Q Name Index:

A Adenauer, Konrad 317 Adonis, Andrew 139, 146, 147 Alexander of Weedon, Lord 312 Almond, G. A. 10 Amery, L. S. 15, 21, 144, 148, 166 Anne, Queen 124, 125, 126 Archer, Jeffrey 107 Armstrong, Robert 160, 219 Armstrong, William 167 Asquith, Herbert 126, 179, 189, 235 Atkins, Humphrey 160 Attlee, Clement 183, 189, 235

8

advisers 178 nationalisation 275 personality of 114, 182, 195

Bagehot, Walter 21, 134, 167 on constitution 12, 13, 14, 123 on House of Commons 155 on House of Lords 135 on monarch 123, 129

Baker, Kenneth 99, 107 Barker, Paul 9 Beer, Samuel 53, 55, 72, 73 Bell, D. 49 Benn, Tony 67, 72, 73, 106, 134, 223

on civil service 212 Peerage Act (1963) 146 on the press 92 on public appointments 127 on reform 55, 65

Benson, Lord 282, 287 Bentham, Jeremy 109 Bevan, Aneurin 185 Beveridge, William 7 Bevin, Ernest 189, 195 Biffen, John 107 Birch, A. H. 10, 48, 119, 202 Birt, J. 107 Blackstone, T. 188 Blackstone, William 12, 21 Blake, Robert 188, 189 B!Qndel, Jean 47-8, 49, 166

Blumler, J. G. 96, 107 Blunkett, David 258 Bogdanov, V. 21, 31 Bowen, Geoffrey 280, 287 Bridges, Lord 204-5, 223 Brittan, Leon 160, 185 Brittan, Samuel 92 Bromhead, Peter 146, 147 Brown, George 185 Bruce-Gardyne, J. 202 Burke, Edmund 166 Butler, D. E. 21, 48, 107, 119, 120,

134 voting behaviour 39, 112

Butler, Michael 324, 335 Butler, R. A. 235

c Callaghan, James 37, 140, 183, 202

advisers 178 defeat of 153 and devolution 18 and IMF 110, 187, 235-6 Lib-Lab pact 165

Carlisle, Mark 180 Carpenter, L. P. 147 Carrington, Lord 128, 136, 144

resignation of 153, 189, 195 Chamberlain, Joseph 53 Chamberlain, Neville 124, 152 Chapman, R. A. 223 Charles II 125, 171 Chatham, Lord 171 Cherwell, Lord 178 Churchill, Winston 144, 152, 178

Cabinet 185, 187, 191 image of 114 and monarch 123, 124 and public opinion 234 'three circles' 317-18

Clothier, C. M. 313 Crewe, Ivor 48, 113

on opinion polls 42 on voting behaviour 36, 41

Crick, Bernard 161, 167

348 Name index

Crossman, R. H. S. 13, 21, 145, 162 Crowther-Hunt, N. 223 Curtice, John 37, 43, 48

D Dalyell, Tam 214 Davies, John 195 De Gasperi, Alcide 317 De Gaulle, Charles 318 Delors, Jacques 333 Denning, Lord 299,313,322 Dicey, A. V. 13, 14, 21, 109, 119, 124 Disraeli, Benjamin 36, 171 Donoghue, Bernard 178 Doug1as-Home,Alec 123-4,136,144,182 Drewry, Gavin 161, 167,223,293,312 Dugdale, Thomas 313

E Eden, Anthony 123, 179, 185, 188

personality of 182 and Suez 183, 235

Edward the Confessor 190 Elizabeth II 123, 127, 131

and Falklands 128 functions 129, 130 private wealth 134

F Fallon, M. 134 Field, Justice 12 Finer, Samuel 74, 86 Foot, Michael 66

on House of Lords 135-6 as leader 42-3,114

Franks, Oliver 306 Freud, Clement 94

G Gaitskell, Hugh 114, 235 Gamble, A. 72 George III 123, 125, 171, 190 George IV 125 George V 124, 126 George VI 124 Gilmour, Ian 137, 146, 180, 189 Gladstone, William 171, 179 Goldthorpe, J. H. 48 Gorbachev, Mikhail 80 Graham, C. 21 Gregory, Maundy 134 Grey, Lord 126 Griffith, J. A. G. 259, 267, 293, 308,

312, 313 Griffiths, Brian 178

H Hailsham, Lord 21, 295, 313, 345

constitutional reform 309 elective dictatorship 15, 341

Haldane, Lord 190 Hamilton, Willie 132 Harris, Kenneth 181 Harrison, Martin 98, 107 Hartley, T. C. 308, 313 Hattersley, Roy 310 Healey, Denis 195, 222

and IMF 235 Heath, Anthony 43, 48 Heath, Edward 7, 69, 124, 136

Cabinet 177, 187 and civil service 220 and EC 128, 318-19 ideology 53-4, 235 as leader 181, 183 and Northern Ireland 235 and pressure groups 116 privatisation 275

Heclo, H. 224 Hennessy, P. 242 Hepworth, N. P. 258, 266 Heseltine, Michael 263

civil service 216 discredited by lobby 107 leadership challenge 73, 167, 189 resignation 185 Westland Affair 160

Hetherington, Alastair 98, 107 Hewart, Lord 306, 312 Himmelweit, Hilde 42, 48 Holland, P. 134 Holton, B. 86 Home, Lord 123-4, 136, 144, 182 Hoskyns, John 178, 212, 223, 240, 242 Howarth, George 73 Howe, Geoffrey 180, 181 Howells, D. 223 Hunt, David 256 Hunt, Lord 241, 242 Hunt, M. 223 Hurd, Douglas 85, 180

I Ibbs, Robin 220 Ingham, Bernard 107, 114, 160, 178

J Jackson, R. M. 289, 291 Jay, P. 107 Jenkins, Clive 77

Jenkins, Peter 92 Jennings, Ivor 148, 166, 193, 202 John, King 11 John, Elton 107 Johnson, Nevil 21, 310, 313

on theory and reality 20 Jones, George 188, 264 Jordan, A. G. 78, 86 Joseph, Keith 72, 111, 226, 227 Jowell, Roger 43

K Kavanagh, D. 10, 48, 107, 119 Kelly, Richard 62 Kellner, P. 223 Key, V. 0. 109, 111, 119 Kilroy-Silk, Robert 73 Kimber, R. 86 King, A. 189 Kinnock, Neil 66

L

and consensus 110 image of 42, 43, 114 on nuclear weapons 110, 113 and party organisation 60, 63 policy review 227, 229 and privatisation 271 revisionist ideology 55, 56, 72, 236,

340-1 and trade unions 64, 67

Lawson, Nigel 180, 195, 202, 241, 242 Livingstone, Ken 258 Lloyd George, David 134, 136, 178,

