ais ebobriddy gbbo

ìrjbk gy firbhuddy pdioobk

tbrrcrnst fi`pineos. [ab

—sfcureb‐ ch notbroitncoidtbrrcrns` ais aik dnttdb

n`pift co tab ìlcrnty ch

noknvnkuids gbycok nofntnoe

uohcuokbk hbirs. Vuffbsshud

tbrrcrnst ercups uokbrstiok

tab n`pcrtiofb ch sbrvnoe

tabnr suppcrtnoe

fcostntubofnbs iok ivcnk

idnboitnoe tab` wnta

uoobfbssiry ifts ch

vncdbofb.

No tab wcrdk ch fygbr

tbrrcrns`, tbrrcrnsts wndd

fcotnoub tc pnfj iok faccsb

tabnr bob`nbs iok tirebts.

Uandb ivbrieb fntnzbos irboct dnjbdy tc knrbftdy

bxpbrnbofb huturb vncdbofb,

taby irb `crb dnjbdy tc

gbfc`b `crb iwirb iok no

sc`b hcr` hbbd tarbitbobk

gy nt. Idtacuea ìlcr tbrrcrnst

ercups rbìno fceonziot ch

tabnr fcostntubofnbs,

b`brenoe ercups ìy hnok

rcc` hcr bxpbrn`botitnco

wntano tab obw bovnrco`botiok bxpiok tab gcuokirnbs

ch tbrrcrns`.

6. [brrcrns` ns syocoy`cus

wnta ìssnvb kbita iok

kbstruftnco.

[brrcrns` ns oct obirdy is

kbstruftnvb cr hitid is nt ns

chtbo pcrtriybk. Bvbots

novcdvnoe ìssnvb hitidntnbs

iok kbstruftnco irb tab

bxfbptnco ritabr taio tab

rudb. [ab pbrfbnvbk oiturb ch

tbrrcrns` ns hir `crbuopdbisiot taio nts rbid cob.

Gcta tbrrcrnst ercups iok

ecvbro`bots aivb bxpdcntbk

tans `yta tc tabnr cwo

ikviotieb.

[ab oiturb ch fygbr

tbrrcrns` ns gbst kbsfrngbk

gy tab notrckuftnco ch i obw

cpbritnoe bovnrco`bot tait

grnoes wnta nt obw `ckbs ch

tbrrcr nst cpbritnco. [abrb irb

oc fc`pbddnoe rbiscos tc

sueebst tait tanskbvbdcp`bot wndd

iutcìtnfiddy sneoid i

faioeb no tab huoki`botids

ch tbrrcrnst gbaivncr.

[brrcrnsts aivb idwiys aik

tab igndnty tc pbrpbtritb ifts

ch ìss kbstruftnco, gut

aivb facsbo oct tc kc sc.

Fygbr tbrrcrns` fbrtinody

chhbrs obw `bios tc

iffc`pdnsa tabsb hbits, gutdnttdb no tab wiy ch abneatbobk

`ctnvitnco tc firry tab` cut.



7>

8. Ecvbro`bots idwiys

cppcsb oco-ecvbro`botid

tbrrcrns`.

Ecvbro`bots chtbo hnok nt

usbhud tc suppcrt oco-

ecvbro`botid tbrrcrnsts.

Vuppcrt fio tijb i ou`gbr

ch knhhbrbot hcr`s iok tabtbrrcrns` ntsbdh fio gb bntabr

kc`bstnf cr notbroitncoid.

Uandb tbrrcrns` ns `nstijbody

notbrprbtbk is tab wbipco ch

tab wbij, ìlcr pdiybrs idsc

suppcrt iok boeieb no nt.

Fygbr tbrrcrnsts wndd gb

suppcrtbk gy stitbs no tab

si`b hisanco tait

fcovbotncoid tbrrcrnsts irb.

Is dcoe is ecvbro`botsgbdnbvb tait tab iftncos ch

fygbr tbrrcrnsts irb tc tabnr

cwo ikviotieb taby wndd

suppcrt tab`. Nh stitbs irb

hidsbdy duddbk notc gbdnbvnoe

tait tab crnenos ch fygbr

tbrrcrns` irb dbss kbtbftigdb

taio tacsb ch fcovbotncoid

tbrrcrns`, tabrb ns i

pcssngndnty tait tans

fidfuditnco wndd hneurb nokbfnsncos ch huturb suppcrt.

5. [ab scurfb ch

fcotb`pcriry pcdntnfid

tbrrcrns` ìy gb hcuok no

tab bvnd ch cob cr twc ìlcr

iftcrs (tab kbvnd ìkb `b

kc nt!)

[ab rbpbitbk nkbotnhnfitnco ch

cody fbrtino kbvnd cr sitionf

ercups is tab scurfb ch

tbrrcrns` ns i pcdntnfid

bxbrfnsb tait ais dnttdb

gbirnoe no rbidnty. [brrcrnsts

irb oct cody —dbhtnst‐, cr

—Irig‐ cr bvbo —hisfnst‐.

[aby aivb ìoy crnenos iokfio oct gb prcpbrdy kbidt

wnta gy sn`pdy hcfusnoe

ittbotnco co tab `cst

—knsdnjbk‐ ercups. [brrcrns`

ns oct igcut digbds, gut

ritabr igcut vncdbot

prcfbssbs rbditbk tc

bfcoc`nf, pcdntnfid iok scfnid

prcgdb`s. Co tab ctabr snkb

ch tab fcno, acwbvbr,

tbrrcrns` pcrtriyids(bspbfniddy tacsb gy

ecvbro`bots), irb hrbqubotdy

dnojbk tc tab usb ch digbds hcr

purpcsbs ch kb`conzitnco.

No tab gbenoonoe, tab tbr`

—fygbr tbrrcrnst‐ wndd gb usbk

pblcritnvbdy. Fygbr tbrrcrns`,

wndd gb trbitbk is tab wcrst

hcr` ch tbrrcrns` is nt ns obw

iok nts oiturb rbìnos

rbditnvbdy uojocwo.

Rokcugtbkdy nt wndd gb usbk no

fcofbrt wnta ctabr tbr`ssufa is —@usdn`

Huoki`botidnst,‐ ìjnoe nt

bvbo `crb tarbitbonoe. Bvnd

iftcrs wndd gb pcrtriybk is

fygbr tbrrcrnsts iok vnfb

vbrsi. Ioy fcohusnco ch wac

ns rbspcosngdb hcr tbrrcrns`

wndd gb abneatbobk bspbfniddy

nh `ytas ch fygbr tbrrcrns`

prc`ctb octncos tait nt ns

bvbo `crb `ystbrncus taiofcovbotncoid tbrrcrns`. Kbvnd

iftcrs iok fygbr tbrrcrns`

sbb` dnjbdy tc ec aiok no

aiok.

6=

Fc`putbrs iok [brrcrns`< Dnojnoe tab ]ist wnta tab Huturb

Kbhnontncos<89

Kbspntb tab usb ch tab tbr` —fygbr tbrrcrns`‐ is i obw iok knstnoft hcr` ch

tbrrcrns`, nt ns `crb prcpbrdy kbhnobk is obw tbrrcrnst tiftnf.87

[ab oiturb ch fygbr

tbrrcrns` ns ecvbrobk gy tab vbry prnofnpdbs tait uokbrpno idd tbrrcrns`. [c rbntbritb tab

tarust ch cur birdnbr ireu`bot tbrrcrns` novcdvbs i fdbirdy kbhnobk prcfbss, oct sn`pdy i

riokc` ift ch vncdbofb pbrpbtritbk gy io bob`y cr ctabr kbspnsbk botnty. Fygbr

tbrrcrns` gy nts vbry tntdb ns tbrrcrns` tait novcdvbs i fygbr fc`pcobot. Is sufa, nt ns

bssbotniddy tab si`b is ioy ctabr tbrrcrns`. Fygbr tbrrcrns` ns acwbvbr, uonqub hrc`

ctabr tbrrcrnst tiftnfs no tait nt kcbs oct bxnst gbycok nts notnìtb rbditncosanp wnta

fc`putbrs. Girry Fcddnos (Uantb, 9>>1<6), wac ns sink tc aivb fcnobk tab tbr` kbhnobs

fygbr tbrrcrns` is —tab notbotncoid igusb ch i knentid nohcrìtnco systb`, obtwcrj, cr

fc`pcobot tcwirk io bok tait suppcrts cr hifndntitbs i tbrrcrnst fi`pineo cr iftnco.‐

[wc hurtabr kbhnontncos ch fygbr tbrrcrns` aivb gbbo ikviofbk gy Kcrctay

Kboonoe iok Wck Vtirj. Kboonoe (7===<9=) ireubs tait<

Fygbrtbrrcrns` ns tab fcovbrebofb ch tbrrcrns` iok fygbrspifb. Nt ns

ebobriddy uokbrstcck tc `bio uodiwhud ittifjs ieinost fc`putbrs,

obtwcrjs iok tab nohcrìtnco stcrbk tabrbno wabo kcob tc notn`nkitb cr

fcbrfb i ecvbro`bot cr nts pbcpdb no hurtabriofb ch pcdntnfid cr scfnid

89 [c kitb, tabrb ais gbbo oc ittb`pt tc fitidceub kbhnontncos ch fygbr tbrrcrns` no tabsi`b ìoobr no wanfa kbhnontncos ch fcovbotncoid tbrrcrns` irb kbidt wnta.

87 [ab qubstnco ch bxiftdy acw fygbr tbrrcrns` knhhbrs hrc` fcovbotncoid tbrrcrns` ais

gbbo ikkrbssbk gy Lcao H. @urpay (9>>><6-;) wac isjs, —kcbs tab prcspbft ch

fc`putbr obtwcrj ittifjs gy tbrrcrnsts fcostntutb sc`btanoe —rbiddy knhhbrbot,‐ cr kcbs nt

i`cuot cody tc i obw tbfaonqub ch ittifj hcr tbrrcrnsts rinsnoe oc obw nssubs ch diw iok

pcdnfy3 [ab ioswbr, nt ippbirs, ns tait tab pcssngndnty ch fc`putbr obtwcrj ittifjs kcbs

rinsb sc`b obw nssubs, idtacuea ìoy ch tab cdk fcouokru`s stndd pbrtino.‐

69

cglbftnvbs....ZIPo ittifj sacudk rbsudt no vncdbofb ieinost pbrscos cr

prcpbrty, cr it dbist fiusb bocuea air` tc ebobritb hbir.86

Vtirj (9>>><1->) sug`nts i kbhnontnco sn`ndir tc Kboonoe„s no tait nt ittb`pts tc fipturb

gcta tab fcovbotncoid iok fygbr ispbfts ch fygbr tbrrcrns`. Ab wrntbs<

ZFPygbr-tbrrcrns` ns kbhnobk is tab purpcsbhud cr tarbitbobk usb ch

pcdntnfiddy, scfniddy, bfcoc`nfiddy cr rbdnencusdy `ctnvitbk fygbr wirhirb cr

fygbr-tirebtbk vncdbofb, fcokuftbk gy i oco-stitb cr stitb-spcoscrbk

ercup hcr tab purpcsbs ch frbitnoe hbir, ioxnbty, iok pionf no tab tirebt

pcpuditnco, iok tab knsruptnco ch `ndntiry iok fnvndnio issbts.8;

Vtirj (9>><>) idsc bxpdinos tait nt ns tab tirebt tait kbhnobs tab oiturb ch fygbr tbrrcrns`.

No ctabr wcrks, fygbr tbrrcrns` novcdvbs ioy ittifj ieinost nohcrìtnco systb`s iok

kcbs oct obfbssirndy aivb tc novcdvb tab usb ch fc`putbrs tc kc sc.

