Name ________________________________

A Civil Action

Movie Guide

1. At the beginning of the film, the narrator (Travolta’s character) said that the “perfect

victim” was.

2. Who was the “imperfect victim?”

3. What was the attorney’s name who wheeled the young man into the courtroom?

4. When Jan Schlictmann initially meets with the people in the church, he said that the

defendant must have “deep _________________” in order to prosecute them.

5. What did he see when he went to the leather (tanning) company?

6. What was being contaminated?

7. Rule 11 prevents “frivolous _______________.”

8. How many barrels of toxic waste were initially “exhumed” from the ground?

__________________ (according to first driver/witness).

9. The second witness/driver said that he did or did not (circle one) see someone dumping

the waste during his ___________________ break.

10. What did the lawyer representing the company try to convince the second

witness/driver

of when they were standing outside?

11. What was the court order for?

12. How is leather water-proofed?

13. What was Trichloroethylene commonly known as?

14. How many barrels were buried under the new building?

15. “out of 780,000 cases filed each year,” ______________ make it to court or are

settled.

16. What was the figure that Schlictmann asked for his clients? _________

17. Because they would not settle for over $300 million, what did that mean?

18. Where did the defense attorney say the truth was?

19. What was the amount that each family had received?

20. Would this settlement include environmental clean-up?

21. The dump trucks were used for what?

22. What happened when the local teens were throwing fireworks near the stream? Why?

23. Five cases in _________ will win in an appeals court.

24. The Woburn Leather plant was closed in _______________.

25. $________ million in clean-up costs. This is the most expensive in all of New

England.

26. Schlictmann is currently representing ___________ families in New Jersey (about the

Toms River, a similar case).

27. What did you think about the movie?

Name ______________________________

The Chesapeake Bay

1. What is an estuary? Why is it an important place to keep clean?

2. Many organisms live in the bay and keep the bay clean and thriving. As in ecosystem, each organism is

important to keep the food web in tact. To learn more about this important food web, go to:

http://www.dnr.state.md.us/bay/cblife/index.html

There are 6 circles that each represent a different segment of the food web. Click on each one and

choose TWO different organisms from each group. Then

a. List the group that is chosen from and the organism’s name

b. Describe what the organism looks like (sketch it)

c. Describe what the organism eats or how it gets it food

d. Describe what eats the organism (who is the organism food for)

3. At the end, your will have 12 different organisms. Then, make a reasonable food web from these

organisms.

4. Lastly, many wetlands lead up to the Chesapeake Bay. What is a wetland and why are wetlands so

important environmentally?

Name ________________________________

Water Unit Interactive Exercises Go to: http://www.saws.org/education/h2o_university/Virtual_Classroom/index.shtml , this site is a virtual

classroom that provides interactive lessons and "virtual" field trips to help you discover the many roles of

water.

Go to the Hydrologic Cycle and answer the following questions:

1. What is the driving force of the entire cycle? ________________________

2. What two processes make up evapotranspiration? ______________________ , ____________________

3. What happens if precipitation occurs faster than it infiltrates the ground? _________________________

4. Define permeability:

Go to the Edwards Aquifer and answer the following questions:

1. Why is the Edwards Aquifer so important to two million people of southern Texas? _______________

_____________________________________________________________________

2. What is the largest zone of the aquifer, how large is it? ____________________________

3. What kind of rock does water flow through to go underground? _________________________

Go to the Non-point Source Pollution and answer the following questions:

1. Click on urban sprawl, what effects will this have on n.p.s pollution? _______________________

2. What do businesses do to protect our watershed? ________________________

3. How do parking lots and storm drains pollute water? _______________________________________

4. What can reduce the amount of pollutant entering the stream? _________________________

5. What does „out of sight and out of mind‟ refer to? ___________________________________________

Go to Freshwater Distribution and answer the following questions:

1. How do residents at higher elevations get their water? ____________________________________

2. What force is at work for residents at higher elevations? _______________________

3. Who uses ground storage tanks? __________________________

4. If residents are too far from a municipal water main system, how do they get their water? ____________

_________________________________

Go to the Wastewater Treatment Plant and answer the following questions:

1. Give the purpose of the following

Sewer conveyance system ____________________________________________________

Conveyance pumps __________________________________________________________

Bar screening ______________________________________________________________

Grit chambers ______________________________________________________________

Primary clarifiers ___________________________________________________________

Aeration chamber ___________________________________________________________

Solid Digestion ____________________________________________________________

Final clarifiers ____________________________________________________________

Biosolids dewatering _______________________________________________________

Filtration ________________________________________________________________

Ultraviolet disinfection _______________________________________________________

2. What are two ways that the treated water is discharged? ____________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

3. How are biosolids recycled? __________________________________________________________

Go to the Aquifer Storage and Recovery and answer the following questions:

1. How does ASR work? _______________________________________________________________

2. What occurs during the rainy periods in this region? _________________________________________

_______________________________________________________________

3. What occurs in the summer? ________________________________________________________

Go to the Leon Creek and answer the following questions:

1. What is the latitude and longitude of Leon Springs? ________________________________

2. Take the Balloon ride over Leon Creek, how many miles of sewer line are in the SAWS wastewater

collection system? _______________________________________

3. How can the parking lot pollute the Leon Creek? ___________________________________________

4. How can we reduce flooding events? ______________________________________________

5. How does illegal dumping damage Leon Creek? ___________________________________________

6. What is non-point source pollution and what are examples?____________________________________

_____________________________________________________________

7. What does the phrase “what goes around, comes around” mean? _______________________________

____________________________________________________________________________

8. How does a park help Leon Creek? _______________________________________________________

9. How shallow can water be that would wash your car away? _______________________

10. Why are construction sites required to have erosion barriers? __________________________________

Finally go to the Water Statistics and answer the following questions:

1. Water covers about ________ of the Earth.

2. Of this _______ is salt water.

3. Of all remaining 3% of freshwater, _______ is frozen in glaciers and ice caps.

4. That leaves _______ of potable, drinkable water.

5. What nine countries account for 60% of all freshwater reserves? _______________________________

_______________________________________________________________________

Environmental Science Chapter 18 Water second half

Go to page 101 and read the case study about coral reefs: 1) How do the zooxanthallae algae help polyps in coral reefs?

2) How do the polyps help the algae in the coral reefs?

3) Can coral reefs occur anywhere? Why or why not?

4) What do coral reefs do for humans?

5) What human activities cause harm to coral reefs and why do they cause harm?

6) How do global temperature changes affect coral reefs?

7) How much of a temperature change causes coral reef bleaching (death)?

Tum to page 4 JJ and begin reading at "Source reduction is the cheapest way to control pollution":

8) What is the cheapest and most effective way to reduce pollution?

9) How do each of the following nonpoint sources of pollution effect the environment: a) Agriculture:

b) Urban runoff:

c) Construction sites:

d) Land disposal:

Tum to page 412 and begin reading at "Human waste disposal occurs naturally when concentrations are low"; . 10) In many developing countries, where does human waste go and what is the health consequence of this?

J1) In developed countries, where human waste is treated, what is: a) primary treatment:

b) secondary treatment:

c) tertiary treatment:

9 Week Environmental Science: Chapter 5: Freshwater Questions

Go to page 108 and begin reading at the section called "Ecosystems":

1) Zooplankton and tiny plankton that feed on phytoplankton. Zooplankton can not make

their own food but rely on eating phytoplankton. What are phytoplankton?

2) In oceans, what is the bottom portion of the called and would you expect there to be

any light there?

3) Why is the open ocean often referred to as a biological desert?

4) What are mangroves and why are they so important ecologically?

5) What is a watershed?

6) What happens to the water supply if there is pollution at the start of your watershed?

Go to page 110 and begin reading at the section titled "Tidal environments and barrier islands:

7) What is an estua ry? Where is the closest estua ry to us?