190, 235 Longford, Earl of 31

M McCowan, Mr Justice 214 Macdonald, Ramsay 124 Macgregor, Ian 273 Mackay, Lord 295 McKenzie, Robert 48, 58, 73, 75 Mackenzie, W. J. M. 27, 31, 74 Mackintosh, John 184, 188, 189 Macleod, lain 123 Macmillan, Alexander 134 Macmillan, Harold 123, 147, 178, 187

earldom 126, 136 and EC 235, 318 image of 114 on privatisation 278

McQuail, D. 96, 107 Major, John 42, 72, 167, 340

Name index 349

Mandelson, Peter 64, 114 Mansfield, Lord 12 Margach, J. 107 Maxwell, Robert 89, 100 Mayhew, Patrick 312 Meyer, Anthony 73 Middlemas, R. K. 86 Minkin, L. 73 Mitchell, A. 166 Monnet, Jean 317 Montfort, Simon de 337 Moodie, G. C. 74, 86 Moore, J. 287 Morgan, Janet 143, 146 Morley, Lord 179 Morris, P. 119 Morrison, Herbert 15, 21, 189, 201,

202 Mount, Ferdinand 178 Murdoch, Rupert 88, 89, 100, 107

N Nairn, Tom 131, 134 Nasser, President 235 Neustadt, Richard 225 Newcastle, Lord 171 Norfolk, Duke of 138 North, Lord 171 Nott, John 153

0 Owen, David 33, 71, 145

support for 46, 67, 68

p Palmerston, Lord 201 Parris, H. 202 Parsons, Anthony 178 Peel, Robert 109 Pelham, Lord 171 Pelling, H. 86 Penniman, H. R~ 119 Pitt, William 171 Pliatzky, L. 280, 287 Plowden, W. 188 Ponting, Clive 214 Powell, Charles 178 Powell, Enoch 123, 135-6 Prosser, T. 21 Punnett, R. M. 10

R Ranney, A. 21, 120 Rayner, Lord 217

350 Name index

Reagan, Ronald 80 Redwood, John 178 Reid, Bob 273 Reid, Lord 299 Richardson, J. J. 78, 86 Ridley, Nicholas 153, 255 Robson, W. 306, 312 Rodgers, W. 223, 242 Rose, Richard 86, 110, 119, 242 Rothschild, Lord 177-8, 282, 287 Rushdie, Salman 118, 301 Ryle, M. 167

s Sainsbury, David 67 Salisbury, Lord 171 Salisbury, Marquess of 123, 144 Sampson, A. 119 Sands, Bobby 31, 58 Sandys, Duncan 195 Sarlvik, B. 41, 48 Scargill, Arthur 77-8, 114, 119 Scarman, Lord 18, 282-3, 309, 312,

313 Schuman, Robert 317 Schumpeter, Joseph 337, 345 Sedgemore, B. 223 Shackleton, Lord 136 Shah, Eddy 89 Silver, A. 48 Sloman, A. 223, 224 Smellie, K. B. 266 Smith, Anthony 96, 107 Soames, Lord 180 Spaak, Paul-Henri 317 Steed, Michael 37, 48 Steel, David 46 Stevas, Norman St John 189 Stewart, J. 264 Stokes, D. 39, 48, 112, 119 Studdert-Kennedy, G. 74, 86

T Tebbit, Norman 111, 180 Thatcher, Denis 126 Thatcher, Margaret 19, 38, 111, 116,

343, 344 advisers 178 Cabinet 119, 187; revolt 119, 120;

sackings 180, 189 and civil service 211, 216, 217,

219-20, 221, 238 consensus 7, 235 downfall 72, 119, 167, 189 and EC 319, 334

and Falklands 236 and female vote 46 ideology 53, 54, 340 image of 42, 114 as leader 30, 201, 237 and local government 255 and NHS 232, 284 Order of Merit 127 and party 59, 72, 92 and peers 126, 136, 138 policy-making 226, 227, 228, 240 power of 181, 183, 195 and pressure groups 80 and public opinion 115, 119, 234 and public sector 276, 277, 281-2,

285 and Ridley 153 role of the lobby 95, 107 and Royal Commissions 275, 283 social composition of party 69 Westland Affair 160, 202 and women MPs 149

Thatcher, Mark 134 Theresa, Mother 127 Thomas, George 126, 136 Thomas, R. 223 Thorneycroft, Peter 185 Thorpe, Jeremy 124 Trenaman, J. 96, 107 Truman, Harry S. 235 Tyler, Wat 118

v Vaughan, Lord Chief Justice 12 Veljanovsky, Cento 287 Verba, S. 10 Victoria, Queen 30, 131

w Wade, H. W. R. 304-5, 311, 312, 313 Walden, Brian 45 Walker, Peter 185-6 Walkland, S. A. 163, 167 Walpole, Robert 171, 179 Walters, Alan 178, 242 Watt, D. 202 Whitelaw, William 126, 136, 195 Whitty, Larry 64 Wildavsky, A. 224 William IV 126 Williams, Francis 178 Williams, Marcia 178 Williams, Shirley 238 Wilson, Harold 7, 124, 136, 179, 188,

235

advisers 178 Cabinet 185, 191 and EC 18, 318 ideology 340 image of 37, 114 as leader 115

Wyndham, John 178

Name index 351

y Young, Hugo 92, 132, 223, 224 Young, Lady 180

z Ziegler, Philip 133, 134

0 Subject Index

A abstainers 29, 34 accommodation, technique of 233 Accountancy Service 218 Act of Settlement (1701) 11 Acts of Union

Ireland (1800) 4, 11 Scotland (1707) 4, 11

Adam Smith Institute 54 administrative law 304-10

constitutional reform 309-11 and European Community 309, 310 judicia] review 308-9; doctrine of

ultra vires 308 ministerial control 306 Ombudsman 306--7 tribunals 305-6

Advertising Standards Authority 302 Age Concern 79 Aggregate Exchequer Grant 261, 264,

265 Agriculture, Ministry of 82 Aircraft and Shipbuilding Industries

Bill 140 Air Ministry 190 Alliance party see SDP/Liberal Alliance Amnesty International 304 Anglo-Irish Agreement 57-8 appeal, judicial 291, 297-9

see also judicial system Appellate Committee 142, 298 Appellate Jurisdiction Act (1876) 142 Armstrong Committee on Budgetary

Reform 164 assemblies

regional 145; and House of Lords 18, 135, 144-5; Labour policy 8, 55-7, 147, 263, 310

Scottish 6, 19, 26, 55, 310--11 Audit Commission 255

B back-bench MPs 15, 154-5, 156

and Cabinet 172 Labour 64

revolt 237 role of 241

Ballot Act (1872) 12 ballot papers 23 Bar Council 75, 296, 297, 312 Barlow Clowes report (1989) 307 BBC 287

and Conservative party 103 and free expression 301 organisation 89 radio 89-91, 98-9 viewing figures 106 see also media

Beatty v. Gillbanks (1882) 12 Beveridge Report 7 Bill of Rights

1689 11, 337 new 19,161,265,309-10

Bills 'hybrid' 146 stages of 157-9

bishops 136 blasphemy 301 block votes (in the Labour party) 64 BMA 75, 77, 83, 84, 116 Boundary Commissions 12, 23, 140 brewing industry 78 Brighton, Grand Hotel 58 British Aerospace 278 British Broadcasting Corporation see