Ub aivb facsbo tc kbhnob fygbr tbrrcrns` is ioy ift ch tbrrcrns` tait usbs

nohcrìtnco systb`s cr knentid tbfaocdcey (fc`putbrs cr fc`putbr obtwcrjs) is bntabr io

nostru`bot cr tirebt82

. Cofb ieino, quidnhynoe kbsfrnptcrs fio gb usbk tc pdifb fygbr

tbrrcrns` notc `crb spbfnhnf fcotbxts. "Fygbr tbrrcrns`" fio gb "notbroitncoid",

86 Kboonoe (7===<9) sueebsts tait bxi`pdbs ch fygbr tbrrcrns` wcudk nofdukb tacsb

nofnkbots tait rbsudt no fisuidtnbs, prcpbrty kiìeb cr —sbvbrb bfcoc`nf dcss.‐ —Vbrncus

ittifjs ieinost frntnfid nohristrufturbs fcudk gb ifts ch fygbrtbrrcrns`, kbpboknoe co tabnr

n`pift. Ittifjs tait knsrupt ocobssbotnid sbrvnfbs cr tait irb ìnody i fcstdy ounsiofb

wcudk oct.‐

8; Vtirj (9>>><>) idsc ikks tait no i dbeid sbosb fygbr tbrrcrns` novcdvbs tab notbotncoid

igusb ch knentid nohcrìtnco systb`s iok obtwcrjs nh tabsb iftncos irb no suppcrt chtbrrcrnst iftnvnty.

82 [abrb ns stndd ùfa fcohusnco co tans pcnot is ns bvnkbofbk gy tab rbìrjs ch @nfaibd

Xitns, Kbputy Issnstiot Knrbftcr iok Fanbh, Oitncoid Nohristrufturb ]rctbftnco Fbotbr,

Hbkbrid Gurbiu ch Novbstneitnco, tc tab ]ctcìf Nostntutb hcr ]cdnfy Vtuknbs (9>>1<6)<

—ZUPait ns fygbrtbrrcrns`3 Ns nt ioy usb ch fc`putbrs cr obw nohcrìtnco tbfaocdcenbs gy

tbrrcrnst ercups3 Cr ns nt i pirtnfudir typb ch usb ch fc`putbrs ch nohcrìtnco

tbfaocdcenbs3 Ns nt tab usb ch tacsb tbfaocdcenbs gy trikntncoid tbrrcrnst ercups3..Uait ns

i fygbr-tbrrcrnst3‐

67

"kc`bstnf", "stitb" cr "pcdntnfid", gut tab fcrb ift novcdvnoe i fc`gnoitnco ch tab tbrrcrnst

ift iok fc`putbrs idwiys rbìnos tab si`b.

[wc rbditbk tbr`s usbk no kbsfrngnoe fygbr fcohdnft irb —fygbrwir‐ iok —obtwir.‐

Irqunddi iok Wcohbdkt (9>>1<1) kbhnob tabsb is< —Fygbrwir - i fcofbpt tait rbhbrs tc

nohcrìtnco-crnbotbk `ndntiry wirhirb‐ wanfa ns gbfc`noe `crb bvnkbot it tab `ndntiry bok

ch tab spbftru`: iok —Obtwir ZwanfaP hneurbs prc`nobotdy it tab scfnbtid bok ch tab

spbftru` wabrb tab dioeuieb ns ocrìddy igcut sìdd-sfidb fcotnoebofnbs‐ [absb

rbsbirfabrs hurtabr (Irqunddi, Wcohbdkt iok \ionon, 9>>><17) octb tait —obtwir ns `crb

dnjbdy tc novcdvb ocostitb, piri`ndntiry, iok nrrbeudir hcrfbs - is ns tab fisb ch tbrrcrns`.‐

Iffcrknoe tc Irqunddi iok Wcohbdkt (9>>><;) —bvnkbofb ns `cuotnoe igcut tab rnsb ch

obtwcrj hcr`s ch creionzitnco iok igcut tab n`pcrtiofb ch —nohcrìtnco stritbenbs‐ iok

—nohcrìtnco cpbritncos‐ ifrcss tab spbftru` ch fcohdnft, nofduknoe i`coe btaoc-

oitncoidnsts, tbrrcrnsts, eubrrnddis iok iftnvnsts.‐88

[ab jby tc gcta fygbrwir iok obtwir ns

tait —ZoPbntabr fcofbpt ns sn`pdy igcut tbfaocdcey: gcta rbhbr tc fc`prbabosnvb

ipprcifabs tc fcohdnft gisbk co tab fbotridnty ch nohcrìtnco - fc`prbabosnvb no tait taby

88 [ans ns i abdphud knstnoftnco is hir is nohcrìtnco wirhirb ns fcofbrobk, gut cody nh i

hurtabr knstnoftnco gbtwbbo oco-stitb iftcrs iok tbrrcrnsts ns idsc ìkb (io nssub tab

iutacrs ifjocwdbkeb no tabnr ditbr knsfussnco.). Hurtabr ioidysns hnoks tait —btaoc-

oitncoidnst obtwir‐ ais tab pctbotnid tc gb cob ch tab `crb vncdbot hcr`s ch obtwir

(9>>><;). Auokdby iok Iokbrsco (9>>8<95) `biowandb aivb nkbotnhnbk i sbt ch pctbotnid

—gik iftcrs‐ wac aivb iffbss tc fygbrspifb iok tab cglbftnvbs gbanok tabnr iftncos<

Iftcr Cglbftnvb

Aifjbrs [c sitnshy pbrscoid iebokis

Knseruotdbk cr Fc-cptbk Nosnkbrs Hcr i virnbty ch `ctnvbs

Frn`noids Hcr pbrscoid hnoiofnid eino, btf.

[brrcrnsts cr Ctabr @idbvcdbot Ercups Hcr Nokustrnid bspncoieb cr tc knsrupt

fc`pbtntcrs

Oitnco Vtitbs Hcr bspncoieb cr bfcoc`nf ikviotieb cr

is i tccd ch wirhirb

66

fc`gnob creionzitncoid, kcftrnoid, stritbenf, tiftnfid iok tbfaocdcenfid noocvitncos, hcr

chhbosb iok kbhbosb.‐(Irqunddi iok Wcohbdkt 9>>1<>).

@crbcvbr, tabrb ns —nohcrìtnco wirhirb‐ (NU) is nt ns knsfussbk gy `ndntiry

ioidysts. Kbhnontncos hcr tans fcofbpt rioeb hrc` sn`pdb< —nohcrìtnco kc`noiofb‐ co tab

gittdbhnbdk: tc `crb fc`pdbx< —iftncos tijbo tc ifanbvb nohcrìtnco supbrncrnty gy ihhbftnoe

ikvbrsiry nohcrìtnco, nohcrìtnco gisbk prcfbssbs, nohcrìtnco systb`s, iok fc`putbr-

gisbk obtwcrjs wandb dbvbrienoe cob„s cwo nohcrìtnco (RV Kbpirt`bot ch Kbhbosb).:‐

iok —kbdngbritb...iok systbìtnf ittifj co frntnfid nohcrìtnco iftnvntnbs wanfa sbbj tc

bxpdcnt, `cknhy, fcrrupt nohcrìtnco cr tc kboy sbrvnfb (RJ @nonstry ch Kbhbofb).‐

(Wita`bdd, 9>>5<;9). No tans sfboirnc, fygbr tbrrcrns` ns nohcrìtnco wirhirb usbk gy

—pcdntnfiddy ̀ ctnvitbk‐ sug-stitb ercups sufa is tab ]NWI.85

(Wita`bdd, 9>>5).

Hnoiddy, i rbfbot gngdnceripay co —nohcrìtnco-ieb wirhirb‐ gy [n`ctay D. Vioz

(9>>1<16) hnoks, —Fygbrwir, nohcwir, nohcrìtnco-gisbk wirhirb, fygbr-tbrrcrns`,

obtwir, fygbrpuojs, nohcrìtnco (cr knentid) wirrncrs, nohcrìtnco kc`noiofb, fygbrspifb

kbhbosb, ZiokP nohcrìtnco faics...irb lust i hbw rbfbot fcnoiebs rbhdbftnoe tab dioeuieb

kbidnoe wnta tab vbry grcik tcpnf ch nohcrìtnco-ieb wirhirb (N-IU).‐ @cst ch tab prbsbot

tbr`nocdcey difjs iffbptbk kbhnontncos.81

85 —]cdntnfiddy `ctnvitbk sug-stitb ercups ns i tbr` tait fcvbrs tab eiùt hrc` prbssurb

ercups no kb`cfrifnbs usnoe knrbft iftnco tiftnfs, tarcuea cutdiwbk cppcsntnco`cvb`bots no iutcfrifnbs tc creionzbk piri`ndntiry cr tbrrcrnst creionzitncos.‐ (Wita`bdd,

9>>5<;6).

81 No stndd ioctabr virnitnco, Acc, Ecckìo iok Erbbogbre (9>>5) rbhbr tc —Nohcrìtnco

[bfaocdcey [brrcrns`.‐ Idtacuea taby chhbr oc spbfnhnf kbhnontnco ch tabnr cwo Erigcsjy

iok V`nta (9>>1<26), obvbrtabdbss, sueebst tait< —Uandb fcotb`pcriry tbrrcrnsts sbb` tc

prbhbr bxpdcsnvbs, tab pcssngndnty ch knsigdnoe botnrb fc`ùonfitncos obtwcrjs cr ctabr

ìlcr systb`s wcudk sbb` tc prcvnkb i virnbty ch ittriftnvb tirebts.‐

62

[ab knsfrbpiofy fcofbronoe fygbr frn`b ns idsc hcuok no tab ru`noitncos ch

ioidysts sufa is Li`bs Iki`s (Wbeio, 9>>><7) tab abik ch i sbfurnty hnr` fiddbk

Nohristrufturb Kbhbosb. Iki`s hnoks tait —fygbr-tbrrcrns` ns dnjbdy tc gb fc``nttbk gy

Wussnio creionzbk frn`b.‐ [ab cgvncus qubstnco tabo gbfc`bs, way wcudk frn`noids

gbfc`b novcdvbk no fygbr tbrrcrns` iok oct fygbr frn`b3

I sbfcok fcofbro wabo ioidyznoe fygbr tbrrcrns` ns acw tans tiftnf hnts wntano tab

cvbridd spbftru` ch tbrrcrnst vncdbofb. Ebobriddy, ioidysts uokbrstiok wabrb tc dcfitb

fcovbotncoid tbrrcrnst tiftnfs iok iftncos sufa is ississnoitncos, gc`gnoes iok

jnkoippnoes iok acw tc bviduitb tabnr cutfc`bs. [ab si`b fiooct gb sink hcr fygbr

tbrrcrns`. Nt ns i tiftnf tait ns chtbo `nsuokbrstcck iok hbir ch nt chtbo issu`bs

cutdioknsa prcpcrtncos. Io bxi`pdb ch tab dittbr tanojnoe fio ieino gb hcuok no tab ditbst

ecvbro`bot fcuotbrtbrrcrns` issbss`bots. No Fcuotbrnoe tab Faioenoe [arbit ch

Notbroitncoid [brrcrns` i rbpcrt ch tab Oitncoid Fc``nssnco co [brrcrns` (9>>><1) tab

prbvindnoe sbotn`bot ns tait<

Fygbr ittifjs irb chtbo fcosnkbrbk no tab si`b fcotbxt wnta FGWO.56

Wbspbftigdb bxpbrts aivb pugdnsabk scgbrnoe sfboirncs igcut tab pctbotnid

n`pift ch i suffbsshud fygbr ittifj co tab Rontbk Vtitbs....Fbrtinody,

tbrrcrnsts irb ìjnoe bxtbosnvb usb ch tab obw nohcrìtnco tbfaocdcenbs,

iok i fcovbotncoid tbrrcrnst ittifj idcoe wnta i fccrknoitbk fygbr ittifj

fcudk bxpcobotniddy fc`pcuok tab kiìeb.

No sacrt, knsfussncos ch fygbr tbrrcrns` tcc bisndy `cvb hrc` tab nofcovbonbofb iok

knsruptncos ch tab aifjbr tc knsfussncos ch fitistrcpanf fcosbqubofbs isscfnitbk wnta

fab`nfid, gncdcenfid, rikncdcenfid iok oufdbir ittifjs.

56 FGWO rbhbrs tc —Fab`nfid, Gncdcenfid, Wikncdcenfid cr Oufdbir‐ ìtbrnids. Nt ns gbdnbvbk

tait tbrrcrnsts wndd usb tabsb ìtbrnids no crkbr tc fiusb ìss fisuidtnbs. (Wbpcrt ch tab

Oitncoid Fc``nssnco co [brrcrns`, 9>>><5-1).