Go to page 111 and begin reading at the section titled "lakes":

8) What are the levels of a freshwater lake?

9) Which zone has the most organisms? (Hint: use the picture as a reference and

remember that plants are organisms too)

10) What is a wetland? Identify and describe three examples of wetlands.

9 week Environmental Science: Water Unit Textbook Reading and Questions

Read on page 375 of your textbook starting with the section titled: "Glaciers, ice, and snow contain most fresh water". Also, use Figure 17.6 at the bottom of the page:

I) What type of water is most abundant in the world? Fresh or Saltwater? a) Why is this a concern for humans?

b) Where is most of the freshwater on the earth located?

In the next section titled, "Groundwater stores most fresh, liquid water," read until the end of page 376: 2) What is infiltration?

3) What is an aquifer?

4) Why is groundwater and aquifers so important to human life?

Turn to page 379 and begin reading in the section titled, "Water use is increasing" and read through page 380. 5) What is the concern with the amount of water used in both Libya and Israel?

6) What are the three highest usage consumers of water? Which of these uses the most water?

7) Explain what is happening in the Aral Sea in Kazakhstan and how is irrigation linked to the problem?

8) Why is drip irrigation a better method than water spraying of crops?

Tum to page 384 and begin reading in the section titled, "Groundwater is depleted when withdrawals exceed recharge" and read through page 384. 9) What is happening in the Ogallala Aquifer and what has caused the situation?

10) What happens to the ground above when water is overpumped from the aquifer below the ground? (Hint, use the picture in figure 17.18)

Tum to page 386 and read from the section titled, "Dams and diversion displace human populations" through the next section titled, " The main problem with dams is inefficiency". 11) In the Aswan Dam, sediments accumulate and clog reservoirs that make the dam useless. What had these sediments previously been used for by nature?

Tum to page 388 and read the page starting with the section titled, "Watershed management integrates multiple problems and solutions". 12) What is a watershed and why is it so importation to keep each part of the watershed clean?

13) Turn to the box on page 389 and describe 5 things you can do to save water and/or prevent water pollution.

3

9 Week Environmental Science Textbook Questions for Water Unit: Chapter 18

Turn to page 402 and read the green box at the top of the page about Arsenic: I) What area in the world is exposed to dangerously high levels of arsenic and specifically what health concerns are associated with ingesting arsenic?

2) What is causing the higher levels of arsenic in the well water now?

3) Why don't people in India and Bangladesh use other water that is clean?

4) Why is there also concern that many Americans may be drinking unhealthy levels of arsenic?

Following our demonstration activity: 5) What happened to the chemical as it passed up the food chain?

6) What organism had the highest quantity of the chemical?

7) What is bioaccumulation?

8) What is biomagnification?

Go back to page 402 in your textbook and read the bottom of the page (the non-green part): 9) What are some of the health effects associated with water contaminated with pesticides, plastics, pharmaceuticals, or pigments?

10) What are the two most important sources of toxic organic chemicals in water?

11) What happens with dioxins, DDT and other Chlorinated hydrocarbons get into waterways?

12) What are two negative effects of sediments in waterways and two positive effects of sediments in waterways?

Turn to page 406 and start with the section that says, "Nonpoint source pollution remains a problem": 13) What are the sources of about Y.t ofwater pollution in the United States?

14) What happens to 25% of all of the fertilizer spread on farmland each year in the United States?

15) What harmful things are in cattle manure that often contaminates our drinking water?

16) What contaminants does the burning of fossil fuels deliver to drinking water?

1

Water Resources and Pollution Notes Name _________________________

Vocabulary

Please number and identify each term below on a separate sheet of paper, the first column will be your

first vocabulary assignment (For those that are *, please illustrate).