BBC British Coal 269, 272, 273, 277, 278 British Gas 276 British Medical Association see BMA British Nationality Act (1981) 83, 300 British Rail 269, 273, 277, 278 British Steel 242 British Telecom 271, 276 Broadcasting Act (1980) 274-5 broadcasting see under media Broadcasting Standards Council 301 Broadcasting White Paper (1988) 96,

103 Bromley Council v. the Greater London

Council 223. 299

Bryce Commission 139 budget, European 319, 324 budgetary reform 164 Bullock Committee 282 bureaucracy

and democracy 337-8 see also civil service

Burmah Oil 299 Bushell's case (1670) 12

c Cabal 171 Cabinet 16, 17

agenda 186 collective responsibility 211, 230 committees 173, 185, 186, 230 composition 172-3, 185 and decision-making 173, 177,

184-6, 186, 23(}-1 functions 172-3 inter-departmental

co-ordination 187-8 machinery 172-8 origins of 171 power of 15, 58 and Prime Minister 171-2 reshuffle 180, 196 review of problems 186-7 role of 184-8, 188; 10 Downing

Street 178 Whitehall support for 173-8 see also Prime Minister

Cabinet Office 172, 177 Cabinet Secretary 172, 177 Cable Authority 100, 101 Cable and Broadcasting Act (1984)

100 cable television 100 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament

76, 79-80 campaign techniques 43

effect of opinion polls 117 effect of television 97

candidates, parliamentary procedure for 24 selection of 7(}-1 and trade unions 71

capital punishment 291 cause groups 76, 344

see also pressure groups CBI 75, 77, 194 censorship 92-3 central government

Departmental functions 193-4

Subject index 353

Departmental policy 199-200 Departmental structure 191-3 and local government 257-62 problems of 198-201; established

policy 199-200; workload 199 see also Departments; Ministers

Central Policy Review Staff (CPRS) 177-8

centre parties constituency activities 68 and House of Lords 145 ideological principles 56-7 organisation 67

Centre for Policy Studies 83, 226 certiorari orders 293, 312 Chancellor of the Exchequer 186 Chancery Division 291 Channel Tunnel 285 Charter 21, 88, 311 Charter Movement 62 Child Poverty Action Group 75, 79 Children Act (1948) 260 Children and Young Persons Act

(1969) 252, 260 Chronically Sick and Disabled Act

(1972) 252 citizens and the state 299-304 civil justice 288, 292-4

controversial issues 293-4 courts 291 and infringement of personal

liberty 30(}..-1 machinery and procedure 292-3

Civil Justice Review 295 Civil List 131-2 civil rights 299-304

charter of 310, 311 citizenship 300 emergency powers. 302-4 free movement 300, 309 freedom of expression 301-2 international conventions 304 legal remedies 301 meetings and protest 302 and natural justice 309 personal liberty 30(}..-1, 309 and police powers 290 property rights 30(}-1, 309 and state security 302-4

Civil service 204-22 accountability of 16(}-1;

management 217 background of 205, 212 characteristics of 235

354 Subject index

Civil service ( cont' d.) composition 204-5 and decision-making 83, 209 defined 204 duty of 205, 209, 211 Fulton Committee 205, 210, 217,

282 functions 205-10 future developments 218-22; judicial

control 222; Ministers as managers 219; officials as managers 219-20; structural reform 220-1

impact of European Community 325--6

impartiality of 212 information to 239 loyalty issue 213-14 methods of control 215-18;

administrative efficiency 217-18; bureaucratic hierarchy 216-17; judicial scrutiny 218; ministerial responsibility 216; Ombudsman 218; 'Rayner scrutinies' 217; ultra vires doctrine 218, 308

and Ministers 222 numbers 204, 206-8; reduction

of 221, 277 Ombudsman 94, 218, 306-7 personnel 204-5 and policy execution 231, 233 politicisation of 220, 238 and pressure groups 78-9 privatisation of 221 reactionary nature of 215, 222, 240,

337-8 role of 204 strengths 211-14 weaknesses 211-14 Whitehall conventions 210-11

Civil Service Department 190 Class, social

of civil servants 205 of Members of Parliament 28, 148-9 and British politics 6 and voting behaviour 35--6, 38, 40, 45

Clean Air Act (1956) 82 Coalition Government 134, 235, 270 cohort theory 113 collectivism 55 Commission for Racial Equality 304 Committees of Inquiry 282-3 Common Agricultural Policy 319, 326 Commonwealth 129, 131, 317, 318

Communist party 58 Community Charge 228, 263, 264, 266

non-payment 7 organisation of 255, 256, 262 Scotland 19

Competition Act (1980) 274 Confederation of British Industry see

CBI consensus 286

new 110, 340-1, 343, 343-4 policy 6-7, 236 postwar 235, 340 on procedure 7-8

Conservation Society 82 Conservative Lawyers, Society of 83 Conservative party

Central Council 54, 62 Central Office 60 constituency activities; candidate

selection 70, 71; financial support 68; political power 69

contrasted with Labour 66-7 election of leader 63 and electoral system 25, 26, 29, 30 and European Community 54,

318-19 financing of 59, 68 in government: and civil service 209,

220, 221; economic intervention 272, 273-4; ideology 10, 30, 39, 53-4, 72, 236-7, 343; and judiciary 299; and legal system 296-7; and local government 19, 252, 258, 269; and NHS reform 84, 116, 232, 284; Prime Minister's power 182-3; privatisation 269,271,275--6,284,285, 286; and public opinion 116; and public sector 272, 273, 274; as representative 340; and Royal Commissions 274-5; and social unrest 110

and House of Lords 137, 144-5, 146; defeats in 138-9

image 42, 114 leadership challenges 73 media presentation 97, 102, 103 MPs 148-9 1922 committee 61, 62-3 Northern Ireland 73 organisation 60-3, 69 party conference 60-2 policy-making 59, 73, 226-7, 228,

229-30

power in 69 and the press 91-2 and pressure groups 54, 79-80, 83 unity of 54 votes for 31, 35-8, 40, 45, 46, 47;

and electoral system 25, 30; floating voters 34; and party loyalists 33; typical supporter 39

'Wets' and 'Dries' 54 constitution 11-20

characteristics 11-13 conventions and 13, 171 defined 11 flexibility of 12 implications of European

Community 319-24 reform of 13, 18--19, 309-11;

codifying 309-10 scope for change 17-20; pressures

for change 18--20; and referenda 17-18

uncodified 11-12, 19 views of 13-17; classic

liberal 13-14; empirical 15-16, 17; governmental 15, 16

Consultative Council on Local Government Finance 259

Consumer Councils 275 Consumers' Association 76--7 contracting out 221, 276 conventions 13, 171 conveyancing services 298 conviction politics 228, 236, 283 COPA 331 corporatism 75, 86 council tenants 275 councillors 249-50 County Councils, Association of 259

see also local government county courts 291, 292, 295 courts

of appeal 288, 289, 291, 297-9 in civil cases 291, 292-4 in criminal cases 288--92 see also individual names

