NANOMATERIALS AND NANOTECHNOLOGIES IN BELARUS

Peter A. VITIAZ

National Academy of Sciences of Belarus

<vitiaz@presidium.bas-net.by>

CONTENTS

1. Introduction2. Mechanical alloying3. Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP)4. Fine films, nanowires & nanopowders5. Fullerenes & Carbon nanotubes6. Nanodiamonds – Production & Applications7. Nanoobjects diagnostics8. Conclusion

…the one who gets control over nanotechnologyfirst is gonna to be the leader in the technoshereof the future… Edward Teller

R&D of nanomaterials and nanotechnologies in Belarus

DiagnosticsPROCESSINGPRODUCTION

TECHNIQUES MATERIALS

Diagnostics

OBJECTS

Nanopowders

Nanowires

Fullerens

Nanotubes

Thin Films

Nano & mesastructures

Others

Mech. alloying

Detonation synthesis

Chem. precipitation & pyrolysis

Plasma synthesis

Sol-gel synthesis

Gas transport reactions

Others

Standard P/Mmethods

High pressures &

temperatures

Equal channel angular press.

Impulse compaction

SPS

Plasma & flame spraying

Others

Refractory

Superhard

Structural

Electrotechnical

Magnetic

Optoelectronic

Special

Scheme of Equal Channel Angular Pressing (ECAP)

1st press

2nd press

route A

2nd press route C

Microstructuresof low carbon steel

after ECA - Pressing

Material StructureHardness HV

σ0.2, MPa

σb,

MPa δ, % Ψ, %

Fe 99.88 %

nanopolycryst.

300 90

850 200

980 350

6 21

55 7

Cu 99.98 %

nanopolycryst.

155 55

400 100

480 240

11 19

67 87

Stainless steel 18-8

nanopolycryst.

640 200

1370 210

1550 560

27 70

41 69

Elinvar Ni-44

nanopolycryst.

360 120

1540 760

1560 930

10 15

30 44

Mechanical properties of metals & alloys after ECA –pressing

Atomic Force Microscope «NANOTOP-203»

Morphology of diamond-like thin films

500 nm

AFM image of organic dye nanocrystals (50-70 nm) in polymer matrix

Scheme of transformations

100 nm 100 nm

The dependence of gas sensor response (a) and photoconductivity (b)

0

50

100

150

0 20 40 60

CuPc concentration, % mas.

S

25 50 75 100

10

20

30

0

0

CuPc concentration, % mas.

As deposited Annealed

Principle of localization of particles input into arc plasma

without powder with powder

PRL Reactor

Localisation of particles input into plasma

arc pile

localizer

powder

Comparative Data for SPR and PRL reactors

5000-100003000-5000Temperature, K

252Productivity, kg / hour

6.5270Energy consumption, kJ / kg

301200Nitrogen flow rate,

l / min

45 150Consumed power, kW

PRL SPR Parameters

PLASMOTEG ENGINEERING CENTER Equipment & Technology for Diamond Like Coating

(DLC)

DLC for thermoprinting heads Biocompatible DCL for artificial heard valves

DLC for measuring gauges

Pulse Plasma Source

Consumed power 30 KwtDischarge voltage 200…400 VDischarge time 200…300 µsPulse frequency 0.5…12 HzCathode diameter 30 mmCathode length 20…30 mmDeposit rate / pulse 850 nm / sDeposite rate at 10 Hz 2.5 µ / hWeight 15 kgDimentions 200х300х400 mmExworks price 25 000 USD

PULSE PLASMA SOURCE

AUTOMATIC COMPLEX FOR FULLERENESSYNTHESIS & SEPARATION

Assemblyfor fullerenes

synthesis

Raw materials preparation

Diagnostics

Software for tech- nology monitoring

Assembly for extracting & separating

Packing assembly

Productivity, g/shift: 15-45 of fullerenes + 100-430 of carbon clusters (10-100 nm);Fullerenes purity > 99.0% ; C60 / C80 ratio ~ 10 /1 ; Consumed power 7-15 KW;Weight 450 kg ; Flow space 20 m2; Ex-works price, USD 120 000 - 220 000 (depends on productivity & complectation)

PRINCIPAL PARAMETERS

0 2000 4000 6000 8000 100000,30

0,35

0,40

0,45

0,50

0,55

0,60

0 g dm3

Friction coefficient of electrolytic nickel coating versus number of cycles and diamonds concentration into electrolytic bath

20 g dm3

10 g dm3

Fric

tion

coeff

icie

nt,

f

Number of cycles

0,000 0,125 0,250 0,375 0,500 0,625 0,750 0,875 1,000150

200

250

300

350

400

450

Volume wear of electrolytic nickel coating versus nanodiamonds content into coating

Volu

me w

ear, 10 -

6 m

m 3

Nanodiamonds content, % mass.