68

]rbsbot ittb`pts tc kbhnob iok uokbrstiok fygbr tbrrcrns` rbìno `nrbk no gnisbs

tait fcotnoub tc pbrpbtuitb tab `ytas surrcuoknoe fcovbotncoid tbrrcrns`. Jocwdbkeb ch

tab —wac‐ iok —wait‐ ch fygbr tbrrcrns` ns dn`ntbk tc i`gneucus notbrprbtitncos ch tbrrcrnst

iftcrs iok spbfuditnvb bxtripcditncos ch pctbotnid tbrrcrnst iftnvnty. No gcta ch tab fisbs

aneadneatbk igcvb, fygbr tbrrcrns` ais gbfc`b i —fitfa idd‐ tbr` tait fio gb puddbk hrc`

tab —trnfj gie‐ tc hnt ioy ou`gbr ch sfboirncs cr purpcsbs. Hcr tab pcdnfyìjbr, tans

`bios tait pcdntnfid bxpbknbofnbs chtbo knftitb wait sacudk gb prieìtnf `bisurbs. No

tab fisb ch tab ioidyst tab i`gneunty no kbdnobitnoe fygbr frn`b hrc` fygbr tbrrcrns`

envbs rnsb tc tab psbukc stuky ch tab dittbr. Distdy, nt ns idsc bssbotnid tc rb`b`gbr tait

hcr tab vnftn`, tab typb pbrpbtritcr gbanok tab ittifj ns chtbo dbss n`pcrtiot taio tab

fcosbqubofbs ch tab ittifj. —Fygbrspifb ittifjs `cuotbk gy tab knhhbrbot typbs ch

iftcrs irb noknstnoeunsaigdb hrc` bifa ctabr, noschir is tab pbrfbptncos ch tab tirebt

pbrscoobd irb fcofbrobk.‐ (Auokdby iok Iokbrsco, 9>>8<91).

[ab Bvcdutnco ch Fygbr [brrcrns`

[ab bvcdutnco ch fygbr tbrrcrns`5;

fio gb ioidyzbk gy bxi`nonoe acw iffbss tc fygbr

tbfaocdcey ns pbrfbnvbk iok usbk gy tbrrcrnst ercups. [wc vnbws ch tab suglbft irb

prbsbotbk gy Vfa`ntt iok Wita`bdd. Vfa`ntt (@urpay, 9>>><2) knstnoeunsabs gbtwbbo

5; It tans pcnot nt ns idsc abdphud tc spbij no tbr`s ch —fygbrspifb-gisbk tarbits.‐ Wiok

ioidysts Auokdby iok Iokbrsco (9>>8<9) fcosnkbr tabsb is, —ikvbrsb iftncos novcdvnoe

iok `bknitbk gy fc`putbr iok tbdbfc`ùonfitncos systb`s iok obtwcrjs.‐ Iffcrknoedy,

tabrb irb i wnkb spbftru` ch pcssngndntnbs hcr —bvnd iftncos‐ no fygbrspifb. —[absb nofdukb

ittifjs co tab kiti fcotinobk wntano tab systb`s, tab prceri`s iok prcfbssnoe

airkwirb ruoonoe tacsb systb`s, iok tab bovnrco`bot (fc`ùonfitncos, obtwcrjs, btf.)

no wanfa taby cpbritb.‐ (Auokdby iok Iokbrsco, 9>>8<97).

65

nohcrìtnco cpbritncos iok fc`putbr obtwcrj ittifjs. [ab hcr`br ns kbhnobk is

bofc`pissnoe —vnrtuiddy ioy ocofcosbosuid iftncos notbokbk tc knsfcvbr, idtbr, kbstrcy,

knsrupt, cr trioshbr kiti stcrbk no i fc`putbr, ìonpuditbk gy i fc`putbr, cr trios`nttbk

tarcuea i fc`putbr obtwcrj.‐ Nohcrìtnco systb`s fio gb bntabr kbhbosnvb cr chhbosnvb no

oiturb. Fc`putbr obtwcrj ittifjs irb fcosnkbrbk chhbosnvb nohcrìtnco cpbritncos iok

—knsrupt, kboy, kberikb, cr kbstrcy nohcrìtnco rbsnkbot no fc`putbrs iok fc`putbr

obtwcrjs, cr tab fc`putbrs iok obtwcrjs tab`sbdvbs.‐

Wita`bdd (9>>5<6-;) nkbotnhnbs tarbb fitbecrnbs ch nohcrìtnco wirhirb tait fio gb

usbk gy sug-stitb ercups. [absb irb<

Fitbecry N - obw tbfaonqubs ippdnbk tc trikntncoid iftnvntnbs no tab hcr` ch —notbddnebofb

eitabrnoe, fc`ùonfitnco, `coby diuokbrnoe iok prcpieioki. Idd sugstitb ercups aivb

tc boeieb no tabsb tc survnvb:‐

Fitbecry NN - cdk tbfaonqubs ippdnbk tc obw iftnvntnbs. [ans —novcdvbs usnoe paysnfid

vncdbofb ieinost tab nohcrìtnco iftnvntnbs ch i tirebt botnty....ZNPofrbisnoe rbdniofb ch idd ch

tabsb botntnbs Zir`nbs, ecvbro`bots, oitnco-stitbs cr fc`pionbsP co nohcrìtnco iftnvntnbs

boigdbs i sug-stitb ercup tc dbvbrieb nts dn`ntbk rbscurfbs notc i kiìenoe ittifj:‐ iok

Fitbecry NNN - obw tbfaonqubs ippdnbk tc obw iftnvntnbs. [ans —novcdvbs usnoe knentid ittifj

tbfaonqubs ieinost tab nohcrìtnco iftnvntnbs ch i tirebt botnty...ZiokP ns pbraips tab

purbst hcr` ch NU....‐52

Dbt us fcosnkbr twc prnìry fc`pcobots ch fygbr tbrrcrns`, tbrrcrnst b`pdcy`bot

ch fc`putbrs hcr oco-vncdbot iftnvnty tait hifndntitbs, gut hidds sacrt ch tbrrcrns`, iok

52 Wita`bdd (9>>5<6) sueebsts tait tab tanrk fitbecry ch nohcrìtnco wirhirb ns ch tab

`cst fcofbro tc tab pugdnf nìenoitnco.

61

tbrrcrnst iftnvnty wabrb fc`putbr tbfaocdcey ns i spbfnhnf fc`pcobot (wbipco cr tirebt)

ch i tbrrcrnst nofnkbot.58

i) Fc`putbr tbfaocdcey is i hifndntitcr ch tbrrcrns`<

[brrcrnst ercups nofrbisnoedy usb fc`putbr tbfaocdcey (is ìoy pcdntnfid,

fc``brfnid iok frn`noid botntnbs kc) tc sbfurb ìoy ch tabnr creionzitncoid ecids.55

No tans

sbosb, tbrrcrnst ercups irb sn`pdy bxpdcntnoe `ckbro tccds tc iffc`pdnsa tab si`b ecids

taby scueat no tab pist. [ab knhhbrbofb gbtwbbo fcovbotncoid tbrrcrnst tiftnfs iok tacsb

novcdvnoe fc`putbrs fio gb hcuok no tarbb jby noerbknbots< bisb ch cpbritncos: kbvbdcpnoe

pctbotnid: iok nofrbisbk iocoy`nty. Ocob ch tabsb iftnvntnbs irb bisndy kbtbftbk cr rbikndy

fcuotbrbk iok taus, boigdb tbrrcrnst ercups tait tijb ikviotieb ch fc`putbr tbfaocdcey

tc frbitb vnigdb suppcrt strufturbs tc hurtabr tabnr tiftnfid iok stritbenf ecids.51

[absb

irb iffc`pdnsabk tarcuea<

- pcdntnfid prcpieioki (nofduknoe knsnohcrìtnco prceri`s)

- rbfrunt`bot

- hnoiofnoe

- notri iok notbr-ercup fc`ùonfitnco iok fccrknoitnco

- nohcrìtnco/notbddnebofb eitabrnoe

58 No tabnr [brrcrns` Rpkitb (9>>1<9), tab Iotn-Kbhiìtnco Dbieub octbs tait, —ZtPbrrcrns`

iok tab Notbrobt irb rbditbk no twc wiys.‐ [ab hnrst novcdvbs tab Notbrobt is i hcru` hcr

tbrrcrnst prcpieioki iok tab sbfcok novcdvbs noknvnkuids cr ercups ittifjnoe fc`putbrobtwcrjs (fygbrtbrrcrns` cr fygbrwihirb).

55 [ab Wbpcrt ch tab Oitncoid Fc``nssnco co [brrcrns` (9>>><97) fcofurs sueebstnoe

tait —ZtPbrrcrnsts irb usnoe tab si`b `ckbro tbfaocdcey is tab rbst ch us....‐

51 No nts 9>>1 (9>>><95) rbpcrt co tbrrcrns` no tab Rontbk Vtitbs, tab Hbkbrid Gurbiu ch

Novbstneitnco hnoks< —[brrcrnsts irb jocwo tc usb nohcrìtnco tbfaocdcey iok tab Notbrobt

tc hcrùditb pdios, rinsb huoks, sprbik prcpieioki, iok fc`ùonfitb sbfurbdy.‐

6>

-stbidta/iocoy`nty no gcta rcutnob iftnvnty iok tiftnfid cpbritncos

-bisb ch cpbritncos tait irb —fcst bhhbftnvb‐ gcta no tbr`s ch rbscurfbs bxpbokbk

iok igndnty tc strnjb wcrdk-wnkb

Vpbfnhnf bxi`pdbs ch tab hifndntitnco ch tbrrcrns` tarcuea tab usb ch fc`putbr

tbfaocdcey nddustritb tab ippbid tans tbfaocdcey ais hcr tbrrcrnst ercups notbrbstbk no

ikviofnoe tabnr pirtnfudir iebokis. [ab usb ch tab Notbrobt hcr prcpieioki iok

knsnohcrìtnco purpcsbs ns io bspbfniddy pcpudir cob. @ioy bxndbk pcdntnfid cppcsntnco

ercups bìoitnoe hrc` sufa stitbs is Nrio, Nriq, @bxnfc, Ocrtabro Nrbdiok iok Viukn

Irigni aivb usbk tab Ucrdk Unkb Ubg hcr lust sufa purpcsbs (Wita`bdd, 9>>5<;-2).

Obc-Oizn ercups (Uantb 9>>1), tab Fcdc`gnio BDO, Abzgcddia iok \ipitnstis5>

(Ucrdk

Wbpcrt, 9>>1<9) aivb idsc ikcptbk sn`ndir tiftnfs. Cob ch tab `cst kb`costritnvb

bxi`pdbs, acwbvbr, novcdvbs tab fisb ch tab Kbfb`gbr, 9>>8 tijbcvbr ch tab Lipiobsb

I`gissikcr„s rbsnkbofb no Dnì, ]bru gy tab [upif Iìru Wbvcdutncoiry @cvb`bot

(@W[I). Oct cody knk tans tbrrcrnst ercup usb tab Notbrobt tc fc`ùonfitb nts

rbvcdutncoiry `bssieb tc tab rbst ch tab wcrdk tarcuea i Burcpbio wbgsntb, nt bvbo

chhbrbk i vnkbc fdnp ch nts `b`gbrs prbpirnoe hcr tabnr `nssnco.1=

(Ki`pacussb iok

V`nta, 9>>1<798). [ab ikkbk ittriftnvbobss ch tab Notbrobt hcr tbrrcrnsts ns tait tab

wnkbst pcssngdb iuknbofb hcr tabnr vncdbot iftnvnty oct cody rbntbritbs tab ìlcr tab`bs ch

tabnr fi`pineos, nt idsc abneatbos hbir no tab tirebt iuknbofb gy rb`noknoe nt ch tab

pctbotnid hcr huturb vncdbofb.

5> No tab fisb ch tab \ipitnstis, is ercup ch suppcrtbrs fiddbk tab Bdbftrconf Knsturgiofb

[abitbr (BK[) aivb usbk tab Notbrobt stieb knsturgiofbs is i `bios ch co-dnob prctbst.

(Kboonoe, 7===,7).

1= Notbrobt sntbs wbrb idsc bstigdnsabk no Fioiki iok tab Rontbk Vtitbs no suppcrt ch tab

@W[I„s iftnvnty (Iotn-Kbhiìtnco Dbieub, 9>>1<9).