Courts and Legal Services Act (1990) 295

CPRS 177-8 Crichel Down affair 198, 306, 312-13 crime and permissiveness 291 criminal justice 288--92

appeals 289, 297, 298--9 controversial issues 290-2 court system 289

Subject index 355

machinery and procedure 288--90 police powers 290

Criminal Justice Act (1982) 83-4 Criminal Law Act (1967) 300 cross-benchers 137 crown courts 288, 289

D D Notice system 93, 303 Daily Mirror 92 Daily Telegraph 92 Data Protection Act (1984) 304 decision-making 225-6, 230--3, 242

by Ministers 197 in Cabinet 173, 177, 184-6, 186,

230--1 and civil servants 194-5, 195, 196,

209 defined 225 and information 239, 240--1 and inter-departmental

committees 194 and legislation 232 local government 258--9 and pressure groups 83-4 and public opinion 115-16 stages in process 225-34 strengths 237-8 weaknesses 238--9 see also Cabinet; policy-making

defamation, law of 301 Defence, Ministry of 221 Defence of the Realm Acts 303 democracy see parliamentary democracy democratic deficit 20, 333 Democratic Unionist party 26 demonstrations 118, 302 Departmental Advisory

Committees 283 Departmental Agencies 199, 202,

220--1, 224 Departmental Committees of

Inquiry 282-3 Departments of central

government 190--202 civil servants in 193-4, 196, 197 Departmental Advisory

Committees 283 established policy 199-200 functions of 193-4 history of 190--1 and the press 94-5 reorganisation of 191 structure of 191-3 see also central government; Ministers

356 Subject index

devolution 341 referenda 18, 117 Scotland 6, 7, 19

Devolution Acts (1979) 298 direct action 118 Direct Broadcasting by Satellite 100-1 discrimination 304 disorderly conduct 302 District Councils, Association of 259

see also local government 'Dries' 54

E ECSC Treaty 322 Education Acts

1944 260 1981 138 Reform Act (1988) 260

education policy 260 EEC see European Community Efficiency Unit 220 EFTA 235, 318 Egypt 187 Electoral Register 31, 48 electoral system 23-31

criteria of assessment 27-30; fairness of results 29-30; quality of MPs 28

current 23-7 and electorate 25-6, 29 first-past-the-post 24-5, 341 in France 27 in Germany 26-7 instrumental voting 44 local 9 mechanisms in 23-4 multiplier effect 25, 31 proportional representation 25-7 public confidence in 30 reform 18, 311 see also campaign

electorate 16, 17 apathy of 339 and electoral system 25-6, 29 groups in 33-9; class-based 35-6;

floaters and abstainers 34; gender and age 36-7, 45-6; geographical and social 37-9; party loyalists 33-4

ignorance of 339 power of 13, 339 volatility of 46-7 see also voting behaviour

electricity utilities 276, 277

emergency legislation 159 powers 302-4

Emergency Powers Acts 303 Employment Act (1980) 302 Energy, Department of 190, 192 England

local government in 247-8 unity with Ireland 4 unity with Scotland 3-4 unity with Wales 3

Environment, Department of the 83, 192, 193

environmental groups 82, 102 environmental policy 324 Equal Opportunities Commission 304 Erskine May 12, 152 ethnic minorities 5

voting behaviour 43 Euratom Treaty 321-2 European Coal and Steel

Community 317 European Communities Acts 19,

197-8, 319, 320, 323, 332, 335 1986 328, 332

European Community 111, 239, 317-35

and administrative law 309, 310 British membership 318-19, 334;

legal and constitutional implications 319-24; problems of 322-4

and British Parliamentary supremacy 310, 311

Budget 319, 324 and centre parties 57 Commission 143, 198 Council of Ministers 324-5, 326, 327 decision-making process 242, 319 and finance capital 331 future developments 330-4; divisive

issues 332-4; pressure for 331-2

history of 317-19 and Labour party 56 law 5, 300, 309, 319, 334; and

Parliamentary supremacy 16, 17, 19-20; supremacy of 320-4, 327, 328, 332; volume of 327-8

and multinational companies 330 negotiations 235, 318-19 origins of 317-18 Parliament 20, 328-9, 334 Permanent Delegation 326

Political and institutional impact 324-30; on civil service 325-6; on ministers 324-5; on Parliament 326--8; on political system 328-30

and power of Parliament 15-16, and pressure groups 329 'qualified majority voting' 325, 335 referendum on 18, 80, 117 Regional and Social Funds 329 Transfrontier Broadcasting 101

European Convention on Human Rights 301, 304

European Court 5, 20, 320-2, 333 and civil service 218, 222

European Free Trade Association 235, 318

European Parliament 327, 335 Exchequer 190

F Fair Trading, Office of 280 Falklands conflict 45, 128, 198

and Foreign Office 153,173, 177, 189, 195

Honours 126 and media 103, 164 Ponting affair 214 and public opinion 234 and role of Prime Minister 183, 184 War Cabinet 173

Family Division of High Court 291, 293

farmers and European Community 329 Finance Bills 84 Financial Times 92, 103 first-past-the-post 24-5, 341 floating voters 34 Foreign Office 153, 177, 192, 195 France 318, 323 freedom

of information 93-4 of the press 93 see also civil rights

Friends of the Earth 76, 82 fringe parties 58 front-bench MPs 149-50, 154 Fulton Committee 205, 210, 217, 223,

282

G General Elections 44

1945 36

1950 47, 124 1951 34, 36, 183 1955 36 1959 35, 96 1964 96 1966 36 1970 47

Subject index 357

1974 29, 30, 34, 47, 183 1979 113, 153, 165, 183; voting

behaviour 36, 40, 41 1983 34, 40, 42, 47; voting

behaviour 36, 37, 38, 41 1987 25, 34, 40, 148-9, 228; cost of

campaigns 60; ethnic minorities 43; and Labour ideology 56; tum-out 47; votes cast 25, 29, 30, 34, 42; voting behaviour 31, 36--7, 37-9, 40, 41-2; and television 96--7; tum-out 31, 47

German electoral system 26--7 Glasgow Media Group 98 Government of Ireland Act (1920) 298 government, representativeness of 339,

340 governmental power 15

limitations of 342 see also central government; civil

service; Departments; House of Commons; House of Lords; local government

Greater London Act (1963) 247 Greater London Council,

abolition of 276 Green Party 58 green politics 153 Greenham Common 118 Greenpeace 76, 82

H H-block hunger strike 58 habeas corpus 293, 312 Hansard 156 Health Authorities 221, 268, 284 Health, Department of 83, 190, 191,

192 Health and Safety at Work Act

(1974) 75 Health Service Reform Act (1990) 284

see also NHS 'Her Majesty's Loyal Opposition' 151 hereditary peers 136 High Court 291, 292-3, 295