Carbon nanotubes produced by HVDAP technique

CONDITIONINGSURFACE MODIFICATION

DESIGN & TOOLING OF BLAST CHAMBER CONDITIONS OF COOLING & EXTRACTIONS

PROPERTIES OPTIMIZATION

CHEMICAL PURIFICATION CONTINIOUS PROCESSWITH OXIDANT REGENERATION

TESTING & ANALYSIS HYGIENIC SERTIFICATION ENGINEERING SUPPORT DATA BANK

CONTROL, TESTING STANDARTIZATION SERTIFICATION

FUNCTIONAL SCHEME OF THE AUTOMATIC COMPLEX OF JSC «SINTA» FOR DETONATION SYNTHESIS OF NANODIAMONDS

DETONATION SYNTHESIS

PARTICLES SPECIAL COATING

Parameters Units Value

Diamond phase content % mass. 40-99

Common carbon content % mass. 65-95

Ash content % mass. 0.1-10

Adsorbtion capacity mg-ecv/g 0.1-3.5

Electrokinetic potential mV

Thermostability (air) K 423-1573

Electric resistance Ω / cm 102-1014

PROPERTIES OF NANODIAMOND POWDERS

from -100 to + 100

NANODIAMONDS APPLICATION

Cr, Ni, Cu, Cu, Au, Ag galvanic coatings

Solid and liquid antifrictional lubricants

Plastics modification

Additives to motor oils

Superfinish treatment of superconductor

and optical parts

AUTOMATIC COMPLEX «COMPOSIT» FOR PRODUCING ELECTROLYTIC COMPOSITE COATINGS WITH NANODIAMONDS

После нанесения при ic, A/dm2 3-4 месяца спустя Концентрация

наноалмазов 1 2 3 4 5 3 4

UDD=0 7.2 8.9 9.5 10.2 9.6 5.7 5.8

UDD=1 gr/1 8.7 9.8 10.6 11.0 10.4 8.4 8.7

UDD=5 gr/1 9.2 10.6 11.3 11.4 11.0 9.3 9.8

UDD=10gr/l 10.1 11.2 11.8 12.3 11.7 9.3 9.8

UDD=15gr/l 10.6 12.0 12.4 12.8 12.4 9.4 9.8

Сравнительные свойства Ag покрытий, полученных при различных режимах электролиза

icav =2 A/dm2

UDD=0 UDD=15gr/l Свойства d.c. p.c. r.c. p.r. d.c. p.c. r.c. p.r.

1. Микротвердость H, 108 N/m2 8.9 15.2 12.8 14.4 12.0 16.8 13.9 15.3

2 Износостойкость, относит. единицы 1.0 1.6 1.4 2.1 2.2 2.6 2.1 3.2

3. Контактное сопротивлениеRc, 10-3 Ohm 1.4 1.38 1.31 1.34 1.47 1.48 1.38 1.43

MICROHARDNESS OF Ag COATINGS AT DIRECT CURRENT (x 105 N/m2) Микротвердость Ag покрытий, полученных при постоянном токе

PROPERTIES OF Ag COATINGS PRODUCED AT DIFFERENT CONDITIONS

NANODIAMONDS AT BELARUS POWER STATIONS

2 3

1. Antifriction Grey Iron - Brass Composit2. Slide bearings of steam superheater3. Combined flat bearing Ø 800 mm for hotair recuperator

1

Bushing of electric pump

Metallic – plastic anticorrosion gas-flame coatings with 0.5 % mass. of nanodiamonds

Plastics modifications with nanodiamonds

1,2 – microstrucures of Al-6Si-2Cualloy after coating without (left)and with nanodiamonds (right)3 – motorbike parts with microarcoxidizing and nanodiamonds

x 150

MICROARC OXIDIZED COATINGS WITH NANODIAMONDS

1 2

3

1 2

3

Polycrystallic diamonds fromnanodiamonds1,2 – polycrystallic powdersproduced by thermo-vacuumtreatment;3 – spalling of polycrystalliccompact produced by shock--wave consolidation.

…the only way to infiuence a technology is the another technology… Stanislaw Lem

CONCLUSION

1. Scientists of Belarus make certain input into nanomaterialsinvestigation and processing. Good results have been achievedin nanodiamonds and their application in machinery.

2. Our main task is a consolidation of means and efforts fordevelopment of nanomaterials and nanosystems vital for keybranches of Belarus economy – machinery, radio-electronicsand petro-chemistry.

3. International cooperation is very important in any aspects of implementation of these XXI century materials: science, technology, diagnostics, sertification, etc.