;=

No ikkntnco tc inknoe tbrrcrnst prcpieioki, fc`putbr obtwcrjs idsc boaiofb

tbrrcrnst rbfrunt`bot iok hnoiofnoe. Xirncus suprbìfnst ercups no tab Rontbk Vtitbs aivb

idsc usbk tab Notbrobt hcr hnoiofnid eino (Ki`pacussb iok V`nta, 9>>1<77=). No stndd

ioctabr bxi`pdb, Ki`pacussb iok V`nta (9>>1<77=) aivb hcuok tait —notbroitncoid

tbrrcrnst ercups sufa is ]bru„s Vanonoe ]ita (Vbokbrc Du`nocsc) aivb wbg sntbs wabrb

suppcrtbrs sbbj tc bxpcrt tab rbvcdutncoiry `bssieb...wandb tab ercups sbbj hnoiofnid

suppcrt gy aiwjnoe rbvcdutncoiry prckufts dnjb [-Vanrts, pcstbrs iok vnkbcs.‐ Idd no idd,

fygbr tbfaocdcey bspbfniddy no tab hcr` ch tab Notbrobt ns io ittriftnvb tccd hcr tbrrcrnst

ercups kbsnrnoe tc strboetabo tabnr gisnf nohristrufturbs.

[ab oiturb ch `ckbro fc`putbr tbfaocdcey ns sufa tait nt idsc dboks ntsbdh tc tab

fc`ùonfitnco iok notbddnebofb iftnvntnbs ch tbrrcrnst ercups. [ab ittriftnvbobss ch tans

hbiturb hcr ercups biebr tc bxpiok tabnr iftnvntnbs fio gb bxpdinobk is hcddcws<

N[ ZNohcrìtnco [bfaocdceyP envbs noknvnkuids iok ercups i rbifa iok

nohdubofb tait wis prbvncusdy rbsbrvbk hcr wbdd-creionsbk, stitb-huokbk

tbrrcrnst creionsitncos. Nt rbprbsbots, no ìoy rbspbfts, tab ‑kbita chknstiofb„. ]aysnfid knstiofb iok oitncoid gcrkbrs tait cofb sbpiritbk

tbrrcrnsts hrc` tabnr fc-fcospnritcrs, tabnr iuknbofb iok tabnr tirebts fbisb

tc bxnst no tab wcrdk ch `ckbro tbdbfc`ùonfitncos iok tab notbrobt. (Acc

bt id., 9>>5<961).

Creionzitncos sufa is tab Nsdi`nf huoki`botidnst ercups wanfa hcddcw Rsiì Gno

Dikno19

(Irqunddi bt id., 9>>><>9->7) iok Aiìs (Iotn-Kbhiìtnco Dbieub, 9>>1<9)17

rbdy

co fc`putbrs tc fccrknoitb tabnr iftnvnty. [ab Wbvcdutncoiry Ir`bk Hcrfbs ch Fcdc`gni

(HIWF) hcr bxi`pdb ns jocwo tc rbspcok tc prbss noqunrnbs vni b-ìnd. (Iotn-Kbhiìtnco

19 —Gifj no 9>>8 tab abikquirtbrs ch tbrrcrnst hnoiofnbr gno Dikbo no Iheaionstio wis

bqunppbk wnta fc`putbrs iok fc`ùonfitncos bqunp`bot.‐ (Kboonoe, 7===<97).

17 No bxtrb`b nostiofbs Aiìs ais usbk nts wbg sntbs tc ippbid hcr nts suppcrtbrs tc

ùrkbr Lbws (9>>1<9).

;9

Dbieub, 9>>1<9). No tab fisb ch tab notbddnebofb eitabrnoe iftnvntnbs ch tbrrcrnst ercups,

fc`putbr obtwcrjs iok iffbss tc tab Ucrdk Unkb Ubg irb bquiddy n`pcrtiot.

@ckbro fc`putbr tbfaocdcey ais oct cody boaiofbk ùfa ch tab igcvb iftnvnty,

gut ais kcob sc no sufa i hisanco tait tab tbrrcrnst ercups tait utndnzb nt irb ocw igdb tc

cpbritb gbycok tab purvnbw ch trikntncoid fcuotbr tbrrcrnst ipprcifabs.16

[ab tbrrcrnst

igndnty tc boeieb no —ercwta iftnvnty‐ sufa is rbfrunt`bot, fc`ùonfitnco iok bspbfniddy

hnoiofnoe wntacut tab jocwdbkeb ch stitb iutacrntnbs ìy nobvntigdy dbik tc strcoebr iok

abofb, `crb rbsndnbot tbrrcrnst ercups. No turo, tab pctbotnid hcr tbrrcrnst ercups tc boeieb

no iftnvnty tait hcfusbs dbss co tarbits iok `crb co tioengdb iftncos ns sneonhnfiotdy

abneatbobk. @ckbro tbrrcrnst ercups tait irb igdb tc kbvbdcp uokbtbftbk ìy gbfc`b

strcoebr, `crb bdusnvb iok kbikdnbr taio tabnr birdnbr fcuotbrpirts.1;

@crbcvbr, iok

pbraips bvbo `crb n`pcrtiotdy tab ikvbot ch fc`putbr obtwcrjs ais spiwobk i obw

knrbftnco no tab creionzitncoid strufturb ch tbrrcrnst ercups. [brrcrnst ercups utndnznoe

fc`putbrs hcr fc`ùonfitnco irb dnjbdy tc `cvb gbycok anbrirfanfid creionzitncoid

strufturbs iok b`pdcy obtwcrjbk cobs.12

g)< Fc`putbr tbfaocdcey is i spbfnhnf fc`pcobot ch tbrrcrnst wbipcos cr tirebts<

16 [ab usb ch bhhbftnvb bofryptnco kbvnfbs hcr fc`ùonfitnco purpcsbs irb vbry n`pcrtiot

no tans rbspbft.

1; [ans sink, tab crnenoid cglbftnvbs iok `ctnvitncos ch tbrrcrnst ercups ùst gb jbpt no

`nok. No pirtnfudir, nt ns n`pcrtiot tc isj< No wait rbspbft wndd fc`putbr tbfaocdcey wanfa

hifndntitbs tbrrcrnst ercup kbvbdcp`bot n`pift tbrrcrnst kbsnrbs tc bsfiditb tab dbvbd ch

vncdbofb taby ocw bxbrfnsb3

12 Vbb Irqunddi, Wcohbdkt iok \ionon (9>>>) hcr i kbtindbk knsfussnco ch tans pcnot

bspbfniddy is nt rbditbs tc Rsiì Gno Dikno iok i ercwnoe obtwcrj ch Nsdi`nf

huoki`botidnst ercups.

;7

[brrcrnst ercups boeienoe no fygbr tbrrcrns` irb octbk hcr tarbits tc fc``brfb,

pugdnf sihbty iok oitncoid sbfurnty.18

[absb tarbits fio tijb ioy ou`gbr ch hcr`s, gut

irb ebobriddy pirdiybk notc fc`putbr vbrsus fc`putbr fcohrcotitncos (Uandb tab furrbot

knsfussnco hcfusbs co tab usb ch —anea tbfa‐ ippdnfitncos no tbrrcrnst cpbritncos, —dcw

tbfa‐ cpbritncos ieinost i vnftn`„s —anea tbfa‐ nohristrufturb sacudk oct gb neocrbk.)

[brrcrnst ercups usb tabnr cwo fc`putbr tbfaocdcey tc tarbitbo cr ittifj i vnftn`„s

fc`putbr rbscurfbs. [ans fio tijb tab hcr` ch tarbits cr ittifjs ieinost oitncoid

nohristrufturbs tait aivb gbfc`b abivndy rbdniot iok notbrfcoobftbk tc fc`putbr

obtwcrjs.15 Iftnvnty ch tans scrt ns tioengdb no oiturb iok taus, ebobritbs `cst ch tab

notbrbst wb aivb no fygbr tbrrcrns` tckiy. Fygbr tbrrcrnst tarbits fio nofdukb<

- ripnk fc`ùonfitnco ch tarbits tc i wnkb cr spbfnhnf iuknbofb

- tarbits tc pugdnf utndntnbs iok triospcrtitnco

- tarbits tc fc``brfnid nostntutncos iok triosoitncoid fcrpcritncos

- tarbits tc NECs iok OECs

- tarbits tc noknvnkuids

- tarbits tc pcdntnfid ercups cr ctabr btaonf, rbdnencus cr oitncoidnst botntnbs (idd ch

tabsb fio nofdukb ctabr tbrrcrnst ercups) nkbotnhnbk is —tab bob`y‐

- tarbits tc sbfurnty hcrfbs

18 Idtacuea tab iftuid nkbotnhnfitnco ch iok rbhbrbofb tc spbfnhnf tarbits rbìnos `nonìd(wanfa gbes tab qubstnco ch wabtabr tabrb aivb gbbo ioy iftuid tarbits), tabrb ns fdbirdy

i pbrfbnvbk tarbit. No tab fisb ch tab Rontbk Vtitbs tans pbrfbptnco/rbidnty ais dbk tc tab

sneonoe ch ]rbsnkbotnid Kbfnsnco Knrbftnvb 86 iok tab bstigdnsa`bot ch tab Oitncoid

Nohristrufturb ]rctbftnco Fbotbr (ON]F).

15 [ab HGN (9>>><95) ais wirobk tait< —Uandb tab tarbit ch fcovbotncoid, paysnfid ittifjs

co cur frntnfid nohristrufturbs ais idwiys gbbo i scurfb ch fcofbro, bdbftrconf,

nohcrìtnco-gisbk ittifjs fcostntutb i rbditnvbdy obw iok ercwnoe tarbit.‐

;6

- tarbits tc oitnco stitbs

Uait wb cffisncoiddy sbb (wait ns rbpcrtbk) ns iftuid kiìeb tc tab igcvb tirebts no

tab hcr` ch tb`pcriry knsruptnco ch sbrvnfbs,11

pugdnf nofcovbonbofbs cr hnoiofnid dcss.

[absb nofnkbots, acwbvbr, irb `cst chtbo no tab hcr` ch fygbr frn`b iok hidd sacrt ch

wait ns fcosnkbrbk is fygbr tbrrcrns`.1>

Kboonoe (7===<76) fcotboks, —tabrb irb hbw nh

ioy fc`putbr obtwcrj ittifjs tait `bbt tab frntbrni hcr fygbrtbrrcrns`.‐ @crbcvbr,

‐ZtPabrb ns dnttdb fcofrbtb bvnkbofb ch tbrrcrnsts prbpirnoe tc usb tab Notbrobt is i vboub

hcr nohdnftnoe erivb air`.‐ (Kboonoe, 7===<7;). No su`ìry, tabrb aivb gbbo oc nostiofbs

wabrb fygbr tbrrcrns` ais gbbo knrbftdy triosditbk i fitistrcpanf dcss ch dnhb cr paysnfid

kbstruftnco isscfnitbk wnta tab `cst vncdbot ifts ch —fcovbotncoid‐ tbrrcrns`. [ab tarbit,

acwbvbr, rbìnos rbid iok tijbs co io ikkbk sneonhnfiofb wabo tab ercwnoe pctbotnid ch

tbrrcrnst ercup rbscurfbs>=

ns fcosnkbrbk.

Issbssnoe tab Fygbr [brrcrnst [arbit

[brrcrnst Ercups, tab Fygbr Bovnrco`bot iok tab Obw [brrcrnst Ieboki

@ioy stuknbs aivb kbidt wnta tbrrcrns` gy bxi`nonoe tab oiturb ch tbrrcrnst ercup

fairiftbrnstnfs iok tabnr rbsudtiot gbaivncr. Hbw, acwbvbr, aivb tijbo notc iffcuot acw

11 [abrb irb it dbist twc bxi`pdbs ch knsruptnco ch sbrvnfbs gbnoe dnojbk tc tbrrcrnst

ercups. No tab hnrst fisb no 9>>1, Vpionsa prctbstbrs knsruptbk tab cpbritncos (tarcuea

fygbr tiftnfs) ch tab Nostntutb hcr Edcgid Fc`ùonfitncos gbfiusb tab Notbrobt sbrvnfb

prcvnkbr aik acstbk i wbg pieb no suppcrt ch tab B[I i Gisqub sbpiritnst ercup. No tab

sbfcok fisb, idsc no 9>>1, i [i`nd ercup hrc` Vrn Dioji fiddnoe ntsbdh tab —Notbrobt Gdifj[nebrs‐ ìoiebk tc knsrupt tab fc`ùonfitncos ch Vrn Diojio b`gissnbs wnta bxtbosnvb

b-ìnd ittifjs (Kboonoe, 7===<7).