Chancery Division 293

358 Subject index

High Court (cont'd.) Family Division 291, 293 Queen's Bench Division 292-3

Highways Act (1959) 302 historical continuity 3-4 Home Office 190, 192 Homeless Persons Act (1977) 252 Honours List 126--7 Houghton Report (1976) 60 House of Commons 15, 17, 148-66

composition 148-52; back­benchers 150-1; front­benchers 149-50; Members of Parliament 148-9, 151-2

daily activities 154-5 functions 148, 154, 155-62, 165;

legislative process 156, 157-9; parliamentary control 156, 159-62; party battle 156, 157; representation and redress 156--7

parliamentary culture 154-5 powers 152-5, 165; of

influence 153; theory and practice 152-3

and radio 164 reform prospects 162-5;

budgetary 164; procedural reforms 163-4; Select Committees 162-3

Speaker 151, 152 supremacy of 13-14 televising of 105, 119, 152, 164-5 see also Members of Parliament

House of Lords 13, 135-46 appeals 146 average attendance 136 composition 136--7; hereditary

peers 136; life peers 137; party division 137; women 137

Conservative party in 140 functions 139-44; deliberative 140,

141-2; initiation of legislation 141; judicial appeal 140, 142, 289, 291, 298-9; legislative delay 139-40; legislative revision 140, 141; scrutiny 140, 142-3

and Labour party 56 powers 138-9 proposals for change 7, 18, 144-6;

centre party 145; Conservative 144-5, 146; Labour party 132, 135-6, 145, 146

Select Committees 143 and stages of Bills 158-9 televising of 143-4

Housing Act (1980) 260, 275-6 housing policy 260 Human Rights, European Convention

on 304, 311 see also civil rights

hung parliament 161, 166 and role of monarch 123, 124, 125,

132-3 'hybrid' Bills 146

I ideological politics 228, 236--7 ignorance, public 111-12 IMF see International Monetary Fund incomes policy 56--7 Independent Broadcasting Authority

(IBA) 301 Independent Television Commission

(lTC) 89, 101, 104, 302 individualism 54 industrial relations 56--7, 110

see also trade unions inflation 110, 114, 343 information

and decision-making 239, 240-1 freedom of 93-4, 303-4; official 94

inner Cabinet 185 Institute of Economic Affairs 54, 82,

83 instrumental voting 40-1, 46 inter-departmental committees 194 interest groups 74-5, 344

as opponents of government 75 see also pressure groups

international law 323 International Monetary Fund

(IMF) 110, 187, 230, 253 IRA 6, 57, 58, 303, Ireland 26

and European Community 321, 322 partition of 4, 11 union with England 4 see also Northern Ireland

Irish Republican Army see IRA Italy 320-1 lTV viewing figures 106

J Joint Committee on Statutory

Instruments 143 Judicial Committee of the Privy

Council 298

judicial system appeal 297-9 civil justice 291, 292-4 and constitution 12 criminal justice 288--92 and political system 311 and review of administrative

law 308--9 justice, natural 308--9

K Keep Britain In campaign 80 Keynesian White Paper (1944) 7 'Khaki election' 134 Kilbrandon Commission 26, 282 'Kitchen Cabinet' 178

L Labour party

back-benchers 64 Charter of Rights 310 Conference 63-4 constitutency activities; candidate

selection 70, 71; financial support 68; membership 68--9; political power 69-70

constitution 270 contrasted with Conservative 66-7 and devolution 310 and EC 318--19 and electoral system 25, 26, 29 and European Community 56 financing of 59 and freedom of information 94 in government: and IMF 272-3; and

judiciary 299 and House of Lords 137, 145, 156 ideology 54-6, 270; revision of 72 image of 42-3, 114 and IMF 110 industrial relations 110 and media election coverage 97 MPs 148--9 National Executive Committee 63,

64,73 and nationalisation 55 in opposition 64-5 organisation 63-6 Parliamentary Committee 64 Parliamentary Labour Party 64-6 policy-making 59, 73, 227, 228-9 Policy Review 7, 229; 1987-9 227;

1989 100, 132, 147, 277 power in 67 and the press 91-2

Subject index 359

and Prime Minister's power 182 and public opinion 227 and renationalisation 285, 286 and Socialism 54-5 and trade unions 55, 67; block

votes 64; financial support from 59; influence 81; and reform of 56; and Socialism 55

voting behaviour 31, 34, 35-8, 40, 45-8; and electoral system 25, 30; middle class 45; party loyalists 33; typical supporter 39

law international 323 see also European Community; legal

system; legislation Law Lords 136, 142, 297-8 Law Society 75, 83, 296 lawyers, image of 293, 294 Lay Observer 296, 297 Layfield Committee 254 legal aid 310 Legal Aid Act (1988) 295 legal system 288--311

access to 294 administrative law 304-10 Advisory Committee 296-7 citizens and state 299-304 conflict with governments 299 conservatism of 299 delays in 294 investigation of 296 judicial appeal 297-9; controversial

issues 298--9; machinery and procedure 297-8

Ombudsman 296 proposed reform of 294-7; aims

of 295; components of 295-7 see also administrative law; civil

justice; civil rights; criminal justice

legislation assent of monarchy 125 and decision-making 232 emergency 159 and House of Lords 139-41 legislative process 157-9 and Members of Parliament 157-9 scrutiny 197 secondary 232-3 see also European Community

Legislation Committee 232 legislature, effectiveness of 28--9 Lib.-Lab Pact 165

360 Subject index

libel 301 Liberal Democratic Party (Liberal

Democrats) 31, 36, 53, 70, 263 candidate selection 70, 71 formation of 67 freedom of information 94 in House of Commons 148 and House of Lords 137, 145 organisation 67

Liberal party peers 137

see also Liberal Democratic party; SDP/Liberal Alliance

Life Peerages Act (1958) 135 life peers 135, 136, 137 lobby system 95 lobby terms 94-5 local authorities see local government Local Authority Associations 83 local government 5, 247-66

and central government 257-62; administrative control 260-1; constitutional relations 257-8; financial control 19, 261-2, 264, 265; grants 254, 261; legislative control 259; policy control 260; political relations 258-9

councillors and officials 249-50 decision-making 258-9 defined 247 election turn-out 265 and European Community 329, 333 financial arrangements 253-7;

restrictions 7, 19, 238, 252,259 functions 251, 252-3, 265;

distribution of 251 future of 262-5; autonomy or

control 264-5; politicisation of 262-4

personnel 249-50 powers: discretionary 252;

distribution of 251; statutory duties 251-3

reform 341 structure 247-50; England and

Wales 247-8; Northern Ireland 247, 248; Scotland 247, 248

value of 266 Local Government Acts

1888 12 1929 254 1972 247, 248, 251, 254;

Ireland 248 1985 252

Bill 139 Finance Acts 255, 256 Planning and Land Act (1980) 255,

261 Lord Chancellor 190, 192

and judicial appeal 297-8

M M23 Action Group 76 'magic circle' 123 Magistrates Association 75 Magistrates Courts 288, 289, 292 Magna Carta 11, 12 Management Information System for