Aquifer* Condensation Evaporation Groundwater

Infiltration Rain Shadow* Transpiration Watershed*

Water Table Cultural Eutrophication Dissolved Oxygen Nonpoint Sources*

Point Source* Red Tide Primary Treatment Secondary Treatment

Tertiary Treatment Thermal Plume*

Chapter 17

A. Water Resources

1. The _______________ distributes water in our environment

2. Water supplies are unevenly distributed

-Iquique in Chile’s Atacama Desert- no rain has fallen in ____________________, 1861

Cherrapunji in Northern India received _____ in. of rain in one year

-__________ degrees north and south of the equator= low rainfall

-0 to 20, 40 to 60 degrees north and south of the equator = ____________

-other factors that affect rainfall:

a. Distance to oceans

b. Proximity to mountains- _____________________ gets all of the precipitation, leeward side

experiences a rain shadow

c. Humans- _______________ leads to desert-like conditions (Caribbean, Greece, parts of

Africa)

B. Major Water Compartments

1. Oceans hold 97% of all water on Earth

-Play a crucial role in moderating ________________________, currents transport warm water from

the equator to high latitudes

2. Glaciers, ice and snow contain most freshwater

-Of the 2.4% of freshwater, 90% is locked in ______________, ice caps and snow fields, most ice is

found in Antarctica

3. Groundwater stores most freshwater, liquid water

-Precipitation that percolates through the soil and into permeable rocks infiltrates the ground and

make up _______________

4. Surface water collects in rivers, lakes or wetlands

-A small amount of Earth’s water budget is made up in rivers, lakes and wetlands; are vitally

important to humans and other organisms

-_________________play an important role as water-absorbers and prevents surface runoff allowing

year –round stream flow

5. The atmosphere is among the smallest components

-.001% of total water is found in the atmosphere, replenishes terrestrial reservoirs with freshwater

C. Water Availability and Use

1. Water-poor countries have low rainfall and large populations

-Most __________________ countries need to import water due to climate

2. Water consumption is less than withdrawal

-Water is a renewable resource but the rate at which many of us use water has placed stress on water

supplies

3. Water use in increasing

-Has increased ___________________ as population growth over the past 100 years; the average

American uses 1300 gallons of water per day (includes industrial and agriculture water) compared to

the average Haitian: 8 gallons daily

2

4. Agriculture is the greatest water consumer

-Crop irrigation uses _________ of all water use

a. _____________- lies between Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, a good case study of unsustainable

water use, 1960s rivers were diverted to irrigate cotton and rice fields, the lake has lost 60% of

its volume and shrunk to ¼ of its original size, salt concentration increase killing most fish

species and destroyed fishing economy

-Irrigation methods vary from flood, sprinklers, to high efficient drip systems

5. Domestic and industrial water use are greatest in wealthy countries

-Flushing toilets, bathing, laundry, washing, etc. accounts for each U.S. citizen ______________

daily

D. Freshwater Shortages

1. Developing countries often lack access to clean water

-Currently 45 countries (most in Africa or the Middle East) have water stress- cannot meet the

minimum water needs of their citizens

-Causes- too many people, _________________, overgrazing, inappropriate agricultural practices,

lack of _____________________

2. Groundwater is depleted when withdrawals exceed recharge

-Groundwater is the source of 40% of U.S. agricultural and domestic use

-Heavily pumped wells are taking groundwater out of the ground faster than it can be replenished

a. _____________________- underlies 8 states between Texas and N. Dakota, many of the wells

have dried up leading to the abandonment of farms, ranches and whole town

E. Increasing Water Supplies

1. Desalination and diversion increase supplies locally

-Most common methods of desalination are _________________ (evaporation and recondensation)

or ____________________ (forcing water under pressure through a semipermeable membrane

where water passes through but salts and minerals are excluded)

-Drawback- expensive due to energy requirements

2. Dam and water diversion eliminate water uses

-Diversion of ____________________________ shrinks surface areas of lakes which threatens

habitats of birds and aquatic life

-Mono lake in CA, water was diverted towards Los Angeles shrinking the lake by 1/3 of its original

surface area

3. Dam and water diversion displace human populations

-Three Gorges dams on the _______________ River has forced more than 1 million people to

relocate

4. The main problem with dams is inefficiency

-Dams lose a lot of water due to __________________ and seepage into porous rocks, 90% of the

CO river never reaches the Gulf of California due to diversion, evap., etc.