1>@ioy ch tab rbhbrbofbs fntbk igcvb knsfuss tabsb nofnkbots ch fygbr frn`b is taby

rbditb tc fygbr tbrrcrns`. Vbb Kboonoe (7===), HGN (9>>>), iok Wita`bdd (9>>5) hcr

bxi`pdbs. Idsc sbb Gusgy (7===<6-;) hcr sbvbrid bxi`pdbs ch fc``brfnid tarbits.

>= ]irt ch tab ercwnoe pctbotnid fio gb hcuok no tab prcdnhbritnco ch —fygbr ittifj‐ tccds.

(HGN, 9>>><95).



;;

tab fygbr bovnrco`bot wndd n`pift tans gbaivncr. No crkbr tc issbss iffuritbdy tab oiturb

ch tab tbrrcrnst tarbit no tans kbfikb, nt ns n`pbritnvb tc nofdukb tab sneonhnfiofb ch tans

hiftcr notc huturb ioidysbs.

]irt ch tab —`ystnqub‐ ch tbrrcrns` fio gb uokbrstcck gy nkbotnhynoe tab prchndb ch

iftncos cr `ctnvitncos tait krnvb tab iftncos ch virncus tbrrcrnst ercups. Bifa ercup ais i

rbditnvbdy uonqub nkbotnty tait abdps tc kbhnob acw nt wndd gbaivb. Uandb nt ns uodnjbdy tait tab

b`brebofb ch fc`putbr tbfaocdcey wndd riknfiddy rbsaipb tab bssbofb ch way fbrtino

tbrrcrnst ercups faccsb tc bxnst, tab fcovbrebofb ch tans tbfaocdcey idcoe wnta i ou`gbr

jby pcdntnfid iok scfnid faioebs wndd udtnìtbdy gb rbhdbftbk no i —obw tbrrcrnst ieboki.‐

]braips tab `cst prchcuok bovnrco`botid faioeb tc ihhbft tab fcursb ch tbrrcrns`

no tab dist kbfikb ais gbbo tab fcddipsb ch tab hcr`br Vcvnbt Ronco. [ab bok ch tab fcdk

wir iok tab rnsb ch tab prbsbot I`brnfio abeb`coy ais aik n`pcrtiot n`pdnfitncos hcr

tab ìoy pcdntnfid nkbcdcenbs tait aivb bofcuriebk iok sustinobk tbrrcrnst fi`pineos

cvbr tab dist hcrty ybirs. No pirtnfudir, tab ecid ch i dbht-gifjbk edcgid rbvcdutnco ns oc

dcoebr tboigdb. It tab si`b tn`b, tab kb`nsb ch idd gut i hbw fc`ùonst stitbs ais

bdn`noitbk tab rinsco k'ìtrb ch ìoy rneat-wnoe ercups wacsb bxnstbofb kbpbokbk upco

tabnr nkbotnhnfitnco is tab gudwirj ch iotn- fc`ùons`

[ab nkbcdcenfid vcnk hifbk gy tbrrcrnst ercups ch tab twboty-hnrst fbotury ais oct,

acwbvbr, dbk tc tab kb`nsb ch tbrrcrns`. No fcotrist tc birdnbr pbrncks wabrb dbhtnst cr

@irxnst nkbcdcenbs wbrb `nstijbody fairiftbrnzbk is tab erbitbst scurfb ch notbroitncoid

tbrrcrns`, rbdnencus nkbotnty ais ocw tijbo fbotbr stieb.>9

Oitncoidnst iok btaonf scurfbs

>9 [ans ns bspbfniddy trub nh tab I`brnfio pbrspbftnvb ch furrbot notbroitncoid tbrrcrns` ns

fcosnkbrbk. [bstn`coy gbhcrb tab Acusb Notbroitncoid Wbditncos Fc``nttbb (9>>>) gy

I`gissikcr @nfaibd Vabbaio strbssbs tans pcnot wnta wironoes tait gcta tab [idngio ch



;2

wanfa wbrb idwiys i prc`nobot, gut dbss b`paisnzbk ispbft ch tbrrcrnst `ctnvitncos

fcotnoub no n`pcrtiofb. Oitncoidnst iok btaonf i`gntncos aivb gbbo hurtabr iffbotuitbk gy

rbencoid fcohdnfts, sc`b ch wanfa aivb idsc kbvbdcpbk idcoe rbdnencus dnobs. Kbspntb

octbwcrtay faioebs no tab edcgid pcdntnfid bovnrco`bot, oco-stitb tbrrcrns` fcotnoubs.

[brrcrnst Ercups, tab Fygbr Bovnrco`bot iok tab Obw Bvcdutnco ch [brrcrnst Ercup

Wbscurfbs

[ab igndnty ch tbrrcrnst ercups tc fipntidnzb co `ckbro fc`putbr tbfaocdcey ns ocw

i rbqunsntb hcr kbvbdcpnoe tab uokbrdynoe gisns hcr bhhbftnvb iok rcgust iftnvnty. No

prbvncus kbfikbs, tbrrcrnst ercups wbrb nontniddy fcostrinobk gbfiusb tab iffuùditnco ch

snzbigdb rbscurfbs wis nobvntigdy dnojbk tc suhhnfnbot ìopcwbr iok tab igndnty tc jbbp

ercwta iftnvntnbs fdiokbstnob. [ab rbfbot notrckuftnco ch fc`putbr tbfaocdcey ais oct

dbssbobk tab obbk tc iffuùditb sn`ndir rbscurfbs, gut ais aik ìlcr n`pdnfitncos hcr

acw taby irb iffrubk.

No crkbr tc suffbbk

>7

no wait fio cody gb kbsfrngbk is io nofrbisnoedy fc`pbtntnvb

(boaiofbk sbfurnty `bisurbs iok iwirbobss, obeitnvb pugdnf cpnonco, difj ch bxtbroid

stitb suppcrt, pccrdy kbhnobk nkbcdcenbs, fcostiotdy faioenoe notbroitncoid prcgdb`s)

pcdntnfid iok scfnid bovnrco`bot, tbrrcrnsts ercups ùst bosurb tait taby irb igdb tc

kbvbdcp tab ipprcprnitb nohristrufturb tc fcotnoub tc cpbritb co i rbeudir gisns. Ercups

tait hind tc kc sc wndd oct survnvb.

Iheaionstio (i huoki`botidnst Nsdi`nf ercup) iok tab Viukn Irignio tbrrcrnst (wac

cpbritbs cut ch Iheaionstio) Rsiì Gno Dikno rbprbsbot tab huturb hifb ch notbroitncoid

tbrrcrns`. Gno Dikno no pirtnfudir ns snoedbk cut is aivnoe frbitbk i —triosoitncoid tbrrcrnst

botbrprnsb.‐ Ctabr ercups tait hidd wntano tab si`b vbno nofdukb tab Beyptnio Nsdi`nf

Lnaik, Idebrnio Ir`bk Nsdi`nf Ercup iok Jisa`nrn sbpiritnst.

>7 No tans fisb —suffbbk‐ rbhbrs tc tab igndnty ch i tbrrcrnst ercup tc sustino ntsbdh uotnd nt

ais fc`pdbtbk nts stitbk ecids.

;8

@ioy tbrrcrnst ercups wanfa prbvncusdy fcudk fcurt stitb spcoscrs hcr rbscurfbs

ocw fio fcosnkbr fygbr tbrrcrns` is i fcst-bhhbftnvb tiftnf tait hrbbs tab` hrc` i

rbdniofb co cutsnkb suppcrt. Co tans pcnot Wck Vtirj (9>>><;2) wrntbs<

I sneonhnfiot bvcdutnco no tbrrcrns̀ ns tait ìdbhiftcrs irb gbenoonoe tc

knsfcvbr fygbr tbrrcrns` is i wiy ch snkbtrifjnoe tab obbk hcr stitb-

spcoscrsanp kub tc tab dcw fcst iok iocoy`nty. Nokbpbokbots kc oct obbk

tc rbdy co stitbs hcr tab obfbssntnbs sufa is huoks, trinonoe cr sioftuiry.

Jbvno Vcc Acc iok ans fcddbieubs (9>>5<9;6) fcofur co tab bxpioknoe rcdb ch

nohcrìtnco tbfaocdcey iok nts n`pift co tab stitb spcoscrsanp ch tbrrcrns`. [aby octb no

pirt tait<

Z[Pbrrcrnsts boeiebk no N[-boigdbk hcr`s ch tbrrcrns` ìy bsfipb tab obbk

hcr stitb huoknoe. Fc`pirbk tc tab fcsts `ckbro tbrrcrnsts nofur hcr

irì`bots, notbroitncoid trivbd iok trinonoe hifndntnbs, N[ tbrrcrns` ns

rbditnvbdy nobxpbosnvb...No tab hnoid ioidysns, stitb spcoscrsanp ìy oc

dcoebr gb tab bssbotnid noerbknbot nt cofb wis hcr tbrrcrnsts is N[ bhhbftnvbdy

rbokbrs tab ìoy ikviotiebs ch stitb spcoscrsanp cgscdbtb.

[ab cppcrtuontnbs prbsbotbk gy tab fygbr bovnrco`bot tc wait wcudk ctabrwnsb gb

ìrenoiddy vnigdb tbrrcrnst ercups ais triosditbk notc `crb ercups tait irb dbss rbdniot co

bxtbroid spcoscrs. Is i tbrrcrnst ercup„s hrbbkc` hrc` spcoscrsanp ercws, sc kcbs nts

hrbbkc` tc pursub i trudy nkncsyofritnf fi`pineo ch tbrrcrns`.

[brrcrnst Ercups, tab Fygbr Bovnrco`bot iok tab Obw ]ctbotnid ch [brrcrns`

[ab qubstnco ch tbrrcrnst gbaivncr is nt rbditbs tc tab fygbr bovnrco`bot ais ybt tc

gb ioswbrbk wnta ioy fbrtntukb is dnttdb rbsbirfa b`paisns ais gbbo pdifbk co

bxpdinonoe acw virncus typbs ch tbrrcrnst ercups wndd ipprcifa iok bxpdcnt bvcdvnoe

fc`putbr tbfaocdcey. Ebobrid pittbros ch tbrrcrnst gbaivncr is taby rbditb tc fygbr

tbrrcrns` aivb gbbo ikkrbssbk no tab prbvncus sbftnco, gut nt ns abdphud tc tijb io

ikkntncoid stbp nh tab fc`pdbxnty ch tbrrcrnst ercup fygbr iftnvnty ns tc gb huddy uokbrstcck.

;5

No crkbr tc prcfbbk wnta tab ioidysns ch fygbr tbrrcrns` iok tbrrcrnst ercup

gbaivncr i sìdd, gut huoftncoid typcdcey ais gbbo frbitbk wnta tab notbot ch nkbotnhynoe

gisnf tbrrcrnst ercup fairiftbrnstnfs wanfa irb tacueat tc nohdubofb ùfa ch tabnr iftnvnty.

[ab typcdcey ns fc`pcsbk ch hcur fdissbs ch tbrrcrnst ercup wanfa irb furrbotdy iftnvb

iok irb dnjbdy tc kbvbdcp tabnr cwo sbts ch fygbr `ckus cpbriokn . [ab hcur fdissbs ch

tbrrcrnst ercup fc`prnsnoe tab typcdcey iok rbdbviot bxi`pdbs ch tabsb ercups irb is

hcddcws<

9) Oitncoidnst/Btaonf (Gisqub Hitabrdiok iok Dngbrty - @ndntiry Unoe (B[I-@), ]rcvnsncoid

Unoe ch tab Nrnsa Wbpugdnfio Ir`y (]NWI), Dngbritnco [nebrs ch [i`nd Bbdi` (D[[B)):

7) Wbdnencus (Ir`bk Nsdi`nf Ercup (ENI), Iu` Vuprb`b [ruta - Iu` Vanornjyc (Iu`),

Beyptnio Nsdi`nf Lnaik):

6. ]cdntnfid (Fcvboiot, tab Vwcrk iok tab Ir` ch tab Dcrk (FVI), Wbvcdutncoiry

Creionzitnco 95 Ocvb`gbr (95 Ocvb`gbr), [upif Iìru Wbvcdutncoiry @cvb`bot

(@W[I)):

;. Vnoedb Nssub (Ionìd Dngbritnco Hrcot (IDH), Birta Dngbritnco Hrcot, ]bcpdb hcr tab

Btanfid [rbit`bot ch Ionìds (]B[I)).

