N. Chin Lai An abbreviated version of Living Oceans

nclai@ucsd.edu

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World on the Edge Lester Brown

Mission for Cluster 3 - to save humanity -

“Civilizations exist by geological consent, subject to change without notice”

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Mission for Cluster 3 - to save humanity -

Human activities and our impact on the environment have inadvertently been changing climate.

Food Shortages

Anthropogenic Impacts

– 1.1 Agriculture •  1.1.1 Fishing •  1.1.2 Irrigation •  1.1.3 Meat production •  1.1.4 Palm oil

Anthropogenic Impacts

– 1.2 Energy industry •  1.2.1 Biodiesel •  1.2.2 Coal mining and burning •  1.2.3 Electricity generation •  1.2.4 Nuclear power •  1.2.5 Oil shale industry •  1.2.6 Petroleum •  1.2.7 Reservoirs •  1.2.8 Wind power

Anthropogenic Impacts

– 1.3 Manufactured products •  1.3.1 Cleaning agents •  1.3.2 Nanotechnology •  1.3.3 Paint •  1.3.4 Paper •  1.3.5 Pesticides •  1.3.6 Pharmaceuticals and personal care products

Anthropogenic Impacts

– 1.4 Mining – 1.5 Transport

•  1.5.1 Aviation •  1.5.2 Roads •  1.5.3 Shipping

– 1.6 War

A 44 year measurement of carbon dioxide 60% increase in those years over the base year of 1958 a 1.36% average yearly increase over four decades

Water Management

Right Planet Not too big or small: gravity Plate tectonics Molten metallic core

Right Location Not too far or near the Sun Modest size sun: 109 yrs

Right Time “Current” atmosphere KT extinction

Requirements for Life •  Solar energy

–  340 Watts/m2 at ~94x106 miles •  Jupiter – friend or foe •  Geothermal energy

–  Radioactivity : Plate tectonic •  Moon

–  tides •  Axial tilt: ~21-23o

–  Uneven heating : season •  Land masses

–  Mountain building: monsoon •  Ocean(s)

–  winds and density : heat transport •  Atmosphere

–  UV shield –  Greenhouse effect

•  Earth Spin –  deflects

•  Gravity –  Provide directional cue –  Retention of gases

•  Organic and inorganic materials •  Water •  Etc

Climate System

Population Growth

What is Oceanography? The scientific study of the ocean

and its inhabitants •  Subdisciplines

–  Marine geology & geophysics –  Marine chemistry or chemical oceanography –  Physical oceanography –  Biological oceanography & marine biology –  Applied ocean science or ocean engineering –  Marine policy and laws

•  Marine Biology, Marine Ecology and Biological Oceanography? –  Marine Biology – the biology & physiology of marine organisms –  Marine Ecology – interaction of organisms with their environment & mass or

energy cycles within ecosystem –  Biological Oceanography – interdisciplinary ecological discipline; focused on

the ecology of the ocean, the interaction between organisms and their environment with aspects of marine chemistry, geology and physics

Marine geology

Marine geophysics

Chemical oceanography

Physical oceanography

Marine policy and laws

Biological oceanography

Marine biology

Ocean Engineering

SIO

Marine Chemistry

Applied ocean science

Fisheries

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Show me the !

2009

Anymore than this won’t buy more happiness

Water: elixir of Life 75% body 85% brain 92% blood

Ganymede: Jupiter Callisto: Jupiter Enceladus: Saturn

Mars

Moon

Venus Practically almost all heavenly bodies have some form of water

Outer layer of around 100 km thick vs 4 km average ocean depth

Five Kingdoms vs 3 Domains

Ingestion Photosynthesis Absorption Phylogeny: RNA

Robert Whittaker, 1969 Carl Woese, 1990

Classifications Linnaeus

1735 2 kingdoms

Haeckel 1866

3 kingdoms

Chatton 1925

2 Groups

Copeland 1938

4 kingdoms

Whittaker 1969

5 kingdoms

Woese et al. 1977

6 kingdoms

Woese et al. 1990

3 Domains

(not treated) Protista Prokaryote Monera Monera Eubacteria Bacteria

Archaebacteria Archaea

Eukaryote Protista Protista Protista Eukarya

Vegetabilia Plantae Fungi Fungi

Plantae Plantae

Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia

How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed - Ecocide > nuclear war or emerging disease –

Ignorance and Arrogance

•  Deforestation & habitat destruction –  Tropical forest gone in 30 yrs – 50 million acres/yr

•  Soil problems (erosion, salinization, fertility) •  Water management •  Overhunting & overfishing •  Effects of introduced species on native species •  Human population growth •  Increased per-capita impact of people •  Human-caused climate change •  Toxic chemical buildup

–  Don’t flush medicine •  Energy shortages •  Full humanutilization of the Earth’s photosynthetic capacity

Oceanic vs Continental Islands

Capt. Robert Scott

Continental Drift : Plate Tectonics