Ministers (MINIS) 216, 223 mandamus orders 293, 312 manipulation, technique of 233 Manpower Services Commission 75 marches, protest 302 market economy, commitment to see

under Conservative party, in government

Marxism and monarchy 131 media 17, 88-106, 239, 344

agenda-setting 102, 115 bias 91-2, 97-8, 102 broadcasting 89-91; influence

97-8; new technology 99-101; ownership 104-5; power of radio 98-9; problems of 95-101; television 96-7, 105

and agenda-setting 102 and cause groups 76 and concentration of

ownership 104-5 control of 89 current situation 88-91 and cultural pollution 103-4 and de-regulation 103-4 and European Community 312,

329-30 and free expression 301-2 freedom of information 93-4 influence of 91-2, 97-8, 105-6 news presentation 97-8 and opinion polls 46 and opposition role 102-3 and party images 102, 103 and policy germination 81 and political distortion 101-2 and politics 101-5 power of 14, 17, 98, 114-15 press 88-9, 90; bias 91-2;

censorship 92-4; criticisms of 91, 92; freedom of 93;

influence of 91-2; role of lobby 94-5; secrecy and censorship 92-3

and public opinion 114-15, 121 Members of Parliament

functions of 155-7 pay and conditions 151-2 quality of 28 as representatives 148--9 socioeconomic background 28,

148--9 see also back-bench MPs; front bench

MPs; House of Commons; opposition

Meriden Co-operative 75 Messina Conference (1956) 318 Metropolitan Authorities, Association

of 259 Metropolitan Councils 247, 248, 251,

252, 276 military personnel and public

disorder 302-3 Ministerial responsibility 13, 195-6 Ministers 17

and administrative law 306 advice for 239; wider 240-1 and civil service 210-11, 216 control of 306 departmental policy 199-200 impact of European Community

324-5 influential Ministers 195 junior Ministers 173 as managers 219 parliamentary accountability 196-8 quality of advice 200-1 resignation of 185 responsibility 13, 195-6, 216, 219,

310; collective 18, 196; and public sector 273-4

role of 194-8 Senior Ministers 172 and Statutory Instruments 197 workload 193, 199

Ministers of the Crown Act (1937) 171, 219

Monarch 16, 17, 123-33 conventions 13 financial position 131-2 future problems 132-3 and hung Parliament 123, 124, 125,

133 powers and functions 123-30; assent

to legislation 125; choice of Prime Minister 123-4; creation

Subject index 361

of peers 125-6; dissolution of Parliament 124-5; formal 128, 130; granting of honours 126-7, 130; mercy and pardon 127-8, 130; public appointments 127, 130; symbolic 129, 130; unpublicised 129, 130

and Prime Minister 123-4, 129 public attitudes to 130-1 role of 123, 124

monetarism_ 54 Monopolies and Mergers

Commission 274, 280 Moslem community 6, 118, 301 MPs see Members of Parliament multinational companies and European

Community 330 Municipal Corporations Act

(1835) 257

N National Association for the Care and

Resettlement of Offenders (NACRO) 84

National Economic Development Council 79, 272, 283

National Farmers Union (NFU) 75, 79, 82, 194, 329

National Front 58 National Government 18, 124 National Health Service see NHS National Society for Clean Air 82 National Union of Conservative

Associations 60-2 National Union of Mineworkers 76,

77-8, 114, 116 National Union of Teachers 84 nationalisation 269

and Labour party 55 and pressure groups 80

nationalised industries see privatisation; public corporations

nationalism 6, 33-4 Nationalist Parties 57 NATO 57, 111 'new realism' 72, 227, 236 'new Right' 54, 228, 236-7 new technologies, impact of 99-101 news in the media 89 newspapers, main national 90

control of 89 see also media

NHS 285 reform of 75, 77, 84, 116, 284 review 232

362 Subject index

1922 committee 61, 62-3 nomination papers 24 No Turning Back Group 54 non-departmental public bodies see

QUANGOs non-voters 34 Northcote-Trevelyan Report 204, 210,

216 Northern Ireland 4, 73

assembly 57, 73 broadcasting in 99 and European Community 329 Heath and 187, 235 Labour proposals 263 local government 247, 248 nationalism 6, 342 Office 232 political parties 57-8 and proportional representation 26 and public order 303 voting 34

nuclear weapons 56, 57, 113 NUM 76, 77-8, 114, 116

0 O'Connell case (1844) 142 Office of Parliamentary Counsel 232 official secrecy 7 Official Secrets Act (1911) 93, 225 Official Secrets Act (1989) 107, 303 oil shocks 110, 235 Ombudsman 94, 218, 306-7

Legal Service 296 opinion polls 30

on Monarchy 130-1 and policy-making 234 the influence of 117 and voting behaviour 40, 41-2, 46,

47 Opposition 64, 150-1, 157

and Cabinet 172 composition 150 decision-making in 230 'Her Majesty's Loyal

Opposition' 151 information for 240 increased support for 240 and policy formulation 228-9 and policy germination 226-7 and public opinion 236 role of 154

Osborne case (1910) 298 Osmotherly Rules 161 Outer Circle Policy Unit 94 owner-occupiers 10

p pairing 154-5 Parliament

and accountability of public corporations 274

candidates for 24; people disqualified from standing 31

dissolution 124-5, 182-3; and monarchy 124-5, 130

and European legislation 197-8, 326-8

history 3-4 hung see hung parliament impact of European

Community 326-8 ministerial accountability to 196-8 power of 15-16; limitations on 12 Prime Ministerial power in 181-2 role of, and policy-making

reform 241 and Statutory Instruments 197 supremacy of 5, 13; and EC

law 310, 323-4, 326-7, 328, 332 Parliament Act (1911) 12, 15

and House of Lords 135, 138, 140, 159

Parliament Act (1949) 138, 140, 159 Parliament No.2 Bill (1968) 135-6 Parliamentary accountability 196-8 Parliamentary Commissioner for

Administration see Ombudsman Parliamentary culture 154-5 Parliamentary democracy 337-45

characteristics 338-42; balance of political power 340; elective dictatorship 341-2; importance of political parties 339-40; institutional inertia 341; limited government 342; political polarisation 340-1; as representative system 338-9

conditions of 337-8 legitimacy of 342 new political consensus 344 unresolved issues: importance of

consent 343-4; scope for change 343

Parliamentary draftsmen 232 Parliamentary Labour Party

(PLP) 64-6 Parliamentary Private Secretaries 150 participation, public 47, 118-19, 239

lack of 8-9, 111-12 and local government 264 and political parties 59

and pressure groups 85 and radio 99

party loyalists 33-4 patronage, power of 179-80 Peacock Committee 104, 274 Peerage Act (1963) 135, 146 peerages

creation of 125-6 hereditary 126, 135, 136 life 126, 135, 136, 137 see also House of Lords

personal liberty 300--1 phone-tapping 303 Pig Marketing Board 322, 335 Plaid Cymru 6, 26, 33-4, 263

ideology 57 MPs 148

Pliatzky Report 280 polarisation, political 340-1 police 260

powers 290, 292 and public order 302 relationship with the public 290-2 see also criminal justice