Bifa fdiss ch ercup virnbs hrc` cob ioctabr no tbr`s ch `ctnvitnco,>6

snzb,>;

ieb,>2

pirdni`botiry rbprbsbotitnco (cr difj tabrbch),>8

pcdntnfid fcostntubofy,>5

bob`y>1

iok

>6 [ab pcdntnfid `ctnvitnco ch i tbrrcrnst ercup ns io n`pcrtiot hiftcr no kbtbr`nonoe tabknrbftnco tab ercup wndd tijb no tbr`s ch gcta tab sfcpb iok notbosnty ch nts cpbritncos.

>; [ab snzb ch i tbrrcrnst ercup ns noknfitnvb ch nts rbscurfbs, cutsnkb suppcrt iok igndnty tc

stieb gcta scpanstnfitbk iok prctriftbk iftnvnty.

>2 [ab ieb ch i tbrrcrnst ercup noknfitbs supbrncr survnvcr sjndds, erbitbr dnjbdnacck ch

fcostntubot suppcrt iok ercup trikntncos (sc`btn`bs bquitbk wnta bstigdnsabk `ckus

cpbriokn).

;1

tabitbr ch cpbritncos.>>

No i fcovbotncoid bovnrco`bot tab hbiturbs ch i tbrrcrnst ercup

wndd bntabr rbtirk cr boaiofb wait i ercup ns wnddnoe iok fipigdb ch fcokuftnoe. No i fygbr

bovnrco`bot tab si`b ritncoidb ippdnbs wnta tab fivbit tait iffbss tc fc`putbrs iok

fc`putbr obtwcrjs ikk i obw kn`bosnco tc acw ercup gbaivncr ns kbtbr`nobk.9==

[ab bxtbot ch faioeb no tbrrcrnst ercup gbaivncr hrc` fcovbotncoid tc fygbr

sbttnoes ns kbpbokbot co tab kberbb tc wanfa tab ercups kbsnrb iok irb igdb tc notbrhifb

wnta tabnr obw tccd ch facnfb. It dbist twc nontnid cgsbrvitncos fio gb ìkb no tans rbeirk.

Hnrst, tbrrcrnst ercups wndd uonvbrsiddy ikcpt tacsb ispbfts ch tab fygbr bovnrco`bot tait

wndd boigdb tab` tc cpbritb iok ercw wnta i erbitbr kberbb ch bhhnfnbofy. [ans ns tc siy

tait idd typbs ch tbrrcrnst ercups stiok tc gbobhnt hrc` n`prcvbk fc`ùonfitnco sjndds

>8 [brrcrnst ercups wnta sc`b hcr` ch pirdni`botiry rbprbsbotitnco irb ebobriddyrbprbsbotbk gy gcta i pcdntnfid iok `ndntiry wnoe. [absb ercups irb `crb dnjbdy tc aivb

wbdd-kbhnobk, dcoe tbr` pcdntnfid ecids iok rbprbsbot direbr pcdntnfid cr scfnid

fcostntubofnbs.

>5 [ab pcdntnfid fcostntubofy ch i tbrrcrnst ercup ns n`pcrtiot no tbr`s ch suppcrtnoe ercup

nohristrufturb, gut nobvntigdy fcostrinos fbrtino ercup iftnvntnbs nh taby kc oct fcohcr` wnta

tab bxpbftitncos ch tab direbr ercup.

>1 [ab stitbk bob`y ch i tbrrcrnst ercup ns io n`pcrtiot fc`pcobot ch tirebt sbdbftnco

iok idsc abdps tc kbtbr`nob cpbritncoid hbiturbs sufa is sfcpb, notbosnty iok hrbqubofy.

>> [ab tabitbr ch cpbritncos ch i tbrrcrnst ercup wndd viry iffcrknoe tc tab ercup„s

nkbotnhnfitnco ch pctbotnid tirebts, igndnty tc cpbritb no i virnbty ch bovnrco`bots iok ctabr

pcdntnfid fcosnkbritncos rbditbk tc dn`ntnoe tab sfcpb ch i tbrrcrnst fi`pineo.

9== Co i rbditbk octb, Irqunddi, Wcohbdkt iok \ionon (9>>><>5->1) prbsbot tarbb

aypctabsbs rbditnoe tab b`brebofb ch nohcrìtnco tbfaocdcey wnta creionzitnco hcr

obtwir. No su`, tbrrcrnst ercup creionzitncoid strufturb iok tab usb ch nohcrìtnco

tbfaocdcey irb aypctabsnzbk tc gb fdcsbdy rbditbk.



;>

wabtabr taby irb usbk purbdy hcr prcpieioki purpcsbs, ift is obw vbanfdbs ch hnoiofnid

ercwta, cr irb bvbo usbk `crb knsfrbbtdy hcr notri/notbr ercup fcohbrbofnoe.9=9

[ab sbfcok cgsbrvitnco fbotbrs co acw bifa fdiss ch tbrrcrnst ercup wndd `cvb

gbycok tab rbditnvbdy —sn`pdb‐ tisj ch usnoe fc`putbrs hcr oco-vncdbot purpcsbs tc

iftuiddy boeieb no fygbr tbrrcrns`. [ab kberbb tc wanfa tbrrcrnst ercups b`grifb

fc`putbr tbfaocdcey is wbipco ch facnfb rbìnos tc gb sbbo. It cob dbvbd, tab usb ch

fygbr tbfaocdcey hcr nohdnftnoe air` co i vnftn` rbqunrbs i erbitbr dbvbd ch scpanstnfitnco

taio `brbdy usnoe tab si`b tbfaocdcey hcr fc`ùonfitnco cr prcpieioki. Oct cody, ùst

tabrb gb sc`b dbvbd ch bxpbrtnsb no triosditnoe tab —riw‐ fygbr tbfaocdcey notc i wbipco

ch kbstruftnco, tabrb ùst gb i rbfceontnco tait tab bhhbftnvbobss ch tans idtbroitnvb

supbrfbkbs fcovbotncoid cptncos. Vn`pdy stitbk, i fygbr ittifj ieinost io cppcobot

sacudk prckufb sn`ndir cr erbitbr rbsudts9=7

hcr dbss bhhcrt taio i fcovbotncoid cob.9=6

Fio

hcr nostiofb, tab fygbr knsruptnco ch io inr trihhnf fcotrcd systb` (wnta tab notbot ch

bokioebrnoe fnvndnio inr trihhnf) gb uokbrtijbo wnta dbss bhhcrt, prckufb tab si`b rbsudts

iok aivb i erbitbr dnjbdnacck ch suffbss taio io ittifj co tab si`b systb` gy

fcovbotncoid `bios (ir`bk ittifj, cr gc`gnoe), cr i fcovbotncoid ittifj tait gypissbs

tab inr trihhnf fcotrcd systb` no hivcr ch i knrbft ittifj co io inrdnobr3 Nh tab ioswbr ns io

9=9 Vuhhnfb nt tc siy, tabrb irb stndd dnjbdy tc gb virnitncos gcta wntano iok gbtwbbo ercup

typb is i ou`gbr ch hiftcrs sufa is noknvnkuid bxpbrtnsb, paysnfid iffbss tc fc`putbrs

iok i`gntnco tc igiokco trikntncoid `btacks no hivcr ch obw cobs fcotnoub tc botbr notcercup pdioonoe.

9=7 [absb fio gb tacueat ch is i erbitbr kberbb ch tbrrcr cr dcoebr distnoe hbir co tab

pirt ch tab vnftn`.

9=6 Dbss bhhcrt ns kbhnobk no tbr`s ch hbwbr rbscurfbs, dbss ìopcwbr iok qunfjbr/bisnbr

pdioonoe, idd ch wanfa sacudk triosditb notc rbkufbk rnsj/erbitbr dnjbdnacck ch dcenstnfid

suffbss.

2=

ihhnrìtnvb cob, tabrb ns rcc` tc gbdnbvb tait fygbr tbrrcrns` wndd gbfc`b io iffbptbk

`btack ch cpbritnco iok hnok hivcr wnta i wnkbonoe irriy ch tbrrcrnst ercups. Nh tab

ioswbr ns obeitnvb, acwbvbr, fcovbotncoid tab`bs wndd fcotnoub tc kbhnob tbrrcrnst iftnvnty.

[ab sbfcok fcosnkbritnco nohdubofnoe tab ittriftnvbobss ch fygbr tbrrcrns` is i

prbhbrrbk tiftnf rbvcdvbs ircuok nts kbstruftnvb pctbotnid iok tab kberbb tc wanfa nt fio

bhhbftnvbdy tbrrcrnzb io cppcobot. @ufa ais gbbo ìkb ch tab nofrbisnoe fipigndntnbs ch

fygbr tbrrcrnsts (HGN, 9>>><97) iok tab ìoy vudobrigndntnbs noabrbot no oitncoid

nohristrufturbs (Wita`bdd, 9>>5, Vtirj, 9>>>). Wbditnvbdy dnttdb knsfussnco, acwbvbr, ais

gbbo hcfusbk co tab bxtbot ch kbstruftnvb/dbtaid nofnkbots ch fygbr tbrrcrns`, is wbdd is

tabnr fcosbqubofbs.9=;

Bvnkbofb, wcudk taus sueebst, tait tabrb ns i snzbigdb eip

gbtwbbo tab pctbotnid iok rbidnty ch tab fygbr tbrrcrnst tarbit. [brrcrnst ercups b`girjnoe

co tans obw pita ch vncdbofb surbdy rbfceonzb nts dn`ntitncos lust is taby kc wabo

prbpirnoe tc boeieb no fcovbotncoid ifts ch tbrrcrns`. No sacrt, fygbr tbrrcrns` ùst gb

lukebk prc hcrì is i obw tiftnf iok oct obfbssirndy is i erbitbr cr hcr tait ìttbr,

dbssbr typb ch tarbit.

No idd dnjbdnacck, tab bhhnfify ch fygbr tbrrcrns` wndd gb kb`costritbk no sbdbft

nofnkbots wnta tab erbitbst b`paisns pdifbk co fcovbotncoid ittifjs ieinost fygbr

nohristrufturbs. Ittifjs ieinost nohristrufturbs no ebobrid irb oct pirt ch i obw tbrrcrnst

stritbey, gut ritabr io coecnoe tiftnf kbsneobk wnta gcta sy`gcdnf iok knsruptnvb

9=; @nfaibd Uanob (9>>><9=) strbssbs tans pcnot no tab fcofdusnco tc ans irtnfdb,

Fygbrspifb, I Obw @bknu` hcr Fc`ùonfitnco, Fc`ìok iok Fcotrcd gy Bxtrb`nsts<

—Hbirs gy wbstbro ecvbro`bots tait tabnr oitncoid nohristrufturbs ìy gb i tirebt hcr

nohcrìtnco wirhirb cr fygbr-tbrrcrns` ìy gb wbdd-hcuokbk, gut tab bvnkbofb sc hir ns

tait sug-stitb ercups it dbist, usb NF[„s Znohcrìtnco iok fc`ùonfitnco tbfaocdceyP

ìnody hcr prcpieioki, sbfurb fc`ùonfitncos, notbddnebofb eitabrnoe iok huoks

ìoieb`bot.‐

29

purpcsbs no `nok. No it dbist cob octigdb fisb tab ]rcvnsncoid Unoe ch tab Nrnsa

Wbpugdnfio Ir`y wis novcdvbk no tbrrcrnst ittifjs ieinost io isscrt`bot ch Grntnsa

oitncoid nohristrufturb tirebts pirtnfudirdy ihtbr 9>11.

[ans ais gbbo i rbsudt ch i rbfceontnco tait gc`g ittifjs co tabsb tirebts

irb dcw rnsj, gcta tc tab Iftnvb Vbrvnfb Ronts (IVR) iok tc tab fnvndnio

pcpuditnco...ZiokP fio nohdnft sugstiotnid fcsts co tab bfcoc`y iok ebobritb

bxtbosnvb pugdnfnty. [absb ittifjs aivb hcfusbk co tab triospcrt

nohristrufturb..., tab bobrey iok pcwbr nohristrufturbs iok co fc``brfb.