-Sediments accumulate behind dams making them useless in a few decades

5. Loss of free flowing rivers is controversial

-Many want rivers to be preserved wild instead of sterile irrigation canals

F. Water Management and Conservation

1. Watershed management integrates multiple problems and solutions

-________________- all the land drained by a stream or river, protecting watersheds is far more

economically important than logging or mining

2. Domestic conservation can save water and have little impact on life styles

-Without great sacrifice, we could save up to 50% of water used for domestic purposes

a. Taking shorter showers, stopping leaks, washing cars, dishes and clothes in an efficient

manner would all help reduce water use

b. Other aggressive approaches: planting a ___________________

3

3. Recycling can reduce consumption

-In developing countries, up to 70% of agricultural water is lost to leaks in canals, runoff, and

evaporation, by using more efficient farming methods could reduce this wasted water

-Nearly half of all industrial water is used for cooling equipment, by installing dry cooling system,

water could be used for other purposes

4. Prices and policies have often discouraged ___________________

-Water policies in the U.S. have generally worked against conservation but growing recognition that

water is a precious and finite resource is beginning to encourage conservation and policy

-Methods:

a. Water efficient fixtures, toilets

b. More efficient irrigation methods

c. Charging higher water prices

d. Future: selling water as a commodity?

Chapter 18

A. Water Pollution

1. Water pollution is anything that degrades water quality

-Any physical, biological or chemical change in water quality that adversely affects

________________________ is considered polluted

-___________________- factories, power plants, sewage treatment plants, etc. pollution comes from

a single point

-_____________________- water pollution are scattered having no specific location where

discharge took place, examples: runoff from farms, feedlots, front lawns, golf courses, etc.

B. Types and Effects of Water Pollution

1. Infectious agents are the main waterborne threat to human health

-Most serious water pollutants are _________________________ (typhoid, cholera, polio) the main

source is from untreated or improperly treated human waste

2. Bacteria are detected by examining oxygen levels

-The amount of _______________ dissolved in water is a good indicator of water quality, 6 parts per

million (ppm) is considered desirable

-Nutrients such as ____________________________ attract oxygen-demanding bacteria which

drops dissolved oxygen dramatically

3. Nutrient enrichment leads to cultural eutrophication

-___________________________- elevated nitrogen and phosphorous levels stimulate blooms of

algae leading to increase of bacterial populations depleting oxygen levels causing the collapse of the

aquatic ecosystem

4. Inorganic pollutants include metals and salts

-_____________- bloom of deadly aquatic organisms, other colors can occur in rivers, lakes and

oceans

-Where oxygen levels are depleted, considered _________________

-Metals: mercury, cadmium, nickel, lead can be toxic in very low concentrations

-Nonmetallic salts: selenium and arsenic, along with common household salt NaCl

-Acids and Bases: sulfur compounds due to mining, nitric acids both lead to

________________________

5. Synthetic organic chemicals include pesticides, pharmaceuticals and plastics

-Two most important sources of toxic organic chemicals are improper disposal of industrial and

household wastes and runoff from __________________

6. Sediments

-Erosion rates in many areas has been accelerated due to human activities, sediments can fill lakes,

obstruct shipping channels, ________________, sunlight is blocked so aquatic plants perish

7. Thermal pollution and thermal shocks

4

-____________________ tend to be poorly adapted for rapid temperature change, water

temperatures tend to change much slower than air temperatures

-Oxygen solubility ______________ as water temperature increases, humans alter water temps. by

altering vegetation and runoff patterns and discharging heated water directly into waterways (called

thermal plumes)

C. Water Quality Today

1. Nonpoint source pollution remains a problem

-______________form of water pollution- sediment; nonpoint are hard to identify

-Other sources of nonpoint that are a problem: fertilizer and manure, even waste from dogs can

pollute waterways

2. Groundwater is hard to monitor and clean

-50% of U.S. population depends on ______________________ for their drinking waters