Police Act (1964) 283 Police and Criminal Evidence Act

(1984) 290, 291, 300 Police Federation 302 policy

defined 225 and voting behaviour 41-2

policy-making decision-making 226, 230-1; in

Government 230-1; in opposition 230

and European Community 242 new ideological politics 236-7 policy execution 226, 231-3; via

legislation 232-3; and pressure groups 84

policy formulation 226, 228-30; in Conservative party 228; in Labour party 228-9; and pressure groups 83

policy fulfilment 226, 233-4; political techniques of 233-4; and pressure groups 84-5

policy germination 226-8; in Conservative party 226, 228; in Labour party 227; and media 82; and pressure groups 82-3

post-war consensus 234-6 and public opinion 226, 227, 242 reforms proposed 239-41; advice for

Subject index 363

Ministers 240-1; increased support for Opposition 240-1; role of Parliament 241; structural changes 241

stages of 225-34 strengths 237--8 weaknesses 238-9 see also decision-making

Policy Units 178 political campaigns see campaign

techniques political candidates 24

selection of 70-1 political culture 3-10

characteristics · 3--8 consensus 6-8 cultural cohesion 5-6 defined 3 historical continuity 3-4 moderation of governments 8 public detachment from politics 8-9 unitary state 5

'political impossibility' 115-16 political parties 16, 17, 53-72

battle in House of Commons 157 constituency activities 68-71;

candidate selection 70-1; financial support 68; local membership 68-9; political power 69-70

definition 53 European 328-9 fringe parties 58 functions 58-60 in House of Commons 148 in House of Lords 137 ideological principles 53--8; Centre

parties 56-7; Conservative party 53-4; fringe parties 58; Labour party 54-6; Nationalist parties 57; Northern Ireland parties 57--8

institutionalised conflict 154 as line of communication 339-40 national organisation 60-7; Centre

parties 67; Conservative party 60-3; Labour Party 63-6; main party contrasts 66-7

power of 14 Prime Ministerial power and 182-3 see also individual parties and

parliamentary democracy political polarisation 340-1 political shock treatment, technique

of 234

364 Subject index

politicians, effects of public opinion on 115-116

quality of in democracy 337 Politics

as entertainment 97 and the media 101-5

Poll Tax see Community Charge population changes 23 postal votes 23-4 Poulson Affair 223 power see Cabinet; Parliament; Prime

Minister presidentialism 183, 241 Press Council 301 press see media pressure groups 74-86, 157

advantages 85, 86 cause groups 76 and civil servants 194 and Conservative party 54, 83 and decision-making 81, 83-4, 227 defined 74 disadvantages 85 and EC 329 interest groups 74-5 involvement in politics 81-5 main functions 74-6 organisation and power 76--81; civil

service contacts 78-9; financial power 80; influence on policy 82-3, 84-5; loyalty to 77-8; membership 76--7; political leverage 78; publicity value 79-80; voting power 80--1

and policy execution 84 and policy formulation 83 and policy fulfilment 84-5 and policy germination 82-3 power of 14, 15, 16, 59 and privatisation 82 and public opinion 116, 118 see also media

Prime Minister advice for 178 and Cabinet 171-2, 188 and Monarchy 124-5, 129 power of 15, 58, 179-84, 188;

conflicting interpretations 179; excessive 241; increase of 181; national 183-4; in Parliament 181-2; party political 182-3; patronage 179-80; within the Government 180--1

10 Downing Street 172, 178 see also Cabinet

Private Bills 142 private sector and European

Community 330 privatisation 273-4, 275-80, 284, 310

arguments for and against 277-8 of local services 265-6 meaning and extent 276--7 and Ministerial responsibility 273-4 and Ministerial workload 199 and pressure groups 82 problems and consequences 279-80

Privy Council Judicial Committee 298 Privy Councillors 151, 154, 240 Procedure Committee Report 327, 328 prohibition orders 293, 312 property rights 300--1 proportional representation 7, 25-7, 31

additional member principle 26--7 advocates of 18, 59, 341 for local elections 264 single transferable vote 25-6 two ballot system 27

protest, public 118 marches 302

Provisional Sinn Fein 6, 26, 34, 57 ideology 57-8 MPs 148

public detachment from politics 8-9 ignorance 111-12, 339 and the Monarchy 130--1

Public Accounts Committee 216 public appointments 127 public consent 343-4, 345 public corporations 268-75, 286--7

arms-length relationship 271-2 common characteristics 269 economic fortunes of 270--1 essential probiems 270--2 ministerial responsibility 273-4 Monopolies and Merger

Commission 27 4 NEDO Report (1976) 272 parliamentary accountability 274 party conflict over 271 regulatory mechanisms 274-5

public interest 213-14 judicial view 293-4 and privatisation 280 and public corporations 271

Public Meeting Act (1908) 302 public opinion 109-19

composition of 110--12; consensus

and controversy 110 and decision-making 116, 226, 227,

242 defined 109 direct action 118 effects of 115-18; on politicians

115-16; and pressure groups 116

and European Community 329-30 flow of 109 formation of 112-15; cohort

theory 113; inheritance and experience 112-13· issues and images 113-14 '

ignorance 111-12 339 informed opinion '111 and Labour party 227 mass opinion 111-12 media power 114-15 and monarchy 13{}-1 and opinion polls 117 and opposition performance 157 and policy fulfilment 233-4 and political legitimacy 118 power of 14, 15, 16 and pressure groups 116, 118 and referenda 117-18

Public Order Act (1986) 302 publ~c ownership 268, 269 pubhc sector 268--86

Committees of Inquiry 282-3 and Conservative party 272 273

274 , ,

defined 268 Departmental Advisory

Committees 283 future prospects 284-6 and Ministerial workload 199 non-departmental public bodies

28{}-2; advantages and disadvantages 281-2; characteristics 281· definition 280 '

privatisation 275-80 public corporations see public

corporations Royal Commissions 282-3 Special Purpose Authorities 283-4 White Papers on 271-2

public utilities 268--9, 276, 277-9

Q 'qualified majority voting' 325, 335 QUANGOs 268, 28{}-2, 310

advantages and disadvantages 281-2

Subject index 365

Queen, financial position of 131-2 see also Monarchy

Queen's Bench Division 289, 291, 292-3

Queen's Speech 154 Question Time 159, 164

R racial discrimination 304 Radio Authority 104 radio see media Rate Support Grant 254, 261 rate-capping 255 Rates Act (1984) 255 rates, local authority 253-4 Rayner scrutinies 217 Redcliffe-Maud Commission 282 Redistribution of Seats Act (1944) 12 Redistribution of Seats No. 2 Bill