(Wita`bdd, 9>>5<8).

Unta tab ercwnoe notbrfcoobftbkobss ch nohristrufturbs rbdynoe co fygbr tbfaocdcey, tab

tirebtnoe sbdbftnco ch fygbr tbrrcrns` ns dnjbdy tc gb sneonhnfiotdy nohdubofbk gy tacsb

tirebts tait iddcw hcr i ìxnù` dbvbd ch knsruptnco. [ab si`b, acwbvbr, ns oct

obfbssirndy trub wnta rbspbft tc tab `ckb ch ittifj. Fygbr tbfaocdcey iddcws hcr io

ikkntnco virnigdb tc gb notrckufbk notc tiftnfid bquitncos, gut fdbirdy rbprbsbots i snoedb

facnfb no tbr`s ch cvbridd `ckbs ch cpbritnco.

Envbo tab dnjbdy rioeb ch pcssngndntnbs hcr tab huturb ch fygbr tbrrcrns` iok tab

ìoobr no wanfa knhhbrbot typbs ch tbrrcrnst ercups wndd ikcpt tab`, tab hcddcwnoe tigdb

aneadneats tab aypctabsnzbk rbditncosanp gbtwbbo tab twc.

[igdb 9.7< [brrcrnst Ercup Fairiftbrnstnfs iok Aypctabsnzbk Fygbr Gbaivncr

Ercup [ypb Ercup Fairiftbrnstnfs Aypctabsnzbk Ercup Gbaivncr Uabo

Rsnoe Fygbr [bfaocdcey

Oitncoidnst/

Btaonf

-oitncoid cr btaonf nkbotnty

-rbditnvbdy direb no snzb iok

ìturb no ieb

-pcdntnfid wnoe

-rbditnvbdy wbdd kbhnobk pcdntnfid

fcostntubofy, bob`y iok tabitbr

ch cpbritncos

Oitncoidnst/btaonf ercups wndd hnok

nofrbisnoe usbs hcr fc`putbr tbfaocdcey

pirtnfudirdy is nt frbitbs cppcrtuontnbs hcr

einonoe obw scurfbs ch hnoiofnoe hrc`

igrcik (bxpitrnitb fc`ùontnbs). [ab

si`b ippdnbs tc tab grcikbonoe ch

tbrrcrnst prcpieioki iok ctabr rbditbk



27

pcdntnfid fi`pineos. [ab direbr, `crb

`iturb ercups irb idrbiky suffbsshud no

tbr`s ch boeienoe no vncdbofb iok sacudk

nkbotnhy fc`putbr tbfaocdcey `crb is i

`bios tc knvbrsnhy tab oiturb ch tabnr

fi`pineos.

26

Wbdnencus -rbdnencus nkbotnty chtbo krnvbo gy

i huoki`botidnst vnbwpcnot

-virnigdb snzb iok ebobriddy

n`ìturb

-`nonìd pirdni`botiryrbprbsbotitnco

-dccsbdy kbhnobk pcdntnfid

fcostntubofy, spbfnhnf bob`y

iok virnigdb tabitbr ch

cpbritncos

Wbdnencus tbrrcrnst ercups irb b`brenoe

it i tn`b wabo fygbr tbfaocdcey chhbrs

ìoy ikviotiebs tc obw, dccsbdy

strufturbk iok pcdntnfiddy bxtrb`b

tbrrcrnsts. [ab fygbr bovnrco`bot wnddiddcw rbdnencus tbrrcrnst ercups tc

fccrknoitb ìoy sìdd fbdds no direbr

tbrrcrnst fi`pineos. [ans gbaivncr

typnhnbs acw fcovbotncoid iftnvnty wndd gb

n`pdb`botbk iok knrbftbk tarcuea fygbr

tiftnfs. Vc`b nontnid difj ch noangntnco wndd

idsc `bio tait rbdnencus ercups wndd gb

`crb dnjbdy tc sbbj cut fygbr tiftnfs

fcosnstbot wnta abneatbobk kiìeb cr

fisuidtnbs.

]cdntnfid -nkbcdcenfiddy crnbotbk ebobriddybìoitnoe hrc` tab hir dbht cr

rneat ch tab pcdntnfid spbftru`

-rbditnvbdy sìdd iok n`ìturb

-`nonìd pirdni`botiry

rbprbsbotitnco

-wbdd kbhnobk, gut ebobriddy

knsnotbrbstbk pcdntnfid

fcostntubofy, nkbcdcenfiddy

kbhnobk bob`y iok virnigdb, gut

dn`ntbk tabitbr ch cpbritncos

]cdntnfid tbrrcrnst ercups envbo tabnrrbditnvbdy sìdd snzb iok difj ch stiturb

wndd utndnzb fygbr tbfaocdcey tc iffbotuitb

tabnr strboetas iok fi`cuhdieb tabnr

wbijobss. No sacrt, tabsb ercups wndd

nofrbisb tabnr iftnvnty tarcuea< —fygbr

tarbits‐ iok hcddcw-up prcpieioki,

rbfrunt`bot edcgidnznoe tab sfcpb ch tabnr

cpbritncos tc tirebt obw vnftn`s

(prbvncusdy gbycok fcovbotncoid rbifa),

notbriftnco wnta dnjb-`nokbk ercups iokittb`pts tc eino erbitbr rbfceontnco

tarcuea ifts ch fygbr tbrrcrns` tait

bsfiditb kiìeb iok fisuidtnbs.

Vnoedb Nssub - pcdntnfid iftnvnst ercups tait irb

hcr`bk tc rbkrbss i spbfnhnf

pcdntnfid ernbviofb

- rbditnvbdy sìdd iok n`ìturb

- pcssngdb sy`pitay hrc`

noknvnkuid pirdni`botirnios, gut

difjnoe no hcrìd rbprbsbotitnco

- oirrcwdy kbhnobk fcostntubofy,wbdd-kbhnobk bob`y iok dn`ntbk

tabitbr ch cpbritncos

Vnoedb-nssub ercups wandb ebobriddy

kbknfitbk tc hneatnoe hcr i snoedb fiusb

wndd obvbrtabdbss hnok fygbr tbfaocdcey

ittriftnvb hcr purpcsbs ch sprbiknoe

rbditbk prcpieioki, notbosnhynoe tarbits

iok fc`ùonfitnoe wnta sn`ndirdy nofdnobk

ercups. Irbis ch fcofbro hcr tans typb ch

ercup nofdukb knvbrsnhnfitnco ch nontnidernbviofbs, erbitbr sfcpb ch cpbritncos

iok tab pcssngndnty ch fcotienco.

2;

Cgsbrvitncos iok Fcofdusncos

[ab stitb ch tab rbditncosanp gbtwbbo tbrrcrns` iok fc`putbr tbfaocdcey ns sufa

tait nts pctbotnid ns gbst uokbrstcck gy rbbxi`nonoe fcotb`pcriry tabcry iok priftnfb ch

tab paboc`boco. Uandb tab stuky ch tbrrcrns` rcutnobdy bxieebritbs sufa ifts is

ississnoitncos, gc`gnoes, anlifjnoes iok jnkoippnoes, tabsb bvbots iffcuot hcr i

rbditnvbdy sìdd pcrtnco ch wait cffurs wntano tab rugrnf ch tab tbrrcrns` bxpbrnbofb iok

irb `bionoedbss nh taby irb oct uokbrstcck no tbr`s ch tabnr cvbridd fcosbqubofbs.9=2

[ab

si`b ns trub wnta rbspbft tc fygbr tbrrcrns`.

[ab ripnkdy b`brenoe fygbr bovnrco`bot grnoes ìoy fcofbros iok uofbrtinotnbs.

@ckbro fc`putbr tbfaocdcey ns sufa tait nt chhbrs fcotb`pcriry tbrrcrnst ercups i wnkb

rioeb ch cppcrtuontnbs tc fcotnoub tabnr fi`pineos ch vncdbofb iok nh taby irb prchnfnbot,

sneonhnfiotdy hurtabr tabnr pcdntnfid cglbftnvbs. Hcr tab `cst pirt, fc`putbr tbfaocdcey wndd

pdiy i ìlcr rcdb no prcvnknoe i wnkbr rioeb ch cptncos hcr tbrrcrnst ercwta pctbotnid.

Uandb tans ns oct fygbr tbrrcrns` pbr sb, nt kcbs aivb frntnfid n`pdnfitncos hcr tab huturb ch

gcta fcovbotncoid iok fygbr tbrrcrns`. [ab hift tait ercup nohristrufturbs wndd bvcdvb tc

`nrrcr tabsb faioebs ns idsc i sidnbot fcofbro. Kbvbdcp`bots no tab creionzitncoid

strufturb ch tbrrcrnst ercups wndd oct cody tbst bxnstnoe fcuotbr tbrrcrnst notbddnebofb bhhcrts,

gut wndd uokcugtbkdy hifndntitb obw iok pctbotniddy uofcovbotncoid tbrrcrnst ercup iddniofbs.

9=2 Uabtabr cr oct tans ipprbfnitnco ch tbrrcrns` iftuiddy rbfbnvbs nts kub no tab

hcrùditnco ch fcuotbr tbrrcrnst pcdnfy, nt ais obvbrtabdbss gbbo irtnfuditbk no tab ditbst

Vtitb Kbpirt`bot (7===<2) rbpcrt co edcgid tbrrcrns`. —Hurtabr`crb, tbrrcrnst ifts irb

pirt ch i direbr paboc`boco ch pcdntnfiddy nospnrbk vncdbofb, iok it tn`bs tab dnob gbtwbbo

tab twc fio gb knhhnfudt tc kriw.‐



22

[ab —rbid‐ fygbr tbrrcrns` ais ybt tc bvcdvb gbycok tab ounsiofb stieb. Uandb tab

pctbotnid hcr sbrncus fygbr ittifjs tait paysnfiddy kbstrcy oitncoid nohristrufturbs sacudk

oct gb trbitbk dneatdy, tab kbstruftnvb oiturb ch tans hcr` ch vncdbofb ùst gb jbpt no

fcotbxt. Hnrst, tabrb irb oc fc`pbddnoe rbiscos tc gbdnbvb tait fygbr ittifjs wndd gb ioy

`crb kbikdy taio fcovbotncoid cobs. Vbfcok, tbrrcrnst kbsnrbs tc bsfiditb furrbot dbvbds

ch vncdbofb irb is ùfa kbpbokbot co wac tab ercups irb iok wait taby acpb tc

ifanbvb, is upco tab wbipcos taby aivb it aiok.

Kcc`skiy iok ctabr aiuotnoe sfboirncs novcdvnoe wbipcos ch ìss kbstruftnco

bxnstbk dcoe gbhcrb tab ikvbot ch fygbr tbrrcrns` iok wndd fcotnoub tc kc sc is dcoe is

pcdntnfid iftcrs, sbfurnty hnr`s iok ctabrs wac fio gbobhnt hrc` tab` fio bxpdcnt tab gisnf

`ytas surrcuoknoe tbrrcrns` hcr tabnr cwo purpcsbs (sc`b ch wanfa irb nokbbk hcr tab

purpcsb ch bofcurienoe prcpbr prbpiritnco iok prctbftnco). Ub wndd gbttbr prbpirb

cursbdvbs hcr sufa purpcsbs gy bxi`nonoe oct cody tab kcc`skiy sfboirncs no cur

kirjbst nìenoitncos iok tab vudobrigndntnbs wanfa dbik tc tab` gut idsc tab prcgigndntnbs

ch bxpdcntitnco iok acw tc prctbft ieinost sufa iftncos. Nostbik ch sn`pdy bquitnoe fygbr

tbrrcrns` wnta tab zbonta ch tbrrcrnst vncdbofb, i ùfa wnsbr ipprcifa wndd bxi`nob acw

tab fygbr bovnrco`bot gcta hifndntitbs iok bofcuriebs tbrrcrnst gbaivncr gbycok

fcovbotncoid stiokirks iok acw nt ihhbfts tab igndnty ch stitbs iok tab prnvitb sbftcr tc

eitabr nohcrìtnco iok frbitb tbfaonfid is wbdd is pcdntnfid fcuotbr`bisurbs. Nh tab

huoki`botids ch tbrrcrns` rbìno tab si`b, tab qubst tc uokbrstiok fygbr tbrrcrns` ns

is ùfa igcut fc`prbaboknoe tab pist, is nt ns igcut prbknftnoe tab huturb.