-It was thought that groundwater was impervious to pollution because soil would bind chemicals and

cleanse water

a. ___________- methyl tertiary butyl ether, suspected carcinogen (cancer causing) is a gasoline

additive that leaks from gas stations

b. Septic tanks, landfills, wells, and pesticides from farms can contaminate local drinking water

supplies

3. There are few controls on ocean pollution

-Discarded plastic flotsam and jetsam are nonbiodegradable; can be carried thousands of miles on

ocean currents and last for years; estimated that 6 million metric tons of plastic materials are floating

in huge islands in the middle of all major oceans

-Other sources of ocean pollution: _______________, solid waste is dumped by ships

D. Water Pollution Control

1. Source reduction is the cheapest way to control pollution

-Elimination of ______ from gasoline, decreasing salt on roads by 90% (without affecting road

safety), banning of DDT and PCBs in the 1970s have all resulted in less water pollution- all cheaper

than cleaning up water

2. Controlling nonpoint sources requires land management

-Preserving ______________can help in absorbing water pollution, applying pesticides precisely

-Urban areas- encourage citizens to recycle waste oil, minimize use of lawn fertilizers, street

cleaners can all reduce runoff

3. Human waste disposal occurs naturally when concentrations are low

-More than 500 types of disease-causing bacteria, viruses and parasites can travel from excrement

through water

a. Natural processes- where populations are low, human waste can be naturally cleansed but

where population are high in cities this cannot be achieved (____________________- dust is

mostly ‘fecal snow’)

-____________________- wastewater is drained into a septic tank; grease and oils rise to

the top and solids settle at the bottom; clarified effluent is channeled out through a

drainfield of small pipes, then soil microbes metabolize any nutrients; periodically the

solids are pumped out into a tank trunk to a treatment plant

b. Municipal sewage treatment

-________________- physically separates large solids form the waste stream through a

series of screens and settling tanks

-___________________- consists of biological degradation of dissolved organic

compounds with the use of bacteria and other microorganisms, bacteria are then killed

through chlorine or UV light, water is then released to a nearby waterway

-___________________- removes plant nutrients from secondary nutrients through a

wetland or lagoon

Water Pollutioninoes

Cut ONLY on the solid black lines. Match terms with definitions. Practice before gluing down. Must end with "END-YEAH!" or you made a mistake

Flush the toilet The percentage of the earth’s water that is fresh

Hydrologic Cycle This element is added to water to prevent tooth decay.

Wetlands

Increase in concentration of certain chemicals in successfully higher trophic level of a food chain

Sediment Pollution

The source of energy for the hydrologic or water cycle.

Septic Tanks On average, almost 26% of the water used in a home is to do this.

The Sun END, YOU KNOW YOUR WATER POLLUTION!!!

Fluoride

Two possible sources of groundwater contamination

3

The temperature at which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vice versa.

Mangroves Method of preventing water pollution in a stream

Libya and Isreal

The name for a smaller stream that flows into a larger stream.

Littoral Number one type of water pollution

Tributary This location experiences ‘fecal snow’

212 degrees Fahrenheit or 100 degrees

Celsius

The constant circulation of water from the atmosphere to the land and the oceans and back again.

Landfills and Septic Tanks

Trees that grow in saltwater and help stabilize shorelines

START HERE The category of wetland that contains trees

Estuary

The movement of water down through the earth’s surface.

Planting of scrubs and trees along stream banks

This zone in lakes contains most of the organisms

Swamp The temperature at which water changes from a solid into a liquid or vice versa

aquifer

Water-saturated lands where aquatic plants and animals live.

32 degrees Fahrenheit or 0

degrees Celsius?

Porous layers of sand, gravel and rock lying below the water table

Infiltration Primary reason why the Aral Sea shrank

Mexico City

Tanks used to hold waste from homes when a sewer line is not available.

Overuse for irrigation

Two sites of unsustainable water withdrawls

Biomagnification Areas where rivers empty into the sea mixing fresh and salt water