(1968) 140 referenda 7, 21

on devolution 117 on European Community 80, 117,

319 use of 17-18, 117-18

Reform Acts 23 1832 12, 23, 171, 337 1867 171

regional assemblies 144 Labour and 8, 55-6, 263, 264, 310;

and House of Lords 18 132 145 , ,

Representation of the People Act (1969) 12

Representation of the People Act (1981) 31

reshuffle of Cabinet 179-80 196 restrictive practices 296, 297 rights, citizens' see civil rights Road Haulage Association 82 Robinson Report (1977) 250 Rome Treaties 318, 321 Royal Assent 159 Royal Charters 128 Royal Commission on Criminal

Procedure 290 Royal Commissions 282-3

and public corporations 274-5 royal family see Monarchy royal prerogative 13, 123, 127-8, 128

s SAS 303 Satanic Verses 301

366 Subject index

satellite television 95-6, 99-100, 104, 107

Scarman Committee 282-3 Scotland 145, 262

Assembly 19, 26, 55, 310--11 broadcasting in 99 'Claim of Right' 10, 19 Community Charge 19 devolution 6, 7 and European Community 329 Labour proposals 263, 264 legal system 297 local government 247, 248 nationalism 6, 46, 57, 342 and Parliament 3-4 referendum 18, 117, 298 Scottish Office 232 System Three poll 21 union with England 3-4 voting behaviour 33-4, 37, 38

Scottish National Party see SNP Scrutiny Committee 327 SDLP (Northern Ireland) 57

MPs 148 votes for 26, 34

SDP see SDP/Liberal Alliance; Social Democratic Party

SDP/Liberal Alliance and electoral system 25 formation 33 votes for 26, 29, 34, 35--6, 40;

typical voter 39; voting behaviour 46

Security Commission 303 security and emergency powers 302-4 Select Committees 161, 167, 197, 202,

209, 241 for EC legislation 198 House of Lords 143 and public corporations 274 reform of 162-3 role of 18, 159--60 and Westland affair 160--1, 202

sexual discrimination 304 Shadow Cabinet 64, 150, 230 share ownership 82, 277-8

and renationalisation 285 see also privatisation

Shelter 75, 79 Simmenthal case 321-2 Single European Act (1986) 317, 331,

335 and decision-making 20, 85, 325,

328 Thatcher and 319

slander 301 small claims courts 294 SNP 6, 19, 26, 33-4, 262, 263

ideology 57 MPs 148

Social Charter, European 331 social class see class, social Social Democratic and Labour party see

SDLP Social Democratic Party 30, 33

candidate selection 70, 71 decline of 67 in House of Commons 148 and House of Loards 137, 145 ideology 56 organisation 67

Social Security Act (1975) 283 Social Security, Department of 190,

192 Socialism and Labour party 54-5, 66 Socialist Workers' Party 58 Society of Conservative Lawyers 83 Sommersett's case 12 sovereignty 20

and European Community 332, 334 and satellite television 101

Soviet Union 58 Speaker 151, 152 Speaker's Conference (1917) 26 Special Air Service 303 Special Purpose Authorities 283-4 Standing Committee 158, 197, 240 Statutory Instruments 81, 140, 143,

197 and advisory committees 284 Joint Committee on 143 and local government 259 and Parliamentary accountability

197 scrutiny of 232-3

Stock Exchange 342 subsidiarity 20, 333, 336 Suez crisis 110, 123, 235, 318

and role of Prime Minister 183, 184 suffrage 23 Sun, The 91-2 supranationalism 334 syndicalism 86

T Taff Vale case (1901) 293, 298 television

BBC 89, 103 and elections 96-7

effect on campaigning 97 effect on electorate 96-7 effect on politics 97 as entertainment 96 House of Commons 105 House of Lords 14~ ideological problems 96 impact of new technologies 99-101 influence and bias 97-8 lTC 89, 101, 104, 302 power of 96-7, 105--6 satellite 95--6, 99-100, 104 and technology 95--6 US programme imports 101 see also media

10 Downing Street 172, 178 mortar attack on 58 Policy Unit 178

terrorism 303 Thatcher administration see

Conservative party think tanks 83, 226 Tomlin Commission (1931) 204, 223 Town and Country Planning

Association 83 Trade Disputes Act (1906) 298 Trade and Industry, Department

of 190, 192 Trade Union Act (1913) 298 Trade Union and Labour Relations

Amendment Bill 138 trade unions 41

and candidate selection 71 and decision making 227 disruption by 75, 183 as election issue 113 and European Community 330--1 influence of 342 influence on Labour party 81 and Labour party conference 64 media presentation of 114 and nationalisation 270 view of legal system 293 voting behaviour 38 see also Labour party

Trades Union Congress 75, 77 Transport Act (1982) 285 Transport, Department of 190, 192 Treasury 191, 192

loan sanctions 261 Treasury Select Committee 220 Treaty of Accession 128, 319 Tribunals and Inquiries Act

(1971) 305, 306 TUC 75,77

Subject index 367

u Ulster Unionist party 6, 57-8, 148 ultra vires 218, 308 unemployment 110 Uniform Business Rate 255, 264

and local government finance 259, 261, 262, 263, 266

United States 317, 318 television programmes 101

utilities, public 268-9 sale of 276, 277-9

v Van Gend en Loos case 320 'virtual representation' 149, 166 voting behaviour 3~8

abstainers 34 age and 36-7 Conservatives and fragmented

working class 45 electoral mechanisms 2~ electoral volatility 46-7 expressive 44 floaters 34 gender differences 36-7, 45--6 geographical variations 37-8 groups in electorate 33--9 influences on 39-43,44--7, 47-8;

government performance 40--1; image and technique 42-3; policy and sentiment 41-2; political inheritance 39-40; self-interest 40

instrumental 40, 44, 46 Labour and fragmented middle

class 45 and media influence 91-2 participation of alienation 47 party loyalists 33-4 postal votes 2~ racial identity and 43 and social class 35--6, 38, 40, 45;

decline of influence 41; sociological differences 38

and television 96-7 see also electoral system; electorate;

public opinion

w Wales 4, 7, 145

assembly 26, 55 broadcasting in 99 and devolution 18 and European Community 329 Labour proposals 263, 264

368 Subject index

local government 247-8 nationalism 6, 46, 57, 342 and Parliament 3 referendum 18, 117, 298 union with England 3 voting behaviour 33-4, 37, 39 Welsh Office 192, 232

War Damage Act (1965) 298-9 Water Authorities 276, 278, 279,

283-4 Welfare State 7, 41, 110, 234, 305 Westland affair 42, 107, 114, 160-1,

185, 202 and media 103, 164 and Select Committees 163, 167

'Wets' 54 Whips 150-1, 154, 158, 159, 166

Chief 172 two-line 155

Whitehall conventions 210-11 structural changes in 241

variations in 207 Widdicombe Committee 249, 250 Wilson Committee 282 Wing Airport Resistance

Association 76 'winter of discontent' 183 women

as candidates 70, 149 in local government 249 peers 137 voting behaviour 36, 45--6

Workers' Revolutionary Party 58 working class

z

support for Labour party 35--6 working-class conservatives 35

Zimbabwe Independence Act (1980) 128