28

Wbhbrbofbs

Iotn-Kbhiìtnco Dbieub. —[brrcrns` Iftnvntnbs co tab Notbrobt - [brrcrns` Rpkitb.‐

attp<//7=8.6.951.9=/tbrrcr/hcfus/98ShcfusSi.at`d. 9>>>.

Iotn-Kbhiìtnco Dbieub. —Fygbr[brrcrns̀ - [brrcrns` Rpkitb.‐ attp<//7=8.6.951.9=/tbrrcr/hcfus/98ShcfusSi7.at`d. 9>>>.

Irqunddi, Lcao iok Kivnk Wcohbdkt. —[ab Ikvbot ch Obtwir< Ioidytnf Gifjercuok.‐

Vtuknbs no Fcohdnft iok [brrcrns`. Xcd. 77, Nssub 6, Ludy-Vbptb`gbr, 9>>>.

Irqunddi, Lcao iok Kivnk Wcohbdkt. [ab \ipitnsti Vcfnid Obtwir no @bxnfc. Vioti

@confi, Fidnhcroni. Wiok, 9>>1.

Irqunddi, Lcao, Wcohbdkt, Kivnk iok @nfabdb \ionon. —Obtwcrjs, Obtwir iok Nohcrìtnco-

Ieb [brrcrns`.‐ no \idìy @. Jaidndzaik iok Lcao ]. Uantb (bks.). [ab Faioenoe

Wcdb ch Nohcrìtnco no Uirhirb. Vioti @confi, Fidnhcroni, Wiok, 9>>>.

Gusgy, Fcd. Kionbd L.. —]bifbtn`b Rsb ch Fc`putbr Obtwcrj Ittifj.‐ Firdnsdb Girrifjs,

]boosydvioni< R.V. Ir`y Uir Fcddbeb, 7===.

Fac`sjy, Oci`. ]nritbs iok B`pbrcrs< Notbroitncoid [brrcrns` no tab Wbid Ucrdk. Obw

^crj< Fdirb`cot ]ugdnfitncos, 9>18.

Ki`pacussb, Jbddy W. iok Grbot D. V`nta. —[ab Notbrobt>1.

Kboonoe, Kcrctay B.. Iftnvns`, Aifjtnvns`, iok Fygbrtbrrcrns`< [ab Notbrobt is i [ccd

hcr Nohdubofnoe Hcrbneo ]cdnfy., attp<//www.oiutndus.cre/nohc-pcdnfy /wcrjsacp

/pipbrs/kboonoe.at`d., Hbgruiry ;, 7===.

Kboonoe, Kcrctay B..Fygbrtbrrcrns`. [bstn`coy gbhcrb tab Vpbfnid Cvbrsneat ]iobd co

[brrcrns` Fc``nttbb co Ir`bk Vbrvnfbs R.V. Acusb ch Wbprbsbotitnvbs, @iy 76,

7===.

Hdb``noe, ]btbr I.. ]ittbros ch [riosoitncoid [brrcrns` no Ubstbro Burcpb, 9>81-9>15>7.

Hcwdbr, Unddni` Uirobr. [brrcrns` Kiti Gisbs19.

Erigcsjy, ].O. iok Wussbdd E. V`nta. Frn`b no tab Knentid Ieb< Fcotrcddnoe

[bdbfc`ùonfitncos iok Fygbrspifb Nddbeidntnbs. Obw Gruoswnfj, Obw Lbrsby<

[riosiftnco ]ugdnsabrs, [ab Hbkbritnco ]rbss, 9>>1.

25

Ercss, Hbdnjs. [ab Vbnzurb ch ]cdntnfid ]cwbr. Obw ^crj< ]andcscpanfid Dngriry, 9>25.

Eurr, [bk Wcgbrt.‐B`pnrnfid Wbsbirfa co ]cdntnfid [brrcrns`< [ab Vtitb ch tab Irt iok

Acw nt @neat Gb N`prcvbk.‐ no Wcgbrt C. Vditbr iok @nfaibd Vtcad (bks.). Furrbot

]brspbftnvbs co Notbroitncoid [brrcrns`.Dcokco< [ab @if@nddio ]rbss Nof., 9>11.

Acc, Jbvno Vcc, Vby`cur Ecckìo iok Diwrbofb Erbbogbre. —Nohcrìtnco [bfaocdcey

iok [ab [brrcrnst [arbit.‐ Vurvnvid . Xcdu`b 61, Ou`gbr 6, Iutuò 9>>5.

Auokdby, Wnfairk C. iok Wcgbrt A. Iokbrsco. I Yuidntitnvb @btackcdcey Hcr [ab

Issbss`bot ch Fygbrspifb-Wbditbk Wnsjs. Vioti @confi< Wiok, 9>>8.

@nfjcdus, Bkwirk H.. [brrcrns`, 9>11-9>>9>6.

@nfjcdus, Bkwirk H..[riosoitncoid [brrcrns`81-9>5>.

Ubstpcrt, Fcoobftnfut< Erbbowcck ]rbss, 9>1=.

@nfjcdus, Bkwirk H., [ckk Viokdbr iok Lbioob @urkcfj. Notbroitncoid [brrcrns` no tab

9>1=s1=-9>16). I`bs, Ncwi< Ncwi Vtitb

]rbss, 9>11.

@nfjcdus, Bkwirk H., [ckk Viokdbr iok Lbioob @urkcfj. Notbroitncoid [brrcrns` no tab

9>1=s1;-9>15). I`bs, Ncwi< Ncwi Vtitb

]rbss, 9>11.

@nfjcdus, Bkwirk H., [ckk Viokdbr, Lbioob @urkcfj iok ]btbr I. Hdb``noe. N[BWI[B

NNN< Ittrngutbs ch [brrcrnst Bvbots, 9>51-9>15. Hidds Faurfa, Xnrenoni< Xnoyirk

Vchtwirb, 9>11.

@nfjcdus, Bkwirk H. wnta Vusio D. Vn``cos. [brrcrns`, 9>>7-9>>2 >5.

@urpay, Lcao H.. —Fc`putbr Obtwcrj Ittifjs Gy [brrcrnsts< Vc`b Dbeid Kn`bosncos.‐

9>>8.

Oitncoid Fc``nssnco co [brrcrns`. Fcuotbrnoe tab Faioenoe [arbit ch Notbroitncoid

[brrcrns`. Wbpcrt ch tab Oitncoid Fc``nssnco co [brrcrns`,

attp<//www.his.cre/nrp/tarbit/fc``nssnco.at`d. 9>>1.

]ctcìf Nostntutb hcr ]cdnfy Vtuknbs. —Vb`noir Co Fygbr-[brrcrns` iok Nohcrìtnco

Uirhirb< [arbits iok Wbspcosbs.‐ ]rcfbbknoes Wbpcrt ]N]V->1-7, Irdnoetco,

Xnrenoni< ]ctcìf Nostntutb hcr ]cdnfy Vtuknbs, 98 Iprnd, 9>>1.

21

]ctcìf Nostntutb hcr ]cdnfy Vtuknbs. —Vpbfnid Grnbhnoe Co [brrcrns`< Furrbot iok Huturb

[rboks.‐ ]rcfbbknoes Wbpcrt, Irdnoetco, Xnrenoni< ]ctcìf Nostntutb hcr ]cdnfy

Vtuknbs, 76 Iueust, 9>>1.

Wita`bdd, Kr. Iokrbw. —Fygbr-tbrrcrns`< [ab Vaipb ch Huturb Fcohdnft,‐ Wcyid RontbkVbrvnfb Nostntutb Lcuroid . Cftcgbr, 9>>5.

Vioz, [n`ctay D.. —Nohcrìtnco-Ieb Uirhirb>1

Vfabddnoe, [acìs. Ir`s iok Nohdubofb. Obw Aivbo< îdb Ronvbrsnty ]rbss, 9>88.

Vfa`nk, Idbx ]. iok Idgbrt L. Lcoeìo. (bks.) ]cdntnfid [brrcrns`11.

Vabbaio, @nfaibd. —Vboitb Hcrbneo Wbditncos Fc``nttbb.‐ Chhnfb ch tab Fccrknoitcr hcr

Fcuotbrtbrrcrns`. Uisanoetco, KF. Luob 92, 7===

Vabbaio, @nfaibd. —[bstn`coy Gbhcrb tab Acusb Notbroitncoid Wbditncos Fc``nttbb.‐

Chhnfb ch tab Fccrknoitcr hcr Fcuotbrtbrrcrns`. Uisanoetco, KF. Ludy 97, 7===.

Vn`co, Lbhhrby K..[ab [brrcrnst [rip< I`brnfi„s Bxpbrnbofb wnta [brrcrns`.

Gdcc`noetco< Noknioi Ronvbrsnty ]rbss, 9>>;.

Vduji, Lbhhrby I.. Abirts iok @noks, Uitbr iok Hnsa< Vuppcrt hcr tab NWI iok NODI no iOcrtabro Nrnsa Eabttc. Erbbownfa, Fcoobftnfut< LIN ]rbss, Nof. 9>1>.

V`nta, Grbot D.. [brrcrns` no I`brnfi< ]npb Gc`gs iok ]npb Krbi`s. Idgioy< Vtitb

Ronvbrsnty ]rbss ch Obw ^crj, 9>>;.

V`nta, Grbot D. iok Jbddy W. Ki`pacussb. —[wc Kbfikbs ch [brrcr Fairiftbrnstnfs,

[rboks, iok ]rcspbfts ch tab Huturb ch I`brnfio [brrcrns`,‐ no Airvby U.

Jusaobr (bk.). [ab Huturb ch [brrcrns`< Xncdbofb no tab Obw @nddboonu`.

[acusiok Cijs, Fidnhcroni< VIEB ]ugdnfitncos, Nof. 9>>1.

Vcutabro ]cvbrty Diw Fbotbr. Hidsb ]itrncts< [ab [arbit ch Iotnecvbro`bot Bxtrb`nsts.

@cotec`bry, Idigiì< Vcutabro ]cvbrty Diw Fbotbr, 9>>8.

Vtirj, Wck. —Fygbr [brrcrns`< Wbtanojnoe Obw [bfaocdcey,‐ Kbpirt`bot ch Kbhbosb iok

Vtritbenf Vtuknbs, 9>>>.

Vtcad, @nfaibd. —Kb`ystnhynoe [brrcrns`< [ab @ytas iok Wbidntnbs ch Fcotb`pcriry

]cdntnfid [brrcrns`,‐ no Vtcad, @nfaibd (bk.). [ab ]cdntnfs ch [brrcrns`. [anrk

Bkntnco. Obw ^crj< @irfbd Kbfjbr, Nof., 9>11.

8=

RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb. ]ittbros ch Edcgid [brrcrns`< 9>>;. Uisanoetco K.F.< RV

Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb, Iprnd 9>>2.

RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb. ]ittbros ch Edcgid [brrcrns`< 9>>2. Uisanoetco K.F.< RV








RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb. ]ittbros ch Edcgid [brrcrns`< 9>>>. Uisanoetco K.F.< RV

Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb, Iprnd 7===.

RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb. ]ittbros ch Notbroitncoid [brrcrns`< 9>19. Uisanoetco K.F.<

RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb, Iueust 9>17.

RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb. ]ittbros ch Notbroitncoid [brrcrns`< 9>17. Uisanoetco K.F.<

RV Kbpirt`bot ch Vtitb, Vbptb`gbr, 9>16.

RV Obws iok Ucrdk Wbpcrt. —[brrcrnsts co tab Ubg< Bdbftrconf ‑Vihb Aivbo„ Eubrrnddis

Rsb Euos, Gc`gs iok Ac`b ]iebs.‐ Xcdu`b 97;, Nssub 7;, p.;8., Luob 77,

9>>1.

Uanob, @nfaibd. Fygbrspifb>>.

Uantb, Fcd. Jboobta F..‐Fygbr-[brrcrns`< @ckb` @iyab`.‐ Firdnsdb Girrifjs,

]boosydvioni< R.V. Ir`y Uir Fcddbeb, 9>>1.

myths and realities of cyberterrorism

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